diff --git a/hapi-fhir-server/src/main/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/method/ReadMethodBinding.java b/hapi-fhir-server/src/main/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/method/ReadMethodBinding.java
index 050e2a6d468..710c1b07c9a 100644
--- a/hapi-fhir-server/src/main/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/method/ReadMethodBinding.java
+++ b/hapi-fhir-server/src/main/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/method/ReadMethodBinding.java
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ public class ReadMethodBinding extends BaseResourceReturningMethodBinding {
 					ifNoneMatch = ParameterUtil.parseETagValue(ifNoneMatch);
 					if (responseResource.getIdElement() != null && responseResource.getIdElement().hasVersionIdPart()) {
 						if (responseResource.getIdElement().getVersionIdPart().equals(ifNoneMatch)) {
-							ourLog.debug("Returning HTTP 301 because request specified {}={}", Constants.HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH, ifNoneMatch);
+							ourLog.debug("Returning HTTP 304 because request specified {}={}", Constants.HEADER_IF_NONE_MATCH, ifNoneMatch);
 							throw new NotModifiedException("Not Modified");
 						}
 					}
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ public class ReadMethodBinding extends BaseResourceReturningMethodBinding {
 					lastModified = responseResource.getMeta().getLastUpdated();
 				}
 				
-				if (lastModified != null && lastModified.getTime() > ifModifiedSinceDate.getTime()) {
-					ourLog.debug("Returning HTTP 301 because If-Modified-Since does not match");
+				if (lastModified != null && lastModified.getTime() <= ifModifiedSinceDate.getTime()) {
+					ourLog.debug("Returning HTTP 304 because If-Modified-Since does not match");
 					throw new NotModifiedException("Not Modified");
 				}
 			}
diff --git a/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu2/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu2Test.java b/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu2/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu2Test.java
index 58282a11db8..86fd1e9b0a1 100644
--- a/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu2/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu2Test.java
+++ b/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu2/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu2Test.java
@@ -57,20 +57,38 @@ public class ReadDstu2Test {
 		CloseableHttpResponse status;
 		HttpGet httpGet;
 
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it has changed before the later time of 2012-01-01T13:00:00Z
+		// so we expect a 304
 		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
 		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T13:00:00Z").getValue()));
 		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
 		try {
-			assertEquals(200, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
 		}
 		
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it has changed at the same time of 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// so we expect a 304
+		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
+		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T12:12:12Z").getValue()));
+		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
+		try {
+			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+		} finally {
+			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
+		}
+
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it has changed after the earlier time of 2012-01-01T10:00:00Z
+		// so we expect a 200
 		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
 		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T10:00:00Z").getValue()));
 		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
 		try {
-			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+			assertEquals(200, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
 		}
diff --git a/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu3/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu3Test.java b/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu3/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu3Test.java
index f3f05de41bf..ae8065ed5c4 100644
--- a/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu3/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu3Test.java
+++ b/hapi-fhir-structures-dstu3/src/test/java/ca/uhn/fhir/rest/server/ReadDstu3Test.java
@@ -69,20 +69,38 @@ public class ReadDstu3Test {
 		CloseableHttpResponse status;
 		HttpGet httpGet;
 
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it hasn't changed after the later time of 2012-01-01T13:00:00Z
+		// so we expect a 304 (Not Modified)
 		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
 		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T13:00:00Z").getValue()));
 		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
 		try {
-			assertEquals(200, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
 		}
-		
+
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it hasn't changed after the same time of 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// so we expect a 304 (Not Modified)
+		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
+		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T12:12:12Z").getValue()));
+		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
+		try {
+			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+		} finally {
+			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
+		}
+
+		// Fixture was last modified at 2012-01-01T12:12:12Z
+		// thus it has changed after the earlier time of 2012-01-01T10:00:00Z
+		// so we expect a 200
 		httpGet = new HttpGet("http://localhost:" + ourPort + "/Patient/2");
 		httpGet.addHeader(Constants.HEADER_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE, DateUtils.formatDate(new InstantDt("2012-01-01T10:00:00Z").getValue()));
 		status = ourClient.execute(httpGet);
 		try {
-			assertEquals(304, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+			assertEquals(200, status.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(status);
 		}