diff --git a/RELEASE_NOTES.md b/RELEASE_NOTES.md
index e69de29bb..1fea49ef9 100644
--- a/RELEASE_NOTES.md
+++ b/RELEASE_NOTES.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Validator Fixes:
+* Support auto-determination of the version of FHIR to use when using the java validator
+* auto-load packages from the package server when references to profiles etc are encountered
+* Support better validation of version specific profiles in meta.profile 
+* look for references inside other parameters in Parameters resource
+
+Other Code changes:
+* Rendering: add rendering for Parameters resources 
+* Rendering: refactor of resource resolution code to support Parameters
+* General clean up of rendering consistency & implement additional details when rendering (including patient summary)
+* Rendering: major overhaul of DiagnosticReport rendering
+* Fix NPE bug in value set comparison
+
+
+TODO before commit:
+* check version of contained resources 
+* review validation of CanonicalResource.url
+
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/context/SimpleWorkerContext.java b/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/context/SimpleWorkerContext.java
index a04fb8a1f..3a87b4ff1 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/context/SimpleWorkerContext.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/context/SimpleWorkerContext.java
@@ -267,6 +267,11 @@ public class SimpleWorkerContext extends BaseWorkerContext implements IWorkerCon
     return res;
   }
 
+  public static SimpleWorkerContext fromNothing() throws FileNotFoundException, FHIRException, IOException  {
+    SimpleWorkerContext res = new SimpleWorkerContext();
+    return res;
+  }
+
   private void loadDefinitionItem(String name, InputStream stream, IContextResourceLoader loader, ILoadFilter filter, PackageVersion pi) throws IOException, FHIRException {
     if (name.endsWith(".xml"))
       loadFromFile(stream, name, loader, filter);
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/renderers/utils/Resolver.java b/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/renderers/utils/Resolver.java
index c39b654a7..94c413b31 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/renderers/utils/Resolver.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.r5/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/r5/renderers/utils/Resolver.java
@@ -3,46 +3,58 @@ package org.hl7.fhir.r5.renderers.utils;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Bundle;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Bundle.BundleEntryComponent;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.DomainResource;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Parameters;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Parameters.ParametersParameterComponent;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Resource;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.renderers.utils.BaseWrappers.ResourceWrapper;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.renderers.utils.Resolver.ResourceContextType;
 import org.w3c.dom.Element;
 
 public class Resolver {
 
+  public enum ResourceContextType {
+    PARAMETERS, BUNDLE
+  }
+
   public interface IReferenceResolver {
     ResourceWithReference resolve(RenderingContext context, String url);
   }
 
   public static class ResourceContext {
-    Bundle bundleResource;
-    org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element bundleElement;
+    private ResourceContextType type;
+    private Resource containerResource;
+    private org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element containerElement;
 
     DomainResource resourceResource;
     org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element resourceElement;
 
-    public ResourceContext(Bundle bundle, DomainResource dr) {
+    public ResourceContext(ResourceContextType type, Resource bundle, DomainResource dr) {
       super();
-      this.bundleResource = bundle;
+      this.type = type;
+      this.containerResource = bundle;
       this.resourceResource = dr;
     }
 
-    public ResourceContext(org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element bundle, org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element dr) {
-      this.bundleElement = bundle;
+    public ResourceContext(ResourceContextType type, org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element bundle, org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element dr) {
+      super();
+      this.type = type;
+      this.containerElement = bundle;
       this.resourceElement = dr;
     }
 
-    public ResourceContext(Object bundle, Element doc) {
-      // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
-    }
+//    public ResourceContext(Object bundle, Element doc) {
+//      // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
+//    }
 
-    public Bundle getBundleResource() {
-      return bundleResource;
-    }
+//    public Bundle getBundleResource() {
+//      return containerResource;
+//    }
 
-    public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element getBundleElement() {
-      return bundleElement;
-    }
 
+    //    public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element getBundleElement() {
+//      return containerElement;
+//    }
+//
     public DomainResource getResourceResource() {
       return resourceResource;
     }
@@ -64,13 +76,27 @@ public class Resolver {
         }
         return null;
       }
-      if (bundleResource != null) {
-        for (BundleEntryComponent be : bundleResource.getEntry()) {
-          if (be.getFullUrl().equals(value))
-            return be;
-          if (value.equals(be.getResource().fhirType()+"/"+be.getResource().getId()))
-            return be;
-        }
+      if (type == ResourceContextType.BUNDLE) {
+        if (containerResource != null) {
+          for (BundleEntryComponent be : ((Bundle) containerResource).getEntry()) {
+            if (be.getFullUrl().equals(value))
+              return be;
+            if (value.equals(be.getResource().fhirType()+"/"+be.getResource().getId()))
+              return be;
+          }
+        } 
+      }
+      if (type == ResourceContextType.PARAMETERS) {
+        if (containerResource != null) {
+          for (ParametersParameterComponent p : ((Parameters) containerResource).getParameter()) {
+            if (p.getResource() != null && value.equals(p.getResource().fhirType()+"/"+p.getResource().getId())) {
+              BundleEntryComponent be = new BundleEntryComponent();
+              be.setResource(p.getResource());
+              return be;
+              
+            }
+          }
+        } 
       }
       return null;
     }
@@ -85,13 +111,24 @@ public class Resolver {
         }
         return null;
       }
-      if (bundleElement != null) {
-        for (org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element be : bundleElement.getChildren("entry")) {
-          org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element res = be.getNamedChild("resource");
-          if (value.equals(be.getChildValue("fullUrl")))
-            return be;
-          if (value.equals(res.fhirType()+"/"+res.getChildValue("id")))
-            return be;
+      if (type == ResourceContextType.BUNDLE) {
+        if (containerElement != null) {
+          for (org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element be : containerElement.getChildren("entry")) {
+            org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element res = be.getNamedChild("resource");
+            if (value.equals(be.getChildValue("fullUrl")))
+              return be;
+            if (value.equals(res.fhirType()+"/"+res.getChildValue("id")))
+              return be;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (type == ResourceContextType.PARAMETERS) {
+        if (containerElement != null) {
+          for (org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element p : containerElement.getChildren("parameter")) {
+            org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element res = p.getNamedChild("resource");
+            if (value.equals(res.fhirType()+"/"+res.getChildValue("id")))
+              return p;
+          }
         }
       }
       return null;
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/VersionUtilities.java b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/VersionUtilities.java
index 8201d97a9..544f83079 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/VersionUtilities.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/VersionUtilities.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package org.hl7.fhir.utilities;
 
 import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.FHIRException;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.cache.NpmPackage;
 
 /*
   Copyright (c) 2011+, HL7, Inc.
@@ -35,6 +36,22 @@ import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.FHIRException;
 public class VersionUtilities {
   
   
+  public static class VersionURLInfo {
+    private String version;
+    private String url;
+    public VersionURLInfo(String version, String url) {
+      super();
+      this.version = version;
+      this.url = url;
+    }
+    public String getVersion() {
+      return version;
+    }
+    public String getUrl() {
+      return url;
+    }
+  }
+
   public static final String CURRENT_VERSION = "4.4";
   public static final String CURRENT_FULL_VERSION = "4.4.0";
 
@@ -225,4 +242,18 @@ public class VersionUtilities {
     throw new FHIRException("Unknown version "+version);
   }
 
+  public static VersionURLInfo parseVersionUrl(String url) {
+    if (url.length() < 24) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    String v = url.substring(20, 24);
+    if (v.endsWith("/")) {
+      v = v.substring(0, v.length()-1);
+      if (Utilities.existsInList(v, "1.0", "1.4", "3.0", "4.0", "5.0", CURRENT_VERSION)) {
+        return new VersionURLInfo(v, "http://hl7.org/fhir/"+url.substring(24));
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/cache/NpmPackage.java b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/cache/NpmPackage.java
index 166961e17..334ab7d4d 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/cache/NpmPackage.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/cache/NpmPackage.java
@@ -1057,6 +1057,26 @@ public class NpmPackage {
   public boolean isCore() {
     return "fhir.core".equals(JSONUtil.str(npm, "type"));
   }
+
+  public boolean hasCanonical(String url) {
+    if (url == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    String u = url.contains("|") ?  url.substring(0, url.indexOf("|")) : url;
+    String v = url.contains("|") ?  url.substring(url.indexOf("|")+1) : null;
+    NpmPackageFolder folder = folders.get("package");
+    if (folder != null) {
+      for (JsonElement e : folder.index.getAsJsonArray("files")) {
+        JsonObject o = (JsonObject) e;
+        if (u.equals(JSONUtil.str(o, "url"))) {
+          if (v == null || v.equals(JSONUtil.str(o, "version"))) {
+            return true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
   
   
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/i18n/I18nConstants.java b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/i18n/I18nConstants.java
index 34b8cc05c..c70ce1748 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/i18n/I18nConstants.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/utilities/i18n/I18nConstants.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ public class I18nConstants {
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOFIRSTRESOURCE = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_NoFirstResource";
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOFULLURL = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_NoFullUrl";
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOPROFILE = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_NoProfile";
+  public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_MULTIPLE_PROFILES = "BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_MULTIPLE_PROFILES";
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOTFOUND = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_NotFound";
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_ORPHAN = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_Orphan";
   public static final String BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_TYPE = "Bundle_BUNDLE_Entry_Type";
@@ -543,10 +544,14 @@ public class I18nConstants {
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SIGNPOST_GLOBAL = "VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SIGNPOST_GLOBAL";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SIGNPOST_META = "VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SIGNPOST_META";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SLICEORDER = "Validation_VAL_Profile_SliceOrder";
+  public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_OTHER_VERSION = "VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_OTHER_VERSION";
+  public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OK = "VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OK";
+  public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OTHER = "VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OTHER";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_UNKNOWN = "Validation_VAL_Profile_Unknown";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_WRONGTYPE = "Validation_VAL_Profile_WrongType";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_WRONGTYPE2 = "Validation_VAL_Profile_WrongType2";
   public static final String VALIDATION_VAL_UNKNOWN_PROFILE = "Validation_VAL_Unknown_Profile";
+  
   public static final String VALUESET_INCLUDE_INVALID_CONCEPT_CODE = "VALUESET_INCLUDE_INVALID_CONCEPT_CODE";
   public static final String VALUESET_INCLUDE_INVALID_CONCEPT_CODE_VER = "VALUESET_INCLUDE_INVALID_CONCEPT_CODE_VER";
   public static final String VALUESET_NO_SYSTEM_WARNING = "VALUESET_NO_SYSTEM_WARNING";
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/resources/Messages.properties b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/resources/Messages.properties
index d49720b3c..8bd7307cf 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/resources/Messages.properties
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.utilities/src/main/resources/Messages.properties
@@ -571,3 +571,7 @@ PACKAGE_VERSION_MISMATCH = FHIR Version mismatch in package {0}: version is {2}
 VALUESET_REFERENCE_UNKNOWN = The value set import {0} could not be found so cannot be checked
 VALUESET_REFERENCE_INVALID_TYPE = The value set import {0} points to a resource of type {1} which is not valid
 SD_MUST_HAVE_DERIVATION = StructureDefinition {0} must have a derivation, since it has a baseDefinition
+VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_OTHER_VERSION = Profile is for a different version of FHIR ({0}) so has been ignored
+VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OK = Profile for this version of FHIR - all OK
+VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OTHER = Profile is for this version of FHIR, but is an invalid type {0}
+BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_MULTIPLE_PROFILES = Multiple profiles found for contained resource. This is not supported at this time. (Type {0}: {1})
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/ValidationEngine.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/ValidationEngine.java
index 78ac32bb0..e02dac771 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/ValidationEngine.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/ValidationEngine.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.*;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.IResourceValidator.*;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.StructureMapUtilities.ITransformerServices;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.i18n.I18nConstants;
+import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.services.StandAloneValidatorFetcher.IPackageInstaller;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.instance.InstanceValidator;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.IniFile;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.TextFile;
@@ -163,7 +164,42 @@ POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  * @author Grahame Grieve
  *
  */
-public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
+public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher, IPackageInstaller {
+
+  public static class VersionSourceInformation {
+
+    private List<String> report = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<String> versions = new ArrayList<>();
+    
+    public void see(String version, String src) {
+      version = VersionUtilities.getMajMin(version);
+      report.add(src+": "+version);
+      if (!versions.contains(version)) {
+        versions.add(version);
+        Collections.sort(versions);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+      return versions.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    public int size() {
+      return versions.size();
+    }
+
+    public String version() {
+      return versions.get(0);
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getReport() {
+      if (report.isEmpty()) {
+        report.add("(nothing found)");
+      }
+      return report;
+    }
+
+  }
 
   public class ScanOutputItem {
     private String ref;
@@ -311,9 +347,10 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
   
   public ValidationEngine() throws IOException {
     pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
+    context = SimpleWorkerContext.fromNothing();
   }
     
-  public void setTerminologyServer(String src, String log, FhirPublication version) throws Exception {
+  public void setTerminologyServer(String src, String log, FhirPublication version) throws FHIRException, URISyntaxException {
     connectToTSServer(src, log, version);   
   }
   
@@ -342,7 +379,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     this.showTimes = showTimes;
   }
 
-  public ValidationEngine(String src, String txsrvr, String txLog, FhirPublication version, boolean canRunWithoutTerminologyServer, String vString) throws Exception {
+  public ValidationEngine(String src, String txsrvr, String txLog, FhirPublication version, boolean canRunWithoutTerminologyServer, String vString) throws FHIRException, IOException, URISyntaxException {
     pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
     loadCoreDefinitions(src, false);
     context.setCanRunWithoutTerminology(canRunWithoutTerminologyServer);
@@ -350,14 +387,14 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     this.version = vString;
   }
   
-  public ValidationEngine(String src, String txsrvr, String txLog, FhirPublication version, String vString) throws Exception {
+  public ValidationEngine(String src, String txsrvr, String txLog, FhirPublication version, String vString) throws FHIRException, IOException, URISyntaxException {
     pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
     loadCoreDefinitions(src, false);
     setTerminologyServer(txsrvr, txLog, version);
     this.version = vString;
   }
   
-  public ValidationEngine(String src) throws Exception {
+  public ValidationEngine(String src) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     loadCoreDefinitions(src, false);
     pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
   }
@@ -370,7 +407,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     this.language = language;
   }
 
-  private void loadCoreDefinitions(String src, boolean recursive) throws Exception {
+  private void loadCoreDefinitions(String src, boolean recursive) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     if (pcm == null) {
       pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
     }
@@ -435,7 +472,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return ep;
   }
 
-  private byte[] loadProfileSource(String src) throws Exception {
+  private byte[] loadProfileSource(String src) throws FHIRException, FileNotFoundException, IOException {
     if (Utilities.noString(src)) {
       throw new FHIRException("Profile Source '" + src + "' could not be processed");
     } else if (src.startsWith("https:") || src.startsWith("http:")) {
@@ -447,13 +484,13 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     }
   }
 
-  private byte[] loadProfileFromUrl(String src) throws Exception {
+  private byte[] loadProfileFromUrl(String src) throws FHIRException {
     try {
       URL url = new URL(src+"?nocache=" + System.currentTimeMillis());
       URLConnection c = url.openConnection();
       return IOUtils.toByteArray(c.getInputStream());
     } catch (Exception e) {
-      throw new Exception("Unable to find definitions at URL '"+src+"': "+e.getMessage(), e);
+      throw new FHIRException("Unable to find definitions at URL '"+src+"': "+e.getMessage(), e);
   }
     }
 
@@ -464,9 +501,10 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return TextFile.fileToBytes(src);
   }
 
-  /** explore should be true if we're trying to load an -ig parameter, and false if we're loading source **/
+  /** explore should be true if we're trying to load an -ig parameter, and false if we're loading source 
+   * @throws IOException **/
   
-  private Map<String, byte[]> loadIgSource(String src, boolean recursive, boolean explore) throws Exception {
+  private Map<String, byte[]> loadIgSource(String src, boolean recursive, boolean explore) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     // src can be one of the following:
     // - a canonical url for an ig - this will be converted to a package id and loaded into the cache
     // - a package id for an ig - this will be loaded into the cache
@@ -510,11 +548,60 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     } else if ((src.matches(FilesystemPackageCacheManager.PACKAGE_REGEX) || src.matches(FilesystemPackageCacheManager.PACKAGE_VERSION_REGEX)) && !src.endsWith(".zip") && !src.endsWith(".tgz")) {
       return fetchByPackage(src);
     }
-    throw new Exception("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
+    throw new FHIRException("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
+  }
+
+  private Map<String, byte[]> loadIgSourceForVersion(String src, boolean recursive, boolean explore, VersionSourceInformation versions) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    if (src.startsWith("https:") || src.startsWith("http:")) {
+      String v = null;
+      if (src.contains("|")) {
+        v = src.substring(src.indexOf("|")+1);
+        src = src.substring(0, src.indexOf("|"));
+      }
+      String pid = pcm.getPackageId(src);
+      if (!Utilities.noString(pid)) {
+        versions.see(fetchVersionByPackage(pid+(v == null ? "" : "#"+v)), "Package "+src);
+        return null;
+      } else {
+        return fetchVersionFromUrl(src+(v == null ? "" : "|"+v), explore, versions);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    File f = new File(Utilities.path(src));
+    if (f.exists()) {
+      if (f.isDirectory() && new File(Utilities.path(src, "package.tgz")).exists()) {
+        versions.see(loadPackageForVersion(new FileInputStream(Utilities.path(src, "package.tgz")), Utilities.path(src, "package.tgz")), "Package "+src);
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (f.isDirectory() && new File(Utilities.path(src, "igpack.zip")).exists())
+        return readZip(new FileInputStream(Utilities.path(src, "igpack.zip")));
+      if (f.isDirectory() && new File(Utilities.path(src, "validator.pack")).exists())
+        return readZip(new FileInputStream(Utilities.path(src, "validator.pack")));
+      if (f.isDirectory())
+        return scanDirectory(f, recursive);
+      if (src.endsWith(".tgz")) {
+        versions.see(loadPackageForVersion(new FileInputStream(src), src), "Package "+src);
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (src.endsWith(".pack"))
+        return readZip(new FileInputStream(src));
+      if (src.endsWith("igpack.zip"))
+        return readZip(new FileInputStream(src));
+      FhirFormat fmt = checkIsResource(src);
+      if (fmt != null) {
+        Map<String, byte[]> res = new HashMap<String, byte[]>();
+        res.put(Utilities.changeFileExt(src, "."+fmt.getExtension()), TextFile.fileToBytesNCS(src));
+        return res;
+      }
+    } else if ((src.matches(FilesystemPackageCacheManager.PACKAGE_REGEX) || src.matches(FilesystemPackageCacheManager.PACKAGE_VERSION_REGEX)) && !src.endsWith(".zip") && !src.endsWith(".tgz")) {
+      versions.see(fetchVersionByPackage(src), "Package "+src);
+      return null;
+    }
+    throw new FHIRException("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
   }
 
   
-  private Map<String, byte[]> fetchFromUrl(String src, boolean explore) throws Exception {
+  private Map<String, byte[]> fetchFromUrl(String src, boolean explore) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     if (src.endsWith(".tgz"))
       return loadPackage(fetchFromUrlSpecific(src, false), src);
     if (src.endsWith(".pack"))
@@ -551,15 +638,59 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       res.put(Utilities.changeFileExt(src, "."+fmt.getExtension()), cnt);
       return res;
     }    
-    throw new Exception("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
+    throw new FHIRException("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
   }
 
-  private InputStream fetchFromUrlSpecific(String source, boolean optional) throws Exception {
+  private Map<String, byte[]> fetchVersionFromUrl(String src, boolean explore, VersionSourceInformation versions) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    if (src.endsWith(".tgz")) {
+      versions.see(loadPackageForVersion(fetchFromUrlSpecific(src, false), src), "From Package "+src);
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (src.endsWith(".pack"))
+      return readZip(fetchFromUrlSpecific(src, false));
+    if (src.endsWith("igpack.zip"))
+      return readZip(fetchFromUrlSpecific(src, false));
+
+    InputStream stream = null;
+    if (explore) {
+      stream = fetchFromUrlSpecific(Utilities.pathURL(src, "package.tgz"), true);
+      if (stream != null) {
+        versions.see(loadPackageForVersion(stream, Utilities.pathURL(src, "package.tgz")), "From Package at "+src);
+        return null;
+      }
+      // todo: these options are deprecated - remove once all IGs have been rebuilt post R4 technical correction
+      stream = fetchFromUrlSpecific(Utilities.pathURL(src, "igpack.zip"), true);
+      if (stream != null)
+        return readZip(stream);
+      stream = fetchFromUrlSpecific(Utilities.pathURL(src, "validator.pack"), true);
+      if (stream != null)
+        return readZip(stream);
+      stream = fetchFromUrlSpecific(Utilities.pathURL(src, "validator.pack"), true);
+      //// -----
+    }
+    
+    // ok, having tried all that... now we'll just try to access it directly
+    byte[] cnt;
+    if (stream == null)
+      cnt = fetchFromUrlSpecific(src, "application/json", true);
+    else
+      cnt = TextFile.streamToBytes(stream);
+    
+    FhirFormat fmt = checkIsResource(cnt, src);
+    if (fmt != null) {
+      Map<String, byte[]> res = new HashMap<String, byte[]>();
+      res.put(Utilities.changeFileExt(src, "."+fmt.getExtension()), cnt);
+      return res;
+    }    
+    throw new FHIRException("Unable to find/resolve/read -ig "+src);
+  }
+
+  private InputStream fetchFromUrlSpecific(String source, boolean optional) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     try {
       URL url = new URL(source+"?nocache=" + System.currentTimeMillis());
       URLConnection c = url.openConnection();
       return c.getInputStream();
-    } catch (Exception e) {
+    } catch (IOException e) {
       if (optional)
         return null;
       else
@@ -567,13 +698,13 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     }
   }
 
-  private byte[] fetchFromUrlSpecific(String source, String contentType, boolean optional) throws Exception {
+  private byte[] fetchFromUrlSpecific(String source, String contentType, boolean optional) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     try {
       URL url = new URL(source+"?nocache=" + System.currentTimeMillis());
       HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
       conn.setRequestProperty("Accept", contentType);
       return TextFile.streamToBytes(conn.getInputStream());
-    } catch (Exception e) {
+    } catch (IOException e) {
       if (optional)
         return null;
       else
@@ -604,11 +735,15 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return Utilities.existsInList(Utilities.getFileExtension(ff.getName()).toLowerCase(), "md", "css", "js", "png", "gif", "jpg", "html", "tgz", "pack", "zip");
   }
 
-  private Map<String, byte[]> loadPackage(InputStream stream, String name) throws Exception {
+  private Map<String, byte[]> loadPackage(InputStream stream, String name) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     return loadPackage(NpmPackage.fromPackage(stream));
   }
 
-  public Map<String, byte[]> loadPackage(NpmPackage pi) throws Exception {
+  private String loadPackageForVersion(InputStream stream, String name) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    return NpmPackage.fromPackage(stream).fhirVersion();
+  }
+
+  public Map<String, byte[]> loadPackage(NpmPackage pi) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     context.getLoadedPackages().add(pi.name()+"#"+pi.version());
     Map<String, byte[]> res = new HashMap<String, byte[]>();
     for (String s : pi.dependencies()) {
@@ -652,7 +787,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     System.out.println(message);
   }
 
-  private Map<String, byte[]> fetchByPackage(String src) throws Exception {
+  private Map<String, byte[]> fetchByPackage(String src) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     String id = src;
     String version = null;
     if (src.contains("#")) {
@@ -679,13 +814,46 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       return loadPackage(pi);
   }
 
-  private Map<String, byte[]> resolvePackage(String id, String v) throws Exception {
+  private String fetchVersionByPackage(String src) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    String id = src;
+    String version = null;
+    if (src.contains("#")) {
+      id = src.substring(0, src.indexOf("#"));
+      version = src.substring(src.indexOf("#")+1);
+    }
+    if (pcm == null) {
+      log("Creating Package manager?");
+      pcm = new FilesystemPackageCacheManager(true, ToolsVersion.TOOLS_VERSION);
+    }
+    if (version == null) {
+      version = pcm.getLatestVersion(id);
+    }
+    NpmPackage pi = null;
+    if (version == null) {
+      pi = pcm.loadPackageFromCacheOnly(id);
+      if (pi != null)
+        log("   ... Using version "+pi.version());
+    } else
+      pi = pcm.loadPackageFromCacheOnly(id, version);
+    if (pi == null) {
+      return resolvePackageForVersion(id, version);
+    } else {
+      return pi.fhirVersion();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Map<String, byte[]> resolvePackage(String id, String v) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     NpmPackage pi = pcm.loadPackage(id, v);
     if (pi != null && v == null)
       log("   ... Using version "+pi.version());
     return loadPackage(pi);
   }
 
+  private String resolvePackageForVersion(String id, String v) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    NpmPackage pi = pcm.loadPackage(id, v);
+    return pi.fhirVersion();
+  }
+
   public SimpleWorkerContext getContext() {
     return context;
   }
@@ -758,7 +926,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     }
   }
 
-  public void loadProfile(String src) throws Exception {
+  public void loadProfile(String src) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     if (context.hasResource(StructureDefinition.class, src))
       return;
     if (context.hasResource(ImplementationGuide.class, src))
@@ -770,7 +938,13 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     context.cacheResource(r);
   }
   
-  public void loadIg(String src, boolean recursive) throws IOException, FHIRException, Exception {
+  public void scanForIgVersion(String src, boolean recursive, VersionSourceInformation versions) throws IOException, FHIRException, Exception {
+    Map<String, byte[]> source = loadIgSourceForVersion(src, recursive, true, versions);
+    if (source != null && source.containsKey("version.info"))
+      versions.see(readInfoVersion(source.get("version.info")), "version.info in "+src);
+  }
+
+  public void loadIg(String src, boolean recursive) throws IOException, FHIRException {
     NpmPackage npm = src.matches(FilesystemPackageCacheManager.PACKAGE_REGEX) ? pcm.loadPackage(src, null) : null;
     if (npm != null) {
       for (String s : npm.dependencies()) {
@@ -834,7 +1008,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return r;
   }
 
-  public Resource loadResourceByVersion(String version, byte[] content, String fn) throws IOException, Exception {
+  public Resource loadResourceByVersion(String version, byte[] content, String fn) throws IOException, FHIRException {
     Resource r;
     if (version.startsWith("3.0")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.dstu3.model.Resource res;
@@ -845,7 +1019,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         res = new org.hl7.fhir.dstu3.utils.StructureMapUtilities(null).parse(new String(content));
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
       r = VersionConvertor_30_50.convertResource(res, false);
     } else if (version.startsWith("4.0")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.Resource res;
@@ -856,7 +1030,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         res = new org.hl7.fhir.r4.utils.StructureMapUtilities(null).parse(new String(content), fn);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
       r = VersionConvertor_40_50.convertResource(res);
     } else if (version.startsWith("1.4")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may.model.Resource res;
@@ -865,7 +1039,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".json") && !fn.endsWith("template.json"))
         res = new org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may.formats.JsonParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(content));
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
       r = VersionConvertor_14_50.convertResource(res);
     } else if (version.startsWith("1.0")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.dstu2.model.Resource res;
@@ -874,7 +1048,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".json") && !fn.endsWith("template.json"))
         res = new org.hl7.fhir.dstu2.formats.JsonParser().parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(content));
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
       VersionConvertorAdvisor50 advisor = new org.hl7.fhir.convertors.misc.IGR2ConvertorAdvisor5();
       r = VersionConvertor_10_50.convertResource(res, advisor);
     } else if (version.equals(Constants.VERSION) || "current".equals(version)) {
@@ -887,9 +1061,9 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         r = new org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.StructureMapUtilities(null).parse(new String(content), fn);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else
-      throw new Exception("Unsupported version "+version);
+      throw new FHIRException("Unsupported version "+version);
     return r;
   }
 
@@ -923,11 +1097,11 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     FhirFormat cntType = null;
   }
   
-  public Content loadContent(String source, String opName) throws Exception {
+  public Content loadContent(String source, String opName) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     Map<String, byte[]> s = loadIgSource(source, false, false);
     Content res = new Content();
     if (s.size() != 1)
-      throw new Exception("Unable to find resource " + source + " to "+opName);
+      throw new FHIRException("Unable to find resource " + source + " to "+opName);
     for (Entry<String, byte[]> t: s.entrySet()) {
       res.focus = t.getValue();
       if (t.getKey().endsWith(".json"))
@@ -939,13 +1113,13 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (t.getKey().endsWith(".txt") || t.getKey().endsWith(".map"))
         res.cntType = FhirFormat.TEXT; 
       else
-        throw new Exception("Todo: Determining resource type is not yet done");
+        throw new FHIRException("Todo: Determining resource type is not yet done");
     }
     return res;
   }
 
   // testing entry point
-  public OperationOutcome validate(FhirFormat format, InputStream stream, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validate(FhirFormat format, InputStream stream, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome {
     List<ValidationMessage> messages = new ArrayList<ValidationMessage>();
     InstanceValidator validator = getValidator();
     validator.validate(null, messages, stream, format, asSdList(profiles));
@@ -966,13 +1140,13 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return list;
   }
     
-  public OperationOutcome validate(String source, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validate(String source, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     List<String> l = new ArrayList<String>();
     l.add(source);
     return (OperationOutcome)validate(l, profiles);
   }
     
-  public List<ScanOutputItem> validateScan(List<String> sources, Set<String> guides) throws Exception {
+  public List<ScanOutputItem> validateScan(List<String> sources, Set<String> guides) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome {
     List<String> refs = new ArrayList<String>();
     handleSources(sources, refs);
     
@@ -1048,7 +1222,28 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return null;
   }
 
-  public Resource validate(List<String> sources, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public void scanForVersions(List<String> sources, VersionSourceInformation versions) throws FHIRException, IOException {
+    List<String> refs = new ArrayList<String>();
+    handleSources(sources, refs);
+    for (String ref : refs) {
+      Content cnt = loadContent(ref, "validate");
+      String s = TextFile.bytesToString(cnt.focus);
+      if (s.contains("http://hl7.org/fhir/3.0")) {
+        versions.see("3.0", "Profile in "+ref);
+      }
+      if (s.contains("http://hl7.org/fhir/1.0")) {
+        versions.see("1.0", "Profile in "+ref);
+      }
+      if (s.contains("http://hl7.org/fhir/4.0")) {
+        versions.see("4.0", "Profile in "+ref);
+      }
+      if (s.contains("http://hl7.org/fhir/1.4")) {
+        versions.see("1.4", "Profile in "+ref);
+      }
+    }  
+  }
+  
+  public Resource validate(List<String> sources, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     List<String> refs = new ArrayList<String>();
     boolean asBundle = handleSources(sources, refs);
     Bundle results = new Bundle();
@@ -1065,7 +1260,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         results.addEntry().setResource(outcome);
       } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Validation Infrastructure fail validating "+ref+": "+e.getMessage());
-        throw e;
+        throw new FHIRException(e);
       }
     }
     if (asBundle)
@@ -1082,7 +1277,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     } 
   }
 
-  public OperationOutcome validateString(String location, String source, FhirFormat format, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validateString(String location, String source, FhirFormat format, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome, SAXException {
     return validate(location, source.getBytes(), format, profiles);
   }
 
@@ -1136,14 +1331,14 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return isBundle;
   }
 
-  public OperationOutcome validate(byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validate(byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome {
     List<ValidationMessage> messages = new ArrayList<ValidationMessage>();
     InstanceValidator validator = getValidator();
     validator.validate(null, messages, new ByteArrayInputStream(source), cntType, asSdList(profiles));
     return messagesToOutcome(messages);
   }
 
-  public OperationOutcome validate(String location, byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validate(String location, byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome, SAXException {
     List<ValidationMessage> messages = new ArrayList<ValidationMessage>();
     if (doNative) {
       if (cntType == FhirFormat.JSON)
@@ -1161,7 +1356,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return messagesToOutcome(messages);
   }
 
-  public OperationOutcome validate(String location, byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles, IdStatus resourceIdRule, boolean anyExtensionsAllowed, BestPracticeWarningLevel bpWarnings, CheckDisplayOption displayOption) throws Exception {
+  public OperationOutcome validate(String location, byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, List<String> profiles, IdStatus resourceIdRule, boolean anyExtensionsAllowed, BestPracticeWarningLevel bpWarnings, CheckDisplayOption displayOption) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome, SAXException {
     List<ValidationMessage> messages = new ArrayList<ValidationMessage>();
     if (doNative) {
       if (cntType == FhirFormat.JSON)
@@ -1254,12 +1449,12 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return issue.getSeverity().toString()+" @ "+issue.getLocation() + " " +issue.getDetails().getText() +(source != null ? " (src = "+source+")" : "");    
   }
 
-  public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element transform(String source, String map) throws Exception {
+  public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element transform(String source, String map) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     Content cnt = loadContent(source, "validate");
     return transform(cnt.focus, cnt.cntType, map);
   }
   
-  public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element transform(byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, String mapUri) throws Exception {
+  public org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element transform(byte[] source, FhirFormat cntType, String mapUri) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     List<Base> outputs = new ArrayList<Base>();
     
     StructureMapUtilities scu = new StructureMapUtilities(context, new TransformSupportServices(outputs));
@@ -1299,7 +1494,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return Manager.build(getContext(), structureDefinition);
   }
 
-  public DomainResource generate(String source, String version) throws Exception {
+  public DomainResource generate(String source, String version) throws FHIRException, IOException, EOperationOutcome {
     Content cnt = loadContent(source, "validate");
     Resource res = loadResourceByVersion(version, cnt.focus, source);
     RenderingContext rc = new RenderingContext(context, null, null, "http://hl7.org/fhir", "", null, ResourceRendererMode.RESOURCE);
@@ -1307,25 +1502,25 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     return (DomainResource) res;
   }
   
-  public void convert(String source, String output) throws Exception {
+  public void convert(String source, String output) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     Content cnt = loadContent(source, "validate");
     Element e = Manager.parse(context, new ByteArrayInputStream(cnt.focus), cnt.cntType);
     Manager.compose(context, e, new FileOutputStream(output), (output.endsWith(".json") ? FhirFormat.JSON : FhirFormat.XML), OutputStyle.PRETTY, null);
   }
 
-  public String evaluateFhirPath(String source, String expression) throws Exception {
+  public String evaluateFhirPath(String source, String expression) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     Content cnt = loadContent(source, "validate");
     FHIRPathEngine fpe = new FHIRPathEngine(context);
     Element e = Manager.parse(context, new ByteArrayInputStream(cnt.focus), cnt.cntType);
     return fpe.evaluateToString(e, expression);
   }
 
-  public StructureDefinition snapshot(String source, String version) throws Exception {
+  public StructureDefinition snapshot(String source, String version) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     Content cnt = loadContent(source, "validate");
     Resource res = loadResourceByVersion(version, cnt.focus, Utilities.getFileNameForName(source));
    
     if (!(res instanceof StructureDefinition))
-      throw new Exception("Require a StructureDefinition for generating a snapshot");
+      throw new FHIRException("Require a StructureDefinition for generating a snapshot");
     StructureDefinition sd = (StructureDefinition) res;
     StructureDefinition base = context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, sd.getBaseDefinition());
     
@@ -1670,8 +1865,9 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
 
   @Override
   public boolean resolveURL(Object appContext, String path, String url) throws IOException, FHIRException {
-    if (!url.startsWith("http://hl7.org/fhir"))
-      return true; // we don't bother with those.
+    if (!url.startsWith("http://") && !url.startsWith("https://")) { // ignore these 
+      return true;
+    }
     if (context.fetchResource(Resource.class, url) != null)
       return true;
     if (Utilities.existsInList(url, "http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/us-ssn", "http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/cvx", "http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/ndc", "http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/us-npi", "http://hl7.org/fhir/sid/icd-10", 
@@ -1679,6 +1875,9 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
        "http://hl7.org/fhir/workflow", "http://hl7.org/fhir/ConsentPolicy/opt-out", "http://hl7.org/fhir/ConsentPolicy/opt-in")) {
       return true;
     }
+    if (Utilities.existsInList(url, "http://loinc.org", "http://unitsofmeasure.org", "http://snomed.info/sct")) {
+       return true;
+     }
     if (fetcher != null) {
       return fetcher.resolveURL(appContext, path, url);
     };
@@ -1690,7 +1889,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     this.locale = locale;
   }
 
-  public void handleOutput(Resource r, String output, String version) throws Exception {
+  public void handleOutput(Resource r, String output, String version) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     if (output.startsWith("http://") || output.startsWith("http://")) {
       ByteArrayOutputStream bs = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
       handleOutputToStream(r, output, bs, version);
@@ -1719,7 +1918,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
     }
   }
 
-  private void handleOutputToStream(Resource r, String fn, OutputStream s, String version) throws Exception {
+  private void handleOutputToStream(Resource r, String fn, OutputStream s, String version) throws FHIRException, IOException {
     if (fn.endsWith(".html") || fn.endsWith(".htm") && r instanceof DomainResource)
       new XhtmlComposer(XhtmlComposer.HTML, true).compose(s, ((DomainResource) r).getText().getDiv());
     else if (version.startsWith("3.0")) {
@@ -1731,7 +1930,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         TextFile.stringToStream(org.hl7.fhir.dstu3.utils.StructureMapUtilities.render((org.hl7.fhir.dstu3.model.StructureMap) res), s, false);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else if (version.startsWith("4.0")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.Resource res = VersionConvertor_40_50.convertResource(r);
       if (fn.endsWith(".xml") && !fn.endsWith("template.xml"))
@@ -1741,7 +1940,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         TextFile.stringToStream(org.hl7.fhir.r4.utils.StructureMapUtilities.render((org.hl7.fhir.r4.model.StructureMap) res), s, false);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else if (version.startsWith("1.4")) {
       org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may.model.Resource res = VersionConvertor_14_50.convertResource(r);
       if (fn.endsWith(".xml") && !fn.endsWith("template.xml"))
@@ -1749,7 +1948,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".json") && !fn.endsWith("template.json"))
         new org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may.formats.JsonParser().setOutputStyle(org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may.formats.IParser.OutputStyle.PRETTY).compose(s, res);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else if (version.startsWith("1.0")) {
       VersionConvertorAdvisor50 advisor = new org.hl7.fhir.convertors.misc.IGR2ConvertorAdvisor5();
       org.hl7.fhir.dstu2.model.Resource res = VersionConvertor_10_50.convertResource(r, advisor);
@@ -1758,7 +1957,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".json") && !fn.endsWith("template.json"))
         new org.hl7.fhir.dstu2.formats.JsonParser().setOutputStyle(org.hl7.fhir.dstu2.formats.IParser.OutputStyle.PRETTY).compose(s, res);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else if (version.equals(Constants.VERSION)) {
       if (fn.endsWith(".xml") && !fn.endsWith("template.xml"))
         new XmlParser().setOutputStyle(org.hl7.fhir.r5.formats.IParser.OutputStyle.PRETTY).compose(s, r);
@@ -1767,9 +1966,9 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
       else if (fn.endsWith(".txt") || fn.endsWith(".map") )
         TextFile.stringToStream(org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.StructureMapUtilities.render((org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.StructureMap) r), s, false);
       else
-        throw new Exception("Unsupported format for "+fn);
+        throw new FHIRException("Unsupported format for "+fn);
     } else
-      throw new Exception("Encounted unsupported configured version "+version+" loading "+fn);
+      throw new FHIRException("Encounted unsupported configured version "+version+" loading "+fn);
 
     s.close();
   }
@@ -1833,7 +2032,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         } else if (VersionUtilities.isR4Ver(version)) {
           return convertVersionNativeR4(targetVer, cnt, format);
         } else {
-          throw new Exception("Source version not supported yet: "+version);
+          throw new FHIRException("Source version not supported yet: "+version);
         }
       } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Conversion failed using Java convertor: "+e.getMessage());
@@ -1940,7 +2139,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         throw new FHIRException("Unsupported output format: "+cnt.cntType.toString());
       }
     } else {
-      throw new Exception("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
+      throw new FHIRException("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
     }
   }
   
@@ -2009,7 +2208,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         throw new FHIRException("Unsupported output format: "+cnt.cntType.toString());
       }
     } else {
-      throw new Exception("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
+      throw new FHIRException("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
     }
   }
 
@@ -2078,7 +2277,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         throw new FHIRException("Unsupported output format: "+cnt.cntType.toString());
       }
     } else {
-      throw new Exception("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
+      throw new FHIRException("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
     }
   }
   
@@ -2147,7 +2346,7 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
         throw new FHIRException("Unsupported output format: "+cnt.cntType.toString());
       }
     } else {
-      throw new Exception("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
+      throw new FHIRException("Target Version not supported yet: "+targetVer);
     }
   }
 
@@ -2165,5 +2364,10 @@ public class ValidationEngine implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
    }
     
   }
+
+  public FilesystemPackageCacheManager getPcm() {
+    return pcm;
+  }
+  
   
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/Validator.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/Validator.java
index c903ac741..8ea219d5b 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/Validator.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/Validator.java
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ImplementationGuide;
 import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.StructureDefinition;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.VersionUtilities;
+import org.hl7.fhir.validation.ValidationEngine.VersionSourceInformation;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.ValidatorGui;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.services.ComparisonService;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.services.ValidationService;
@@ -171,6 +172,10 @@ public class Validator {
       Display.printCliArgumentsAndInfo(args);
       cliContext = Params.loadCliContext(args);
 
+      if (cliContext.getSv() == null) {
+        cliContext.setSv(determineVersion(cliContext));
+      }
+
       // Comment this out because definitions filename doesn't necessarily contain version (and many not even be 14 characters long).  Version gets spit out a couple of lines later after we've loaded the context
       String definitions = VersionUtilities.packageForVersion(cliContext.getSv()) + "#" + VersionUtilities.getCurrentVersion(cliContext.getSv());
       ValidationEngine validator = ValidationService.getValidator(cliContext, definitions);
@@ -204,5 +209,27 @@ public class Validator {
         }
       }
     }
+
   }
+
+  public static String determineVersion(CliContext cliContext) throws Exception {
+    if (cliContext.getMode() != EngineMode.VALIDATION) {
+      return "current";
+    }
+    System.out.println("Scanning for versions (no -version parameter):");
+    VersionSourceInformation versions = ValidationService.scanForVersions(cliContext);
+    for (String s : versions.getReport()) {
+      System.out.println("  "+s);      
+    }
+    if (versions.isEmpty()) {
+      System.out.println("-> Using Default version '"+VersionUtilities.CURRENT_VERSION+"'");
+      return "current";
+    }
+    if (versions.size() == 1) {
+      System.out.println("-> use version "+versions.version());
+      return versions.version();      
+    }
+    throw new Exception("-> Multiple versions found. Specify a particular version using the -version parameter");    
+  }
+  
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/model/CliContext.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/model/CliContext.java
index 668629e25..1b0bda203 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/model/CliContext.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/model/CliContext.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public class CliContext {
   @JsonProperty("txServer")
   private String txServer = "http://tx.fhir.org";
   @JsonProperty("sv")
-  private String sv = "current";
+  private String sv = null;
   @JsonProperty("txLog")
   private String txLog = null;
   @JsonProperty("mapLog")
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/StandAloneValidatorFetcher.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/StandAloneValidatorFetcher.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90e24d387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/StandAloneValidatorFetcher.java
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.services;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.DefinitionException;
+import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.FHIRException;
+import org.hl7.fhir.exceptions.FHIRFormatError;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.context.IWorkerContext;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.elementmodel.Element;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.IResourceValidator.IValidatorResourceFetcher;
+import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.IResourceValidator.ReferenceValidationPolicy;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.VersionUtilities;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.VersionUtilities.VersionURLInfo;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.cache.BasePackageCacheManager;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.cache.FilesystemPackageCacheManager;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.cache.NpmPackage;
+import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.services.StandAloneValidatorFetcher.IPackageInstaller;
+
+public class StandAloneValidatorFetcher implements IValidatorResourceFetcher {
+
+  public interface IPackageInstaller {
+    public void loadIg(String src, boolean recursive) throws IOException, FHIRException;
+  }
+
+  private BasePackageCacheManager pcm;
+  private IWorkerContext context;
+  private IPackageInstaller installer;
+  
+  public StandAloneValidatorFetcher(FilesystemPackageCacheManager pcm, IWorkerContext context, IPackageInstaller installer) {
+    super();
+    this.pcm = pcm;
+    this.context = context;
+    this.installer = installer;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Element fetch(Object appContext, String url) throws FHIRFormatError, DefinitionException, FHIRException, IOException {
+    throw new Error("Not done yet");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ReferenceValidationPolicy validationPolicy(Object appContext, String path, String url) {
+    throw new Error("Not done yet");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean resolveURL(Object appContext, String path, String url) throws IOException, FHIRException {
+    if (!Utilities.isAbsoluteUrl(url)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // if we've got to here, it's a reference to a FHIR URL. We're going to try to resolve it on the fly 
+    
+    // first possibility: it's a reference to a version specific URL http://hl7.org/fhir/X.X/...
+    VersionURLInfo vu = VersionUtilities.parseVersionUrl(url);
+    if (vu != null) {
+      NpmPackage pi = pcm.loadPackage(VersionUtilities.packageForVersion(vu.getVersion()), VersionUtilities.getCurrentVersion(vu.getVersion()));
+      return pi.hasCanonical(vu.getUrl());
+    }
+
+    // ok maybe it's a reference to a package we know
+    String base = findBaseUrl(url);
+    String pid = pcm.getPackageId(base);
+    if (url.contains("|")) {
+      pid = pid+"#"+url.substring(url.indexOf("|")+1);
+    }
+    if (pid != null) {
+      installer.loadIg(pid, false);
+      NpmPackage pi = pcm.loadPackage(pid);
+      return pi.hasCanonical(url);      
+    }
+    
+    if (!url.startsWith("http://hl7.org/fhir")) {
+      return true; // we don't bother with those in the standalone validator - we assume they are valid 
+    }
+    
+    // we assume it's invalid at this point 
+    return false;
+
+  }
+
+  private String findBaseUrl(String url) {
+    String[] p = url.split("\\/");
+    for (int i = 1; i< p.length; i++) {
+      if (Utilities.existsInList(p[i], context.getResourceNames())) {
+        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(p[0]);
+        for (int j = 1; j < i; j++) {
+          b.append("/");
+          b.append(p[j]);
+        }
+        return b.toString();
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public byte[] fetchRaw(String url) throws MalformedURLException, IOException {
+    throw new Error("Not done yet");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setLocale(Locale locale) {
+    throw new Error("Not done yet");
+  }
+
+}
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/ValidationService.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/ValidationService.java
index 08c9e4741..9c331c052 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/ValidationService.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/cli/services/ValidationService.java
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import org.hl7.fhir.r5.utils.ToolingExtensions;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.TextFile;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.ValidationEngine;
+import org.hl7.fhir.validation.ValidationEngine.VersionSourceInformation;
 import org.hl7.fhir.validation.cli.model.*;
 
 import java.io.File;
@@ -52,6 +53,15 @@ public class ValidationService {
     return response;
   }
 
+  public static VersionSourceInformation scanForVersions(CliContext cliContext) throws Exception {
+    VersionSourceInformation versions = new VersionSourceInformation();
+    ValidationEngine ve = new ValidationEngine();
+    for (String src : cliContext.getIgs()) {
+      ve.scanForIgVersion(src, cliContext.isRecursive(), versions);
+    }
+    ve.scanForVersions(cliContext.getSources(), versions);
+    return versions;
+  }
   public static void validateSources(CliContext cliContext, ValidationEngine validator, long loadStart) throws Exception {
     validator.doneLoading(loadStart);
     if (cliContext.getProfiles().size() > 0) {
@@ -205,6 +215,7 @@ public class ValidationService {
     validator.setSecurityChecks(cliContext.isSecurityChecks());
     validator.setCrumbTrails(cliContext.isCrumbTrails());
     validator.setShowTimes(cliContext.isShowTimes());
+    validator.setFetcher(new StandAloneValidatorFetcher(validator.getPcm(), validator.getContext(), validator));
     TerminologyCache.setNoCaching(cliContext.isNoInternalCaching());
     return validator;
   }
diff --git a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/instance/InstanceValidator.java b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/instance/InstanceValidator.java
index 3b72413a2..b2d890072 100644
--- a/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/instance/InstanceValidator.java
+++ b/org.hl7.fhir.validation/src/main/java/org/hl7/fhir/validation/instance/InstanceValidator.java
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.CommaSeparatedStringBuilder;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities.DecimalStatus;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.VersionUtilities;
+import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.VersionUtilities.VersionURLInfo;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.validation.ValidationOptions;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.validation.ValidationMessage;
 import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.validation.ValidationMessage.IssueSeverity;
@@ -592,8 +593,9 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
       throw new FHIRException(e1);
     }
     timeTracker.load(t);
-    if (e != null)
+    if (e != null) {
       validate(appContext, errors, e, profiles);
+    }
     return e;
   }
 
@@ -1856,7 +1858,7 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
       if (fetcher != null) {
         boolean found;
         try {
-          found = isDefinitionURL(url) || (allowExamples && (url.contains("example.org") || url.contains("acme.com"))) || (url.startsWith("http://hl7.org/fhir/tools")) || fetcher.resolveURL(appContext, path, url);
+          found = isDefinitionURL(url) || (allowExamples && (url.contains("example.org") || url.contains("acme.com")) || url.contains("acme.org")) || (url.startsWith("http://hl7.org/fhir/tools")) || fetcher.resolveURL(appContext, path, url);
         } catch (IOException e1) {
           found = false;
         }
@@ -2928,7 +2930,7 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
             return rr;
           }
         }
-        if (stack.getElement().getSpecial() == SpecialElement.BUNDLE_ENTRY) {
+        if (stack.getElement().getSpecial() == SpecialElement.BUNDLE_ENTRY || stack.getElement().getSpecial() == SpecialElement.PARAMETER) {
           return null; // we don't try to resolve contained references across this boundary
         }
         stack = stack.getParent();
@@ -2963,6 +2965,18 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
             return rr;
           }
         }
+        if (stack.getElement().getSpecial() == SpecialElement.PARAMETER && stack.getParent() != null) {
+          NodeStack tgt = findInParams(stack.getParent().getParent(), ref);
+          if (tgt != null) {
+            ResolvedReference rr = new ResolvedReference();
+            rr.setResource(tgt.getElement());
+            rr.setFocus(tgt.getElement());
+            rr.setExternal(false);
+            rr.setStack(tgt);
+            rr.getStack().qualifyPath(".ofType("+tgt.getElement().fhirType()+")");
+            return rr;            
+          }
+        }
         stack = stack.getParent();
       }
       // we can get here if we got called via FHIRPath conformsTo which breaks the stack continuity.
@@ -2989,6 +3003,42 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
     return null;
   }
 
+  private NodeStack findInParams(NodeStack params, String ref) {
+    int i = 0;
+    for (Element child : params.getElement().getChildren("parameter")) {
+      NodeStack p = params.push(child, i, child.getProperty().getDefinition(), child.getProperty().getDefinition());
+      if (child.hasChild("resource")) {
+        Element res = child.getNamedChild("resource");
+        if ((res.fhirType()+"/"+res.getIdBase()).equals(ref)) {
+          return p.push(res, -1, res.getProperty().getDefinition(), res.getProperty().getDefinition());
+        }
+      }
+      NodeStack pc = findInParamParts(p, child, ref);
+      if (pc != null) {
+        return pc;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  private NodeStack findInParamParts(NodeStack pp, Element param, String ref) {
+    int i = 0;
+    for (Element child : param.getChildren("part")) {
+      NodeStack p = pp.push(child, i, child.getProperty().getDefinition(), child.getProperty().getDefinition());
+      if (child.hasChild("resource")) {
+        Element res = child.getNamedChild("resource");
+        if ((res.fhirType()+"/"+res.getIdBase()).equals(ref)) {
+          return p.push(res, -1, res.getProperty().getDefinition(), res.getProperty().getDefinition());
+        }
+      }
+      NodeStack pc = findInParamParts(p, child, ref);
+      if (pc != null) {
+        return pc;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
   private Element getEntryForSource(Element bundle, Element element) {
     List<Element> entries = new ArrayList<Element>();
     bundle.getNamedChildren(ENTRY, entries);
@@ -3432,7 +3482,18 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
       for (Element profile : profiles) {
         StructureDefinition sd = context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, profile.primitiveValue());
         if (!defn.getUrl().equals(profile.primitiveValue())) {
-          if (warning(errors, IssueType.STRUCTURE, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath() + ".meta.profile[" + i + "]", sd != null, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_UNKNOWN, profile.primitiveValue())) {
+          // is this a version specific reference? 
+          VersionURLInfo vu = VersionUtilities.parseVersionUrl(profile.primitiveValue());
+          if (vu != null) {
+            if (!VersionUtilities.versionsCompatible(vu.getVersion(),  context.getVersion())) {
+              hint(errors, IssueType.STRUCTURE, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath() + ".meta.profile[" + i + "]", false, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_OTHER_VERSION, vu.getVersion());
+            } else if (vu.getUrl().equals(defn.getUrl())) {
+              hint(errors, IssueType.STRUCTURE, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath() + ".meta.profile[" + i + "]", false, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OK);              
+            } else {
+              StructureDefinition sdt = context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, vu.getUrl());
+              rule(errors, IssueType.STRUCTURE, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath() + ".meta.profile[" + i + "]", false, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_THIS_VERSION_OTHER, sdt == null ? "null" : sdt.getType());                            
+            }
+          } else if (warning(errors, IssueType.STRUCTURE, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath() + ".meta.profile[" + i + "]", sd != null, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_UNKNOWN, profile.primitiveValue())) {
             signpost(errors, IssueType.INFORMATIONAL, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), !crumbTrails, I18nConstants.VALIDATION_VAL_PROFILE_SIGNPOST_META, sd.getUrl());
             stack.resetIds();
             startInner(hostContext, errors, resource, element, sd, stack, false);
@@ -3658,9 +3719,6 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
     if (trr == null) {
       rule(errors, IssueType.INFORMATIONAL, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), false, I18nConstants.BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_TYPE, resourceName);
     } else if (isValidResourceType(resourceName, trr)) {
-      long t = System.nanoTime();
-      StructureDefinition profile = this.context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/" + resourceName);
-      timeTracker.sd(t);
       // special case: resource wrapper is reset if we're crossing a bundle boundary, but not otherwise
       ValidatorHostContext hc = null;
       if (element.getSpecial() == SpecialElement.BUNDLE_ENTRY || element.getSpecial() == SpecialElement.BUNDLE_OUTCOME || element.getSpecial() == SpecialElement.PARAMETER) {
@@ -3669,10 +3727,29 @@ public class InstanceValidator extends BaseValidator implements IResourceValidat
       } else {
         hc = hostContext.forContained(element);
       }
-      trackUsage(profile, hostContext, element);
       stack.resetIds();
-      if (rule(errors, IssueType.INVALID, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), profile != null, I18nConstants.BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOPROFILE, resourceName)) {
-        validateResource(hc, errors, resource, element, profile, idstatus, stack);
+      if (trr.getProfile().size() == 1) {
+        long t = System.nanoTime();
+        StructureDefinition profile = this.context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, trr.getProfile().get(0).asStringValue());
+        timeTracker.sd(t);
+        trackUsage(profile, hostContext, element);
+        if (rule(errors, IssueType.INVALID, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), profile != null, I18nConstants.BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOPROFILE, resourceName)) {
+          validateResource(hc, errors, resource, element, profile, idstatus, stack);
+        }
+      } else if (trr.getProfile().size() == 0) {
+        long t = System.nanoTime();
+        StructureDefinition profile = this.context.fetchResource(StructureDefinition.class, "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/" + resourceName);
+        timeTracker.sd(t);
+        trackUsage(profile, hostContext, element);
+        if (rule(errors, IssueType.INVALID, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), profile != null, I18nConstants.BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_NOPROFILE, resourceName)) {
+          validateResource(hc, errors, resource, element, profile, idstatus, stack);
+        }
+      } else {
+        CommaSeparatedStringBuilder b = new CommaSeparatedStringBuilder();
+        for (CanonicalType u : trr.getProfile()) {
+          b.append(u.asStringValue());
+        }
+        rule(errors, IssueType.INVALID, element.line(), element.col(), stack.getLiteralPath(), false, I18nConstants.BUNDLE_BUNDLE_ENTRY_MULTIPLE_PROFILES, trr.getCode(), b.toString()); 
       }
     } else {
       List<String> types = new ArrayList<>();