angular-cn/public/docs/ts/latest/guide/displaying-data.jade

include ../_util-fns

<!-- http://plnkr.co/edit/x9JYbC -->

:marked
  We typically display data in Angular by binding controls in an HTML template
  to properties of an Angular component.

  在Angular中最典型的数据显示方式，就是把HTML模板中的控件绑定到Angular组件的属性。

  In this chapter, we'll create a component with a list of heroes. Each hero has a name.
  We'll display the list of hero names and
  conditionally show a selected hero in a detail area below the list.
  
  本章中，我们将创建一个英雄列表组件。每位英雄都有一个名字。我们将显示英雄名字的列表，当选中一位英雄时，就在列表下方的详情区显示他/她的详情。

  The final UI looks like this:
  
  最终的UI是这样的：

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/final.png" alt="最终的UI")

:marked
  [Run the live example](/resources/live-examples/displaying-data/ts/plnkr.html)
  
  [运行在线例子](/resources/live-examples/displaying-data/ts/plnkr.html)

<a id="interpolation"></a>
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Showing component properties with interpolation
  ## 使用插值表达式显示组件属性
  The easiest way to display a component property
  is to bind the property name through interpolation.
  With interpolation, we put the property name in the view template, enclosed in double curly braces: `{{myHero}}`.
  
  要显示组件的属性，最简单的方式就是通过插值表达式Interpolation来绑定属性名。
  要使用插值表达式，就把属性名包裹在双重花括号里放进视图模板，如`{{myHero}}`。

  Let's build a small illustrative example together.
  
  我们来一起做个简明的小例子。

  Create a new project folder (`displaying-data`) and follow the steps in the [QuickStart](../quickstart.html).
  
  创建一个新的项目文件夹(`displaying-data`)，并且遵循[QuickStart](../quickstart.html)中的下列步骤。

include ../_quickstart_repo
:marked
  Then modify the `app.component.ts` file by changing the template and the body of the component.
  When we're done, it should look like this:
  
  然后，到`app.component.ts`文件中修改组件的模板和代码。
  修改完之后，它看起来应该是这样的：

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.1.ts', null, 'app/app.component.ts')

:marked
  We added two properties to the formerly empty component: `title` and `myHero`.
  
  再把两个属性`title`和`myHero`添加到以这个空白组件中。

  Our revised template displays the two component properties using double curly brace
  interpolation:
  
  修改完的模板会使用双花括号形式的插值表达式来显示这两个模板属性：

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.1.ts', 'template')(format=".")
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    The template is a multi-line string within ECMAScript 2015 backticks (\`).
    The backtick (\`) &mdash; which is *not* the same character as a single
    quote (') &mdash; has many nice features. The feature we're exploiting here
    is the ability to compose the string over several lines, which makes for
    much more readable HTML.
    
    模板是包在反引号(\`)中的一个多行字符串。
    反引号(\`) —— 不是单引号(') —— 有很多好用的特性。我们在这里用到的是它把一个字符串写在多行上的能力，这样我们就能写出更具可读性的HTML。

:marked
  Angular automatically pulls the value of the `title` and `myHero` properties from the component and
  inserts those values into the browser. Angular updates the display
  when these properties change.
  
  Angular会自动从组件中拉取`title`和`myHero`属性的值，并且把这些值插入浏览器中。一旦这些属性发生变化，Angular就会刷新显示。
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    More precisely, the redisplay occurs after some kind of asynchronous event related to
    the view such as a keystroke, a timer completion, or an async `XHR` response.
    We don't have those in this sample.
    But then the properties aren't changing on their own either. For the moment we must operate on faith.
    
    严格来说，“重新显示”是在某些与视图有关的异步事件之后发生的，比如：按键、定时器或收到异步`XHR`响应。本例中没有体现这一点。
    显然，属性肯定不会无缘无故的变化。但现在，我们只要先相信Angular会处理好就行了。
:marked
  Notice that we haven't called **new** to create an instance of the `AppComponent` class.
  Angular is creating an instance for us. How?
  
  注意，我们从没调用过**new**来创建`AppComponent`类的实例，是Angular替我们创建了它。那么它是如何创建的呢？

  Notice the CSS `selector` in the `@Component` decorator that specifies an element named "my-app".
  Remember back in QuickStart that we added the `<my-app>` element to the body of our `index.html`
  
  注意`@Component`装饰器中指定的CSS选择器`selector`，它指定了一个叫`my-app`的元素。
  回忆下，在QuickStart中，我们曾把一个`<my-app>`元素添加到`index.html`的`body`里。
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/index.html', 'my-app')(format=".")

:marked
  When we bootstrap with the `AppComponent` class (see `main.ts`), Angular looks for a `<my-app>`
  in the `index.html`, finds it, instantiates an instance of `AppComponent`, and renders it
  inside the `<my-app>` tag.
  
  当我们通过`main.ts`中的`AppComponent`类启动时，Angular在`index.html`中查找一个`<my-app>`元素，
  找到它，实例化一个`AppComponent`，然后把这个实例渲染进`<my-app>`标签中。

  We're ready to see changes in a running app by firing up the npm script that both compiles and serves our applications
  while watching for changes.
  
  通过运行npm脚本（它能编译并启动一个能监视变化的服务器），我们能看到运行中的应用发生的变化。
code-example(format="").
  npm start
:marked
  We should see the title and hero name:
  
  我们应该能看到标题和英雄名变了：
figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/title-and-hero.png" alt="标题和英雄")
:marked
  Let's review some of the choices we made and consider alternatives.
  
  我们来回顾一下以前所做的决定，看看还有哪些其它选择。

  ## Template inline or template file?
  ## 行内模板还是模板文件？

  We can store our component's template in one of two places.
  We can define it *inline* using the `template` property, as we do here.
  Or we can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in
  the component metadata using the `@Component` decorator's `templateUrl` property.
  
  我们有两种地方可用来放组件模板。
  我们可以使用`template`属性把它定义为 *内联Inline* 的，就像这里所做的一样。
  或者，可以把模板定义在一个独立的HTML文件中，并且在组件元数据中使用`@Component`装饰器的`templateUrl`属性链接到它。

  The choice between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste,
  circumstances, and organization policy.
  Here we're using inline HTML because the template is small, and the demo
  is simpler without the HTML file.
  
  到底选择内联HTML还是独立HTML取决于：个人喜好、具体状况和组织级策略。
  这里我们选择内联HTML，是因为模板很小，而且这个演示很简单，没必要用HTML文件。

  In either style, the template data bindings have the same access to the component's properties.
  
  无论用哪种风格，模板中的数据绑定在访问组件属性方面都是完全一样的。

  ## Constructor or variable initialization?
  ## 用构造函数进行初始化还是用变量？

  We initialized our component properties using variable assignment.
  This is a wonderfully concise and compact technique.
  
  这里我们使用了变量赋值的方式初始化组件的属性。
  这在技术上更加简洁。

  Some folks prefer to declare the properties and initialize them within a constructor like this:
  
  也有些人喜欢单独声明属性，并且在构造函数中初始化它们，就像这样：
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app-ctor.component.ts', 'app-ctor')(format=".")

:marked
  That's fine too. The choice is a matter of taste and organization policy.
  We'll adopt the more terse "variable assignment" style in this chapter simply because
  there will be less code to read.

  这也挺好。这个选择取决于个人喜好和组织级策略。
  本章中，我们简单的选用了更简短的“变量赋值”风格，因为它们代码更少，更容易阅读。
<a id="ngFor"></a>
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Showing an array property with ***ngFor***
  ## 使用***ngFor***显示数组属性

  We want to display a list of heroes. We begin by adding a mock heroes name array to the component,
  just above `myHero`, and redefine `myHero` to be the first name in the array.
  
  我们准备显示一个英雄列表。就先在组件的`myHero`属性上方添加一个模拟(Mock)的英雄名字数组，并把`myHero`重定义为数组中的第一个名字。
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'mock-heroes', 'app/app.component.ts (类)')(format=".")

:marked
  Now we use the Angular `ngFor` "repeater" directive in the template to display
  each item in the `heroes` list.
  
  现在，我们在模板中使用Angular的`ngFor`“重复器”指令来显示`heroes`列表中的每一个条目。

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'template','app/app.component.ts (模板)')(format=".")

:marked
  Our presentation is the familiar HTML unordered list with `<ul>` and `<li>` tags. Let's focus on the `<li>` tag.
  
  我们看到了熟悉的HTML —— 由`<ul>`和`<li>`标签组成的无序列表。请聚焦在`<li>`标签上。
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'li-repeater')(format=".")

:marked
  We added a somewhat mysterious `*ngFor` to the `<li>` element.
  That's the Angular "repeater" directive.
  Its presence on the `<li>` tag marks that `<li>` element (and its children) as the "repeater template".

  我们把看起来有点儿神秘的`*ngFor`加到`<li>`元素上。
  这就是Angular的“重复器”指令。
  它出现在`<li>`标签上就表示把`<li>`及其子元素作为“重复器的模板”。
.alert.is-important
  :marked
    Don't forget the leading asterisk (\*) in `*ngFor`. It is an essential part of the syntax.
    Learn more about this and `ngFor` in the [Template Syntax](./template-syntax.html#ngFor) chapter.
    
    不要忘记`*ngFor`中的前导星号(\*)。它是语法中不可或缺的一部分。
    要了解关于此语法和`ngFor`的更多知识，请参见[模板语法](./template-syntax.html#ngFor)一章。
:marked
  Notice the `hero` in the `NgFor` double-quoted instruction;
  it is an example of a [template input variable](./template-syntax.html#ngForMicrosyntax).

  注意看`ngFor`双引号表达式中的`hero`。
  它是一个[模板输入变量](./template-syntax.html#ngForMicrosyntax)（译注：即ngFor模板中从外界输入的变量）。

  Angular duplicates the `<li>` for each item in the list, setting the `hero` variable
  to the item (the hero) in the current iteration. Angular uses that variable as the
  context for the interpolation in the double curly braces.
  
  Angular为列表中的每一个条目复制`<li>`元素。在每个迭代中，都会把`hero`变量设置为当前条目（此英雄）。
  Angular会把这个`hero`变量作为双花括号中插值表达式的上下文。
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    We happened to give `ngFor` an array to display.
    In fact, `ngFor` can repeat items for any [iterable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols)
    object.
    
    这里我们传给了`ngFor`一个“数组”让它显示。
    但实际上，`ngFor`可以为任何[可迭代Iterable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols)对象重复渲染条目。
:marked
  Assuming we're still running under the `npm start` command,
  we should see heroes appearing in an unordered list.
  
  如果我们仍在运行着`npm start`命令，我们将看到英雄们的数据展现在了一个无序列表中。
figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/hero-names-list.png" alt="ngfor之后")

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Creating a class for the data
  ## 为数据创建一个类

  We are defining our data directly inside our component.
  That's fine for a demo but certainly isn't a best practice. It's not even a good practice.
  Although we won't do anything about that in this chapter, we'll make a mental note to fix this down the road.
  
  我们在组件内部直接定义了数据。
  对于演示来说，这还不错，但它当然不是最佳实践。它甚至算不上一个好的实践。
  我们在本章中先不管它，只是记下来，等将来再修复这个问题。

  At the moment, we're binding to an array of strings. We do that occasionally in real applications, but
  most of the time we're displaying objects &mdash; potentially instances of classes.
  
  现在，我们绑定到了一个字符串数组。在真实的应用中，这是特例。大多数时候，我们显示的是对象 —— 由类创建的实例 —— 的数组。

  Let's turn our array of hero names into an array of `Hero` objects. For that we'll need a `Hero` class.
  
  我们来把英雄名字的数组转换成`Hero`对象的数组。但首先得有一个`Hero`类。

  Create a new file in the `app/` folder called `hero.ts` with the following short bit of code.
  
  在`app/`目录下创建一个名叫`hero.ts`的新文件，内容如下：
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts', null, 'app/hero.ts')(format = ".")

:marked
  We've defined a class with a constructor and two properties: `id` and `name`.
  
  我们已经定义了一个带有构造函数和两个属性：`id`和`name`的类。

  It might not look like we have properties, but we do. We're taking
  advantage of a TypeScript shortcut in our declaration of the constructor parameters.
  
  它可能看上去不像是有属性的，但确实有。我们正在使用TypeScript的高级特性：简写形式 —— 用构造函数的参数直接定义属性。
  
  Consider the first parameter:
  
  来看第一个参数：
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts', 'id-parameter')

:marked
  That brief syntax does a lot:
  
  这个简写语法做了很多：
  * declares a constructor parameter and its type
  * 定义了一个构造函数参数及其类型
  * declares a public property of the same name
  * 定义了一个同名的公开属性
  * initializes that property with the corresponding argument when we "new" an instance of the class
  * 当我们`new`出该类的一个实例时，把该属性初始化为相应的参数值

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Using the Hero class
  ## 使用Hero类
  Let's redefine the `heroes` property in our component to return an array of these Hero objects
  and also set the `myHero` property with the first of these mock heroes.
  
  我们要把组件的`heroes`属性重定义为这些Hero对象的数组，并把这个数组中的第一项赋值给`myHero`属性。
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.3.ts', 'heroes', 'app.component.ts (节选)')(format=".")

:marked
  We'll have to update the template.
  At the moment it displays the entire `hero` object, which used to be a string value.
  Let's fix that so we interpolate the `hero.name` property.
  
  我们还得更新下模板。
  现在它显示的是整个`hero`对象的值，这是被作为字符串值使用了。
  我们要修复它，所以，我们的插值表达式应该使用`hero.name`属性。
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.3.ts', 'template','app.component.ts (模板)')(format=".")

:marked
  Our display looks the same, but now we know much better what a hero really is.
  
  从显示上看还是那样，但现在除了名字之外，我们对该英雄有了更多了解。

<a id="ngIf"></a>
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Conditional display with NgIf
  ## 通过NgIf进行条件显示

  Sometimes the app should display a view or a portion of a view only under specific circumstances.
  
  有时候，本应用应该只在特定情况下才显示视图或视图的一部分。

  In our example, we'd like to display a message if we have a large number of heroes &mdash; say, more than 3.
  
  在我们的例子中，如果有大量的英雄 —— 比如大于3位，我们会希望显示一条消息。

  The Angular `ngIf` directive inserts or removes an element based on a truthy/falsey condition.
  We can see it in action by adding the following paragraph at the bottom of the template:
  
  Angular的`NgIf`指令会基于条件的真假来显示或移除一个元素。
  我们来亲自动手试一下，把下列语句加到模板的底部：
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.ts', 'message')
.alert.is-important
  :marked
    Don't forget the leading asterisk (\*) in `*ngIf`. It is an essential part of the syntax.
    Learn more about this and `ngIf` in the [Template Syntax](./template-syntax.html#ngIf) chapter.

    不要忘了`*ngIf`中的前导星号(\*)。它是本语法中不可或缺的一部分。
    要学习关于此语法和`NgIf`的更多知识，请参见[模板语法](./template-syntax.html#ngIf)一章。
:marked
  The [template expression](./template-syntax.html#template-expressions) inside the double quotes
  looks much like JavaScript and it _is_ much like JavaScript.
  When the component's list of heroes has more than 3 items, Angular adds the paragraph to the DOM and the message appears.
  If there are 3 or fewer items, Angular omits the paragraph, so no message appears.

  双引号中的[模板表达式](./template-syntax.html#template-expressions)，看起来很像JavaScript，但它也_只是_“像”JavaScript。
  当组件中的英雄列表有三个以上的条目时，Angular把这些语句添加到DOM中，于是消息显示了出来。
  如果少于或等于三个条目，Angular会移除这些语句，于是不显示任何消息。
.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing the paragraph element from the DOM.
    That hardly matters here. But it would matter a great deal, from a performance perspective, if
    we were conditionally including or excluding a big chunk of HTML with many data bindings.
    
    Angular并不是在显示和隐藏这条消息，它是在从DOM中添加和移除这些元素。
    在这个范例中，它们几乎等价。但是如果我们想要有条件的包含或排除“一大堆”带着很多数据绑定的HTML，性能上的区别就会更加显著。
:marked
  Try it out. Because the array has four items, the message should appear.
  Go back into `app.component.ts` and delete or comment out one of the elements from the hero array.
  The browser should refresh automatically and the message should disappear.

  试一下。因为数组中有四个条目，所以消息应该显示出来。
  回到`app.component.ts`，并从英雄数组中删除或注释掉一个元素。
  浏览器应该自动刷新，而消息应该会消失。
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Summary
  ## 小结
  Now we know how to use:
  
  现在我们知道了如何使用：
  - **interpolation** with double curly braces to display a component property
  - 用带有双花括号的**插值表达式Interpolation**来显示组件的一个属性
  - **`ngFor`** to display a list of items
  - 用**`ngFor`**来显示条目列表
  - a TypeScript class to shape the **model data** for our component and display properties of that model
  - 用一个TypeScript类来为我们的组件描述**模型数据**并显示模型的各个属性。
  - **`ngIf`** to conditionally display a chunk of HTML based on a boolean expression
  - **`ngIf`**用来根据一个布尔表达式有条件的显示一段HTML

  Here's our final code:
  
  下面是我们的最终代码：

+makeTabs(`displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.ts,
displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts,
displaying-data/ts/app/boot.ts`,
'final,,',
'app/app.component.ts, app/hero.ts, boot.ts')