# Glossary

Angular has its own vocabulary.
Most Angular terms are common English words or computing terms
that have a specific meaning within the Angular system.

This glossary lists the most prominent terms
and a few less familiar ones with unusual or
unexpected definitions.

[A](#A) [B](#B) [C](#C) [D](#D) [E](#E) [F](#F) [G](#G) [H](#H) [I](#I)
[J](#J) [K](#K) [L](#L) [M](#M) [N](#N) [O](#O) [P](#P) [Q](#Q) [R](#R)
[S](#S) [T](#T) [U](#U) [V](#V) [W](#W) [X](#X) [Y](#Y) [Z](#Z)


{@a A}
{@a aot}


## ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation

The Angular ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler converts Angular HTML and TypeScript code
into efficient JavaScript code during the build phase, before the browser downloads
and runs that code.
This is the best compilation mode for production environments, with decreased load time and increased performance compared to [just-in-time (JIT) compilation](#jit).

By compiling your application using the `ngc` command-line tool, you can bootstrap directly to a module factory, so you don't need to include the Angular compiler in your JavaScript bundle.

{@a angular-element}

## Angular element

An Angular [component](#component) packaged as a [custom element](#custom-element).

Learn more in [Angular Elements Overview](guide/elements).

{@a annotation}

## annotation

A structure that provides metadata for a class. See [decorator](#decorator).

{@a app-shell}

## app-shell

App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at build time.
This gives users a meaningful first paint of your application that appears quickly because the browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript.

Learn more in [The App Shell Model](https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/architecture/app-shell).

You can use the Angular CLI to [generate](cli/generate#app-shell) an app shell.
This can improve the user experience by quickly launching a static rendered page (a skeleton common to all pages) while the browser downloads the full client version and switches to it automatically after the code loads.

See also [Service Worker and PWA](guide/service-worker-intro).
{@a architect}

## Architect

The tool that the CLI uses to perform complex tasks such as compilation and test running, according to a provided configuration.
Architect is a shell that runs a [builder](#builder) (defined in an [npm package](#npm-package)) with a given [target configuration](#target).

In the [workspace configuration file](guide/workspace-config#project-tool-configuration-options), an "architect" section provides configuration options for Architect builders.

For example, a built-in builder for linting is defined in the package `@angular-devkit/build_angular:tslint`, which uses the [TSLint](https://palantir.github.io/tslint/) tool to perform linting, with a configuration specified in a `tslint.json` file.

Use the [CLI command `ng run`](cli/run) to invoke a builder by specifying a [target configuration](#target) associated with that builder.
Integrators can add builders to enable tools and workflows to run through the Angular CLI. For example, a custom builder can replace the third-party tools used by the built-in implementations for CLI commands such as `ng build` or `ng test`.

{@a attribute-directive}


{@a attribute-directives}


## attribute directives

A category of [directive](#directive) that can listen to and modify the behavior of
other HTML elements, attributes, properties, and components. They are usually represented
as HTML attributes, hence the name.

Learn more in [Attribute Directives](guide/attribute-directives).


{@a B}

{@a binding}

## binding

Generally, the practice of setting a variable or property to a data value.
Within Angular, typically refers to [data binding](#data-binding),
which coordinates DOM object properties with data object properties.

Sometimes refers to a [dependency-injection](#dependency-injection) binding
between a [token](#token) and a dependency [provider](#provider).

{@a bootstrap}

## bootstrap

A way to initialize and launch an app or system.

In Angular, an app's root NgModule (`AppModule`) has a `bootstrap` property that identifies the app's top-level [components](#component).
During the bootstrap process, Angular creates and inserts these components into the `index.html` host web page.
You can bootstrap multiple apps in the same `index.html`. Each app contains its own components.

Learn more in [Bootstrapping](guide/bootstrapping).

{@a builder}

## builder

A function that uses the [Architect](#architect) API to perform a complex process such as "build" or "test".
The builder code is defined in an [npm package](#npm-package).

For example, [BrowserBuilder](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/tree/master/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/browser) runs a [webpack](https://webpack.js.org/) build for a browser target and [KarmaBuilder](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/tree/master/packages/angular_devkit/build_angular/src/karma) starts the Karma server and runs a webpack build for unit tests.

The [CLI command `ng run`](cli/run) invokes a builder with a specific [target configuration](#target).
The [workspace configuration](guide/workspace-config) file, `angular.json`, contains default configurations for built-in builders.

{@a C}

{@a case-conventions}
{@a dash-case}
{@a camelcase}
{@a kebab-case}

## case types

Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types, as described in the [naming guidelines section](guide/styleguide#02-01) of the Style Guide. Here's a summary of the case types:

* camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-component directive selectors, constants.
Standard or lower camel case uses lowercase on the first letter of the item. For example, "selectedHero".

* UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that define components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes,
Upper camel case uses uppercase on the first letter of the item. For example, "HeroListComponent".

* dash-case (or "kebab-case"): Descriptive part of file names, component selectors. For example, "app-hero-list".

* underscore_case (or "snake_case"): Not typically used in Angular. Snake case uses words connected with underscores.
For example, "convert_link_mode".

* UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE (or UPPER_SNAKE_CASE, or SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE): Traditional for constants (acceptable, but prefer camelCase).
Upper snake case uses words in all capital letters connected with underscores. For example, "FIX_ME".

{@a change-detection}

## change detection

The mechanism by which the Angular framework synchronizes the state of an application's UI with the state of the data.
The change detector checks the current state of the data model whenever it runs, and maintains it as the previous state to compare on the next iteration.

As the application logic updates component data, values that are bound to DOM properties in the view can change.
The change detector is responsible for updating the view to reflect the current data model.
Similarly, the user can interact with the UI, causing events that change the state of the data model.
These events can trigger change detection.

Using the default ("CheckAlways") change-detection strategy, the change detector goes through the [view hierarchy](#view-tree) on each VM turn to check every [data-bound property](#data-binding) in the template. In the first phase, it compares the current state of the dependent data with the previous state, and collects changes.
In the second phase, it updates the page DOM to reflect any new data values.

If you set the `OnPush` ("CheckOnce") change-detection strategy, the change detector runs only when [explicitly invoked] (api/core/ChangeDetectorRef), or when it is triggered by an `Input` reference change or event handler. This typically improves performance. For more information, see [Optimize Angular's change detection](https://web.dev/faster-angular-change-detection/).

{@a class-decorator}

## class decorator

A [decorator](#decorator) that appears immediately before a class definition, which declares the class to be of the given type, and provides metadata suitable to the type.

The following decorators can declare Angular class types:
* `@Component()`
* `@Directive()`
* `@Pipe()`
* `@Injectable()`
* `@NgModule()`


{@a class-field-decorator}

## class field decorator

A [decorator](#decorator) statement immediately before a field in a class definition that declares the type of that field. Some examples are `@Input` and `@Output`.

{@a collection}

## collection

In Angular, a set of related [schematics](#schematic) collected in an [npm package](#npm-package).

{@a cli}

## command-line interface (CLI)

The [Angular CLI](cli) is a command-line tool for managing the Angular development cycle. Use it to create the initial filesystem scaffolding for a [workspace](#workspace) or [project](#project), and to run [schematics](#schematic) that add and modify code for initial generic versions of various elements. The CLI supports all stages of the development cycle, including building, testing, bundling, and deployment.

* To begin using the CLI for a new project, see [Local Environment Setup](guide/setup-local "Setting up for Local Development").
* To learn more about the full capabilities of the CLI, see the [CLI command reference](cli).

See also [Schematics CLI](#schematics-cli).

{@a component}

## component

A class with the `@Component()` [decorator](#decorator) that associates it with a companion [template](#template). Together, the component class and template define a [view](#view).
A component is a special type of [directive](#directive).
The `@Component()` decorator extends the `@Directive()` decorator with template-oriented features.

An Angular component class is responsible for exposing data and handling most of the view's display and user-interaction logic through [data binding](#data-binding).

Read more about component classes, templates, and views in [Introduction to Angular concepts](guide/architecture).


## configuration

See  [workspace configuration](#cli-config)

{@a content-projection}

## content projection

A way to insert DOM content from outside a component into the component's view in a designated spot.

For more information, see [Responding to changes in content](guide/lifecycle-hooks#content-projection).

{@a custom-element}

## custom element

A web platform feature, currently supported by most browsers and available in other browsers through polyfills (see [Browser support](guide/browser-support)).

The custom element feature extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and controlled by JavaScript code. A custom element (also called a *web component*) is recognized by a browser when it's added to the [CustomElementRegistry](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CustomElementRegistry).

You can use the API to transform an Angular component so that it can be registered with the browser and used in any HTML that you add directly to the DOM within an Angular app. The custom element tag inserts the component's view, with change-detection and data-binding functionality, into content that would otherwise be displayed without Angular processing.

See [Angular element](#angular-element).

See also [dynamic component loading](#dynamic-components).


{@a D}

{@a data-binding}

## data binding

A process that allows apps to display data values to a user and respond to user
actions (such as clicks, touches, and keystrokes).

In data binding, you declare the relationship between an HTML widget and a data source
and let the framework handle the details.
Data binding is an alternative to manually pushing application data values into HTML, attaching
event listeners, pulling changed values from the screen, and
updating application data values.

Read about the following forms of binding in Angular's [Template Syntax](guide/template-syntax):

 * [Interpolation](guide/interpolation)
 * [Property binding](guide/property-binding)
 * [Event binding](guide/event-binding)
 * [Attribute binding](guide/attribute-binding)
 * [Class binding](guide/attribute-binding#class-binding)
 * [Style binding](guide/attribute-binding#style-binding)
 * [Two-way data binding with ngModel](guide/built-in-directives#ngModel)

{@a declarable}

## declarable

A class type that you can add to the `declarations` list of an [NgModule](#ngmodule).
You can declare [components](#component), [directives](#directive), and [pipes](#pipe).

Don't declare the following:
* A class that's already declared in another NgModule
* An array of directives imported from another package. For example, don't declare `FORMS_DIRECTIVES` from `@angular/forms`
* NgModule classes
* Service classes
* Non-Angular classes and objects, such as strings, numbers, functions, entity models, configurations, business logic, and helper classes


{@a decorator}

{@a decoration}

## decorator | decoration

A function that modifies a class or property definition. Decorators (also called *annotations*) are an experimental (stage 2) [JavaScript language feature](https://github.com/wycats/javascript-decorators).
TypeScript adds support for decorators.

Angular defines decorators that attach metadata to classes or properties
so that it knows what those classes or properties mean and how they should work.

See [class decorator](#class-decorator), [class field decorator](#class-field-decorator).

{@a di}

{@a dependency-injection}

## dependency injection (DI)

A design pattern and mechanism for creating and delivering some parts of an application (dependencies) to other parts of an application that require them.

In Angular, dependencies are typically services, but they also can be values, such as strings or functions.
An [injector](#injector) for an app (created automatically during bootstrap) instantiates dependencies when needed, using a configured [provider](#provider) of the service or value.

Learn more in [Dependency Injection in Angular](guide/dependency-injection).

{@a di-token}

## DI token

A lookup token associated with a dependency [provider](#provider), for use with the [dependency injection](#di) system.

{@a differential-loading}

## differential loading

A build technique that creates two bundles for an application. One smaller bundle is for modern browsers. A second, larger bundle allows the application to run correctly in older browsers (such as IE11) that do not support all modern browser APIs.

For more information, see the [Deployment](guide/deployment#differential-loading) guide.


{@a directive}
{@a directives}

## directive

A class that can modify the structure of the DOM or modify attributes in the DOM and component data model. A directive class definition is immediately preceded by a `@Directive()` [decorator](#decorator) that supplies metadata.

A directive class is usually associated with an HTML element or attribute, and that element or attribute is often referred to as the directive itself. When Angular finds a directive in an HTML [template](#template), it creates the matching directive class instance and gives the instance control over that portion of the browser DOM.

There are three categories of directive:
* [Components](#component) use `@Component()` (an extension of `@Directive()`) to associate a template with a class.

* [Attribute directives](#attribute-directive) modify behavior and appearance of page elements.

* [Structural directives](#structural-directive) modify the structure of the DOM.

Angular supplies a number of built-in directives that begin with the `ng` prefix.
You can also create new directives to implement your own functionality.
You associate a *selector* (an HTML tag such as `<my-directive>`) with a custom directive, thereby extending the [template syntax](guide/template-syntax) that you can use in your apps.

**UpperCamelCase**, such as `NgIf`, refers to a directive class.
You can use **UpperCamelCase** when describing properties and directive behavior.

**lowerCamelCase**, such as `ngIf` refers to a directive's attribute name.
You can use **lowerCamelCase** when describing how to apply the directive to an element in the HTML template.

{@a dom}

## domain-specific language (DSL)

A special-purpose library or API; see [Domain-specific language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language).
Angular extends TypeScript with domain-specific languages for a number of domains relevant to Angular apps, defined in NgModules such as [animations](guide/animations), [forms](guide/forms), and [routing and navigation](guide/router).

{@a dynamic-components}

## dynamic component loading

A technique for adding a component to the DOM at run time. Requires that you exclude the component from compilation and then connect it to Angular's change-detection and event-handling framework when you add it to the DOM.

See also [custom element](#custom-element), which provides an easier path with the same result.


{@a E}

{@a eager-loading}

## eager loading

NgModules or components that are loaded on launch are called eager-loaded, to distinguish them from those
that are loaded at run time (lazy-loaded).
See [lazy loading](#lazy-load).


{@a ecma}

## ECMAScript

The [official JavaScript language specification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript).

Not all browsers support the latest ECMAScript standard, but you can use a [transpiler](#transpile) (like [TypeScript](#typescript)) to write code using the latest features, which will then be transpiled to code that runs on versions that are supported by browsers.

To learn more, see [Browser Support](guide/browser-support).


{@a element}

## element

Angular defines an `ElementRef` class to wrap render-specific native UI elements.
In most cases, this allows you to use Angular templates and data binding to access DOM elements
without reference to the native element.

The documentation generally refers to *elements* (`ElementRef` instances), as distinct from  *DOM elements*
(which can be accessed directly if necessary).

Compare to [custom element](#custom-element).

{@a entry-point}

## entry point

A [JavaScript module](#module) that is intended to be imported by a user of [an
npm package](guide/npm-packages). An entry-point module typically re-exports
symbols from other internal modules. A package can contain multiple
entry points. For example, the `@angular/core` package has two entry-point
modules, which can be imported using the module names `@angular/core` and
`@angular/core/testing`.

{@a F}

{@a form-control}

## form control

A instance of `FormControl`, which is a fundamental building block for Angular forms. Together with `FormGroup` and `FormArray`, tracks the value, validation, and status of a form input element.

Read more forms in the [Introduction to forms in Angular](guide/forms-overview).

{@a form-model}

## form model

The "source of truth" for the value and validation status of a form input element at a given point in time. When using [reactive forms](#reactive-forms), the form model is created explicitly in the component class. When using [template-driven forms](#template-driven-forms), the form model is implicitly created by directives.

Learn more about reactive and template-driven forms in the [Introduction to forms in Angular](guide/forms-overview).

{@a form-validation}

## form validation

A check that runs when form values change and reports whether the given values are correct and complete, according to the defined constraints. Reactive forms apply [validator functions](guide/form-validation#adding-to-reactive-forms). Template-driven forms use [validator directives](guide/form-validation#adding-to-template-driven-forms).


To learn more, see [Form Validation](guide/form-validation).

{@a G}


{@a H}

{@a I}


{@a immutability}

## immutability

The ability to alter the state of a value after its creation. [Reactive forms](#reactive-forms) perform immutable changes in that
each change to the data model produces a new data model rather than modifying the existing one. [Template-driven forms](#template-driven-forms) perform mutable changes with `NgModel` and [two-way data binding](#data-binding) to modify the existing data model in place.

{@a injectable}

## injectable

An Angular class or other definition that provides a dependency using the [dependency injection](#di) mechanism. An injectable [service](#service) class must be marked by the `@Injectable()` [decorator](#decorator). Other items, such as constant values, can also be injectable.

{@a injector}

## injector

An object in the Angular [dependency-injection](#dependency-injection) system
that can find a named dependency in its cache or create a dependency
using a configured [provider](#provider).
Injectors are created for NgModules automatically as part of the bootstrap process
and are inherited through the component hierarchy.

* An injector provides a singleton instance of a dependency, and can inject this same instance in multiple components.

* A hierarchy of injectors at the NgModule and component level can provide different instances of a dependency to their own components and child components.

* You can configure injectors with different providers that can provide different implementations of the same dependency.

Learn more about the injector hierarchy in [Hierarchical Dependency Injectors](guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection).

{@a input}

## input

When defining a [directive](#directive), the `@Input()` decorator on a directive property
makes that property available as a *target* of a [property binding](guide/property-binding).
Data values flow into an input property from the data source identified
in the [template expression](#template-expression) to the right of the equal sign.

To learn more, see [input and output properties](guide/inputs-outputs).

{@a interpolation}

## interpolation

A form of property [data binding](#data-binding) in which a [template expression](#template-expression) between double-curly braces renders as text.
That text can be concatenated with neighboring text before it is assigned to an element property
or displayed between element tags, as in this example.

```html
<label>My current hero is {{hero.name}}</label>
```


Read more in the [Interpolation](guide/interpolation) guide.

{@a ivy}

## Ivy

Ivy is the code name for Angular's [next-generation compilation and rendering pipeline](https://blog.angular.io/a-plan-for-version-8-0-and-ivy-b3318dfc19f7).
With the version 9 release of Angular, the new compiler and runtime instructions are used by default instead of the older compiler and runtime, known as [View Engine](#ve).

See [Angular Ivy](guide/ivy).


{@a J}

{@a javascript}

## JavaScript

See [ECMAScript](#ecma), [TypeScript](#typescript).


{@a jit}


## just-in-time (JIT) compilation

The Angular just-in-time (JIT) compiler converts your Angular HTML and TypeScript code into
efficient JavaScript code at run time, as part of bootstrapping.

JIT compilation is the default (as opposed to AOT compilation) when you run Angular's `ng build` and `ng serve` CLI commands, and is a good choice during development.
JIT mode is strongly discouraged for production use
because it results in large application payloads that hinder the bootstrap performance.

Compare to [ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation](#aot).


{@a K}


{@a L}

{@a lazy-load}

## lazy loading

A process that speeds up application load time by splitting the application into multiple bundles and loading them on demand.
For example, dependencies can be lazy loaded as needed&mdash;as opposed to [eager-loaded](#eager-loading) modules that are required by the root module and are thus loaded on launch.

The [router](#router) makes use of lazy loading to load child views only when the parent view is activated.
Similarly, you can build custom elements that can be loaded into an Angular app when needed.

{@a library}

## library

In Angular, a [project](#project) that provides functionality that can be included in other Angular apps.
A library isn't a complete Angular app and can't run independently.
(To add re-usable Angular functionality to non-Angular web apps, you can use Angular [custom elements](#angular-element).)

* Library developers can use the [Angular CLI](#cli) to `generate` scaffolding for a new library in an existing [workspace](#workspace), and can publish a library as an `npm` package.

* Application developers can use the [Angular CLI](#cli) to `add` a published library for use with an application in the same [workspace](#workspace).

See also [schematic](#schematic).

{@a lifecycle-hook}

## lifecycle hook

An interface that allows you to tap into the lifecycle of [directives](#directive) and [components](#component) as they are created, updated, and destroyed.

Each interface has a single hook method whose name is the interface name prefixed with `ng`.
For example, the `OnInit` interface has a hook method named `ngOnInit`.

Angular calls these hook methods in the following order:

* `ngOnChanges`: When an [input](#input)/[output](#output) binding value changes.
* `ngOnInit`: After the first `ngOnChanges`.
* `ngDoCheck`: Developer's custom change detection.
* `ngAfterContentInit`: After component content initialized.
* `ngAfterContentChecked`: After every check of component content.
* `ngAfterViewInit`: After a component's views are initialized.
* `ngAfterViewChecked`: After every check of a component's views.
* `ngOnDestroy`: Just before the directive is destroyed.

To learn more, see [Lifecycle Hooks](guide/lifecycle-hooks).

{@a M}

{@a module}

## module

In general, a module collects a block of code dedicated to a single purpose. Angular uses standard JavaScript modules and also defines an Angular module, `NgModule`.

In JavaScript (ECMAScript), each file is a module and all objects defined in the file belong to that module. Objects can exported, making them public, and public objects can be imported for use by other modules.

Angular ships as a collection of JavaScript modules (also called libraries). Each Angular library name begins with the `@angular` prefix. Install Angular libraries with the [npm package manager](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/what-is-npm) and import parts of them with JavaScript `import` declarations.

Compare to [NgModule](#ngmodule).


{@a N}

{@a ngcc}

## ngcc

Angular compatibility compiler.
If you build your app using [Ivy](#ivy), but it depends on libraries that have not been compiled with Ivy, the CLI uses `ngcc` to automatically update the dependent libraries to use Ivy.


{@a ngmodule}

## NgModule

A class definition preceded by the `@NgModule()` [decorator](#decorator), which declares and serves as a manifest for a block of code dedicated to an application domain, a workflow, or a closely related set of capabilities.

Like a [JavaScript module](#module), an NgModule can export functionality for use by other NgModules and import public functionality from other NgModules.
The metadata for an NgModule class collects components, directives, and pipes that the application uses along with the list of imports and exports. See also [declarable](#declarable).

NgModules are typically named after the file in which the exported thing is defined. For example, the Angular [DatePipe](api/common/DatePipe) class belongs to a feature module named `date_pipe` in the file `date_pipe.ts`. You import them from an Angular [scoped package](#scoped-package) such as `@angular/core`.

Every Angular application has a root module. By convention, the class is called `AppModule` and resides in a file named `app.module.ts`.

To learn more, see [NgModules](guide/ngmodules).

{@a npm-package}

## npm package

The [npm package manager](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/what-is-npm) is used to distribute and load Angular modules and libraries.

Learn more about how Angular uses [Npm Packages](guide/npm-packages).

{@a ngc}

## ngc
`ngc` is a Typescript-to-Javascript transpiler that processes Angular decorators, metadata, and templates, and emits JavaScript code.
The most recent implementation is internally referred to as `ngtsc` because it's a minimalistic wrapper around the TypeScript compiler `tsc` that adds a transform for processing Angular code.

{@a O}

{@a observable}

## observable

A producer of multiple values, which it pushes to [subscribers](#subscriber). Used for asynchronous event handling throughout Angular. You execute an observable by subscribing to it with its `subscribe()` method, passing callbacks for notifications of new values, errors, or completion.

Observables can deliver single or multiple values of any type to subscribers, either synchronously (as a function delivers a value to its caller) or on a schedule. A subscriber receives notification of new values as they are produced and notification of either normal completion or error completion.

Angular uses a third-party library called [Reactive Extensions (RxJS)](https://rxjs.dev/).

To learn more, see [Observables](guide/observables).


{@a observer}

## observer

An object passed to the `subscribe()` method for an [observable](#observable). The object defines the callbacks for the [subscriber](#subscriber).

{@a output}

## output

When defining a [directive](#directive), the `@Output{}` decorator on a directive property
makes that property available as a *target* of [event binding](guide/event-binding).
Events stream *out* of this property to the receiver identified
in the [template expression](#template-expression) to the right of the equal sign.

To learn more, see [Input and Output Properties](guide/inputs-outputs).


{@a P}

{@a pipe}

## pipe

A class which is preceded by the `@Pipe{}` decorator and which defines a function that transforms input values to output values for display in a [view](#view). Angular defines various pipes, and you can define new pipes.

To learn more, see [Pipes](guide/pipes).

{@a platform}

## platform

In Angular terminology, a platform is the context in which an Angular application runs.
The most common platform for Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also be an operating system for a mobile device, or a web server.

Support for the various Angular run-time platforms is provided by the `@angular/platform-*` packages. These packages allow applications that make use of `@angular/core` and `@angular/common` to execute in different environments by providing implementation for gathering user input and rendering UIs for the given platform. Isolating platform-specific functionality allows the developer to make platform-independent use of the rest of the framework.

* When running in a web browser, [`BrowserModule`](api/platform-browser/BrowserModule) is imported from the `platform-browser` package, and supports services that simplify security and event processing, and allows applications to access browser-specific features, such as interpreting keyboard input and controlling the title of the document being displayed. All applications running in the browser use the same platform service.

* When [server-side rendering](#server-side-rendering) (SSR) is used, the [`platform-server`](api/platform-server) package provides web server implementations of the `DOM`, `XMLHttpRequest`, and other low-level features that don't rely on a browser.

{@a polyfill}

## polyfill

An [npm package](guide/npm-packages) that plugs gaps in a browser's JavaScript implementation.
See [Browser Support](guide/browser-support) for polyfills that support particular functionality for particular platforms.

{@a project}

## project

In the Angular CLI, a standalone application or [library](#library) that can be created or modified by a CLI command.

A project, as generated by the [`ng new`](cli/new), contains the set of source files, resources, and configuration files that you need to develop and test the application using the CLI. Projects can also be created with the `ng generate application` and `ng generate library` commands.

For more information, see [Project File Structure](guide/file-structure).

The [`angular.json`](guide/workspace-config) file configures all projects in a [workspace](#workspace).

{@a provider}

## provider

An object that implements one of the [`Provider`](api/core/Provider) interfaces. A provider object defines how to obtain an injectable dependency associated with a [DI token](#token).
An [injector](#injector) uses the provider to create a new instance of a dependency
for a class that requires it.

Angular registers its own providers with every injector, for services that Angular defines.
You can register your own providers for services that your app needs.

See also [service](#service), [dependency injection](#di).

Learn more in [Dependency Injection](guide/dependency-injection).


{@a Q}

{@a R}

{@a reactive-forms}

## reactive forms

A framework for building Angular forms through code in a component.
The alternative is a [template-driven form](#template-driven-forms).

When using reactive forms:

* The "source of truth", the form model, is defined in the component class.
* Validation is set up through validation functions rather than validation directives.
* Each control is explicitly created in the component class by creating a `FormControl` instance manually or with `FormBuilder`.
* The template input elements do *not* use `ngModel`.
* The associated Angular directives are prefixed with `form`, such as `formControl`, `formGroup`, and `formControlName`.

The alternative is a template-driven form. For an introduction and comparison of both forms approaches, see [Introduction to Angular Forms](guide/forms-overview).

{@a resolver}

## resolver

A class that implements the [Resolve](api/router/Resolve "API reference") interface (or a function with the same signature as the [resolve() method](api/router/Resolve#resolve "API reference")) that you use to produce or retrieve data that is needed before navigation to a requested route can be completed.

Resolvers run after all [route guards](#route-guard "Definition") for a route tree have been executed and have succeeded.

See an example of using a [resolve guard](guide/router-tutorial-toh#resolve-guard "Routing techniques tutorial") to retrieve dynamic data.

{@a route-guard}

## route guard

A method that controls navigation to a requested route in a routing application.
Guards determine whether a route can be activated or deactivated, and whether a lazy-loaded module can be loaded.

Learn more in the [Routing and Navigation](guide/router#preventing-unauthorized-access "Examples") guide.


{@a router}
{@a router-module}

## router

A tool that configures and implements navigation among states and [views](#view) within an Angular app.

The `Router` module is an [NgModule](#ngmodule) that provides the necessary service providers and directives for navigating through application views. A [routing component](#routing-component) is one that imports the `Router` module and whose template contains a `RouterOutlet` element where it can display views produced by the router.

The router defines navigation among views on a single page, as opposed to navigation among pages. It interprets URL-like links to determine which views to create or destroy, and which components to load or unload. It allows you to take advantage of [lazy loading](#lazy-load) in your Angular apps.

To learn more, see [Routing and Navigation](guide/router).

{@a router-outlet}

## router outlet

A [directive](#directive) that acts as a placeholder in a routing component's template. Angular dynamically renders the template based on the current router state.

{@a router-component}

## routing component

An Angular [component](#component) with a `RouterOutlet` directive in its template that displays views based on router navigations.

For more information, see [Routing and Navigation](guide/router).

{@a rule}

## rule

In [schematics](#schematic), a function that operates on a [file tree](#file-tree) to create, delete, or modify files in a specific manner.

{@a S}

{@a schematic}

## schematic

A scaffolding library that defines how to generate or transform a programming project by creating, modifying, refactoring, or moving files and code.
A schematic defines [rules](#rule) that operate on a virtual file system called a [tree](#file-tree).

The [Angular CLI](#cli) uses schematics to generate and modify [Angular projects](#project) and parts of projects.

* Angular provides a set of schematics for use with the CLI. See the [Angular CLI command reference](cli). The [`ng add`](cli/add) command runs schematics as part of adding a library to your project. The [`ng generate`](cli/generate) command runs schematics to create apps, libraries, and Angular code constructs.

* [Library](#library) developers can create schematics that enable the Angular CLI to add and update their published libraries, and to generate artifacts the library defines.
Add these schematics to the npm package that you use to publish and share your library.

For more information, see [Schematics](guide/schematics) and [Integrating Libraries with the CLI](guide/creating-libraries#integrating-with-the-cli).

{@a schematics-cli}

## Schematics CLI

Schematics come with their own command-line tool.
Using Node 6.9 or above, install the Schematics CLI globally:

<code-example language="bash">
npm install -g @angular-devkit/schematics-cli
</code-example>

This installs the `schematics` executable, which you can use to create a new schematics [collection](#collection) with an initial named schematic. The collection folder is a workspace for schematics. You can also use the `schematics` command to add a new schematic to an existing collection, or extend an existing schematic.

{@a scoped-package}

## scoped package

A way to group related [npm packages](guide/npm-packages).
NgModules are delivered within scoped packages whose names begin with the Angular *scope name* `@angular`. For example, `@angular/core`, `@angular/common`, `@angular/forms`, and `@angular/router`.

Import a scoped package in the same way that you import a normal package.

<code-example path="architecture/src/app/app.component.ts" header="architecture/src/app/app.component.ts (import)" region="import">

</code-example>

{@a server-side-rendering}

## server-side rendering

A technique that generates static application pages on the server, and can generate and serve those pages in response to requests from browsers.
It can also pre-generate pages as HTML files that you serve later.

This technique can improve performance on mobile and low-powered devices and improve the user experience by showing a static first page quickly while the client-side app is loading.
The static version can also make your app more visible to web crawlers.

You can easily prepare an app for server-side rendering by using the [CLI](#cli) to run the [Angular Universal](#universal) tool, using the `@nguniversal/express-engine` [schematic](#schematic).


{@a service}

## service

In Angular, a class with the [@Injectable()](#injectable) decorator that encapsulates non-UI logic and code that can be reused across an application.
Angular distinguishes components from services to increase modularity and reusability.

The `@Injectable()` metadata allows the service class to be used with the [dependency injection](#di) mechanism.
The injectable class is instantiated by a [provider](#provider).
[Injectors](#injector) maintain lists of providers and use them to provide service instances when they are required by components or other services.

To learn more, see [Introduction to Services and Dependency Injection](guide/architecture-services).

{@a structural-directive}
{@a structural-directives}

## structural directives

A category of [directive](#directive) that is responsible for shaping HTML layout by modifying the DOM&mdash;that is, adding, removing, or manipulating elements and their children.

To learn more, see [Structural Directives](guide/structural-directives).

{@a subscriber}

## subscriber

A function that defines how to obtain or generate values or messages to be published. This function is executed when a consumer calls the `subscribe()` method of an [observable](#observable).

The act of subscribing to an observable triggers its execution, associates callbacks with it, and creates a `Subscription` object that lets you unsubscribe.

The `subscribe()` method takes a JavaScript object (called an [observer](#observer)) with up to three callbacks, one for each type of notification that an observable can deliver:

* The `next` notification sends a value such as a number, a string, or an object.
* The `error` notification sends a JavaScript Error or exception.
* The `complete` notification doesn't send a value, but the handler is called when the call completes. Scheduled values can continue to be returned after the call completes.

{@a T}

{@a target}

## target

A buildable or runnable subset of a [project](#project), configured as an object in the [workspace configuration file](guide/workspace-config#project-tool-configuration-options), and executed by an [Architect](#architect) [builder](#builder).

In the `angular.json` file, each project has an "architect" section that contains targets which configure builders. Some of these targets correspond to [CLI commands](#cli), such as `build`, `serve`, `test`, and `lint`.

For example, the Architect builder invoked by the `ng build` command to compile a project uses a particular build tool, and has a default configuration whose values can be overridden on the command line. The `build` target also defines an alternate configuration for a "production" build, that can be invoked with the `--prod` flag on the `build` command.

The Architect tool provides a set of builders. The [`ng new` command](cli/new) provides a set of targets for the initial application project. The [`ng generate application`](cli/generate#application) and [`ng generate library`](cli/generate#library) commands provide a set of targets for each new [project](#project). These targets, their options and configurations, can be customized to meet the needs of your project. For example, you may want to add a "staging" or "testing" configuration to a project's "build" target.

You can also define a custom builder, and add a target to the project configuration that uses your custom builder. You can then run the target using the [`ng run`](cli/run) CLI command.

{@a template}

## template

Code that defines how to render a component's [view](#view).

A template combines straight HTML with Angular [data-binding](#data-binding) syntax, [directives](#directive),
and [template expressions](#template-expression) (logical constructs).
The Angular elements insert or calculate values that modify the HTML elements before the page is displayed. Learn more about Angular template language in the [Template Syntax](guide/template-syntax) guide.

A template is associated with a [component class](#component) through the `@Component()` [decorator](#decorator). The template code can be provided inline, as the value of the `template` property, or in a separate HTML file linked through the `templateUrl` property.

Additional templates, represented by `TemplateRef` objects, can define alternative or *embedded* views, which can be referenced from multiple components.

{@a template-driven-forms}

## template-driven forms

A format for building Angular forms using HTML forms and input elements in the view.
The alternative format uses the [reactive forms](#reactive-forms) framework.

When using template-driven forms:

* The "source of truth" is the template. The validation is defined using attributes on the individual input elements.
* [Two-way binding](#data-binding) with `ngModel` keeps the component model synchronized with the user's entry into the input elements.
* Behind the scenes, Angular creates a new control for each input element, provided you have set up a `name` attribute and two-way binding for each input.
* The associated Angular directives are prefixed with `ng` such as `ngForm`, `ngModel`, and `ngModelGroup`.

The alternative is a reactive form. For an introduction and comparison of both forms approaches, see [Introduction to Angular Forms](guide/forms-overview).

{@a template-expression}

## template expression

A TypeScript-like syntax that Angular evaluates within a [data binding](#data-binding).

Read about how to write template expressions in the [template expressions](guide/interpolation#template-expressions) section of the [Interpolation](guide/interpolation) guide.

{@a template-reference-variable}

## template reference variable

A variable defined in a template that references an instance associated with an element, such as a directive instance, component instance, template as in `TemplateRef`, or DOM element.
After declaring a template reference variable on an element in a template,
you can access values from that variable elsewhere within the same template.
The following example defines a template reference variable named `#phone`.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="ref-var" header="src/app/app.component.html"></code-example>

For more information, see the [Template reference variable](guide/template-reference-variables) guide.

{@a token}

## token

An opaque identifier used for efficient table lookup. In Angular, a [DI token](#di-token) is used to find [providers](#provider) of dependencies in the [dependency injection](#di) system.

{@a transpile}

## transpile

The translation process that transforms one version of JavaScript to another version; for example, down-leveling ES2015 to the older ES5 version.

{@a file-tree}

## tree

In [schematics](#schematic), a virtual file system represented by the `Tree` class.
Schematic [rules](#rule) take a tree object as input, operate on them, and return a new tree object.

{@a typescript}

## TypeScript

A programming language based on JavaScript that is notable for its optional typing system.
TypeScript provides compile-time type checking and strong tooling support (such as
code completion, refactoring, inline documentation, and intelligent search).
Many code editors and IDEs support TypeScript either natively or with plug-ins.

TypeScript is the preferred language for Angular development.
Read more about TypeScript at [typescriptlang.org](https://www.typescriptlang.org/).

## TypeScript configuration file

A file specifies the root files and the compiler options required to compile a TypeScript project. For more information, see [TypeScript configuration](/guide/typescript-configuration).


{@a U}

{@a unidirectional-data-flow}

## unidirectional data flow

A data flow model where the component tree is always checked for changes in one direction (parent to child), which prevents cycles in the change detection graph.

In practice, this means that data in Angular flows downward during change detection.
A parent component can easily change values in its child components because the parent is checked first.
A failure could occur, however, if a child component tries to change a value in its parent during change detection (inverting the expected data flow), because the parent component has already been rendered.
In development mode, Angular throws the `ExpressionChangedAfterItHasBeenCheckedError` error if your app attempts to do this, rather than silently failing to render the new value.

To avoid this error, a [lifecycle hook](guide/lifecycle-hooks) method that seeks to make such a change should trigger a new change detection run. The new run follows the same direction as before, but succeeds in picking up the new value.

{@a universal}

## Universal

A tool for implementing [server-side rendering](#server-side-rendering) of an Angular application.
When integrated with an app, Universal generates and serves static pages on the server in response to requests from browsers.
The initial static page serves as a fast-loading placeholder while the full application is being prepared for normal execution in the browser.

To learn more, see [Angular Universal: server-side rendering](guide/universal).

{@a V}

{@a view}

## view

The smallest grouping of display elements that can be created and destroyed together.
Angular renders a view under the control of one or more [directives](#directive).

A [component](#component) class and its associated [template](#template) define a view.
A view is specifically represented by a `ViewRef` instance associated with a component.
A view that belongs immediately to a component is called a *host view*.
Views are typically collected into [view hierarchies](#view-tree).

Properties of elements in a view can change dynamically, in response to user actions;
the structure (number and order) of elements in a view can't.
You can change the structure of elements by inserting, moving, or removing nested views within their view containers.

View hierarchies can be loaded and unloaded dynamically as the user navigates through the application, typically under the control of a [router](#router).

{@a ve}

## View Engine

The compilation and rendering pipeline used by Angular before version 9. Compare [Ivy](#ivy).


{@a view-tree}

## view hierarchy

A tree of related views that can be acted on as a unit. The root view is a component's *host view*. A host view can be the root of a tree of *embedded views*, collected in a *view container* (`ViewContainerRef`) attached to an anchor element in the hosting component. The view hierarchy is a key part of Angular [change detection](#change-detection).

The view hierarchy doesn't imply a component hierarchy. Views that are embedded in the context of a particular hierarchy can be host views of other components. Those components can be in the same NgModule as the hosting component, or belong to other NgModules.

{@a W}
{@a web-component}

## web component

See [custom element](#custom-element).

{@a workspace}

## workspace

A collection of Angular [projects](#project) (that is, applications and libraries) powered by the [Angular CLI] (#cli) that are typically co-located in a single source-control repository (such as [git](https://git-scm.com/)).

The [CLI](#cli) [`ng new` command](cli/new) creates a file system directory (the "workspace root").
In the workspace root, it also creates the workspace [configuration file](#configuration) (`angular.json`) and, by default, an initial application project with the same name.

Commands that create or operate on apps and libraries (such as `add` and `generate`) must be executed from within a workspace folder.

For more information, see [Workspace Configuration](guide/workspace-config).

{@a cli-config}

{@a config}

## workspace configuration

A file named `angular.json` at the root level of an Angular [workspace](#workspace) provides workspace-wide and project-specific configuration defaults for build and development tools that are provided by or integrated with the [Angular CLI](#cli).

For more information, see [Workspace Configuration](guide/workspace-config).

Additional project-specific configuration files are used by tools, such as `package.json` for the [npm package manager](#npm-package), `tsconfig.json` for [TypeScript transpilation](#transpile), and `tslint.json` for [TSLint](https://palantir.github.io/tslint/).

For more information, see [Workspace and Project File Structure](guide/file-structure).

{@a X}


{@a Y}


{@a Z}
{@a zone}

## zone

An execution context for a set of asynchronous tasks. Useful for debugging, profiling, and testing apps that include asynchronous operations such as event processing, promises, and calls to remote servers.

An Angular app runs in a zone where it can respond to asynchronous events by checking for data changes and updating the information it displays by resolving [data bindings](#data-binding).

A zone client can take action before and after an async operation completes.

Learn more about zones in this
[Brian Ford video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IqtmUscE_U).
