@title
预 (AoT) 编译器

@intro
学习如何使用预编译器

@description


This cookbook describes how to radically improve performance by compiling _ahead-of-time_ (AOT)
during a build process.

这个烹饪指南描述如何通过在构建过程中进行预编译（Ahead of Time - AOT）来从根本上提升性能。


{@a toc}


# Contents

# 目录

* [Overview](guide/aot-compiler#overview)

  [概览](guide/aot-compiler#overview)
  
* [Ahead-of-time (AOT) vs just-in-time (JIT)](guide/aot-compiler#aot-jit)

  [预编译(AOT) vs 即时编译(JIT)](guide/aot-compiler#aot-jit)
  
* [Why do AOT compilation?](guide/aot-compiler#why-aot)

  [为什么需要AOT编译？](guide/aot-compiler#why-aot)
  
* [Compile with AOT](guide/aot-compiler#compile)

  [用AOT进行编译](guide/aot-compiler#compile)
  
* [Bootstrap](guide/aot-compiler#bootstrap)
   
  [引导](guide/aot-compiler#bootstrap)
   
* [Tree shaking](guide/aot-compiler#tree-shaking)

  [摇树优化（Tree Shaking）](guide/aot-compiler#tree-shaking)

  * [Rollup](guide/aot-compiler#rollup)
  
  * [Rollup Plugins](guide/aot-compiler#rollup-plugins)
  
    [Rollup插件](guide/aot-compiler#rollup-plugins)
    
  * [Run Rollup](guide/aot-compiler#run-rollup)
  
    [运行Rollup](guide/aot-compiler#run-rollup)

* [Load the bundle](guide/aot-compiler#load)

  [加载捆(bundle)文件](guide/aot-compiler#load)
  
* [Serve the app](guide/aot-compiler#serve)

  [启动开发服务器](guide/aot-compiler#serve)
  
* [AOT QuickStart source code](guide/aot-compiler#source-code)

  [AOT 快速起步源码](guide/aot-compiler#source-code)
  
* [Workflow and convenience script](guide/aot-compiler#workflow)

  [工作流与辅助脚本](guide/aot-compiler#workflow)

  * [Develop JIT along with AOT](guide/aot-compiler#run-jit)
  
    [先用JIT开发，再用AOT发布](guide/aot-compiler#run-jit)

* [Tour of Heroes](guide/aot-compiler#toh)

  [英雄指南](guide/aot-compiler#toh)

  * [JIT in development, AOT in production](guide/aot-compiler#jit-dev-aot-prod)
  
    [开发环境JIT，生产环境AOT](guide/aot-compiler#jit-dev-aot-prod)
    
  * [Tree shaking](guide/aot-compiler#shaking)
  
    [摇树优化](guide/aot-compiler#shaking)
    
  * [Running the application](guide/aot-compiler#running-app)
  
    [运行本应用](guide/aot-compiler#running-app)
    
  * [Inspect the Bundle](guide/aot-compiler#inspect-bundle)
  
    [审查捆(bundle)文件](guide/aot-compiler#inspect-bundle)



{@a overview}



## Overview

## 概览

An Angular application consists largely of components and their HTML templates.
Before the browser can render the application,
the components and templates must be converted to executable JavaScript by the _Angular compiler_.

Angular应用主要包含组件和它们的HTML模板。
在浏览器可以渲染应用之前，组件和模板必须要被**Angular编译器**转换为可以执行的JavaScript。

<div class="l-sub-section">



<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW9cJsvcsGo" target="_blank">Watch compiler author Tobias Bosch explain the Angular Compiler</a> at AngularConnect 2016.

观看编译器作者Tobias Bosch在AngularConnect 2016大会里，对<a href="http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTc1NTE4NTkwOA==.html?from=y1.7-1.4" target="_blank">Angular编译器</a>的演讲。

</div>



You can compile the app in the browser, at runtime, as the application loads, using the **_just-in-time_ (JIT) compiler**.
This is the standard development approach shown throughout the documentation.
It's great but it has shortcomings.

你可以在浏览器中使用*即时编译器*（Just-in-Time - JIT）在运行期间编译该应用，也就是在应用加载时。
这是本文档中展示过的标准开发方式。
它很不错，但是有自己的缺点。

JIT compilation incurs a runtime performance penalty.
Views take longer to render because of the in-browser compilation step.
The application is bigger because it includes the Angular compiler
and a lot of library code that the application won't actually need.
Bigger apps take longer to transmit and are slower to load.

JIT编译导致运行期间的性能损耗。
由于需要在浏览器中执行这个编译过程，视图需要花更长时间才能渲染出来。
由于应用包含了Angular编译器以及大量实际上并不需要的库代码，所以文件体积也会更大。
更大的应用需要更长的时间进行传输，加载也更慢。

Compilation can uncover many component-template binding errors.
JIT compilation discovers them at runtime, which is late in the process.

编译可以发现一些组件模板绑定错误。JIT编译在运行时才揭露它们，那样有点太晚了。

The **_ahead-of-time_ (AOT) compiler** can catch template errors early and improve performance
by compiling at build time.

而**预编译**（AOT）会在构建时编译，这样可以在早期截获模板错误，提高应用性能。


{@a aot-jit}



## _Ahead-of-time_ (AOT) vs _just-in-time_ (JIT)
## 预编译（AOT） vs 即时编译（JIT）

There is actually only one Angular compiler. The difference between AOT and JIT is a matter of timing and tooling.
With AOT, the compiler runs once at build time using one set of libraries;
with JIT it runs every time for every user at runtime using a different set of libraries.

事实上只有一个Angular编译器，AOT和JIT之间的差别仅仅在于编译的时机和所用的工具。
使用AOT，编译器仅仅使用一组库在构建期间运行一次；使用JIT，编译器在每个用户的每次运行期间都要用不同的库运行一次。


{@a why-aot}


## Why do AOT compilation?

## 为什么需要AOT编译？

*Faster rendering*

**渲染得更快**

With AOT, the browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the application.
The browser loads executable code so it can render the application immediately, without waiting to compile the app first.

使用AOT，浏览器下载预编译版本的应用程序。
浏览器直接加载运行代码，所以它可以立即渲染该应用，而不用等应用完成首次编译。

*Fewer asynchronous requests*

**需要的异步请求更少**

The compiler _inlines_ external HTML templates and CSS style sheets within the application JavaScript,
eliminating separate ajax requests for those source files.

编译器把外部HTML模板和CSS样式表内联到了该应用的JavaScript中。
消除了用来下载那些源文件的Ajax请求。

*Smaller Angular framework download size*

**需要下载的Angular框架体积更小**

There's no need to download the Angular compiler if the app is already compiled.
The compiler is roughly half of Angular itself, so omitting it dramatically reduces the application payload.

如果应用已经编译过了，自然不需要再下载Angular编译器了。
该编译器差不多占了Angular自身体积的一半儿，所以，省略它可以显著减小应用的体积。

*Detect template errors earlier*

**提早检测模板错误**

The AOT compiler detects and reports template binding errors during the build step
before users can see them.

AOT编译器在构建过程中检测和报告模板绑定错误，避免用户遇到这些错误。

*Better security*

**更安全**

AOT compiles HTML templates and components into JavaScript files long before they are served to the client.
With no templates to read and no risky client-side HTML or JavaScript evaluation,
there are fewer opportunities for injection attacks.

AOT编译远在HTML模版和组件被服务到客户端之前，将它们编译到JavaScript文件。
没有模版可以阅读，没有高风险客户端HTML或JavaScript可利用，所以注入攻击的机会较少。


{@a compile}



## Compile with AOT

## 用AOT进行编译

Preparing for offline compilation takes a few simple steps.
Take the <a href='../guide/setup.html'>Setup</a> as a starting point.
A few minor changes to the lone `app.component` lead to these two class and HTML files:

AOT编译需要一些简单的准备步骤。我们先从<a href='../guide/setup.html'>搭建本地开发环境</a>开始。
只要单独对`app.component`文件的类文件和HTML文件做少量修改就可以了。


<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="src/app/app.component.html" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/app/app.component.html">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/app/app.component.ts" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/app/app.component.ts">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



Install a few new npm dependencies with the following command: 

用下列命令安装少量新的npm依赖：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm install @angular/compiler-cli @angular/platform-server --save
</code-example>



You will run the `ngc` compiler provided in the `@angular/compiler-cli` npm package
instead of the TypeScript compiler (`tsc`).

你要用`@angular/compiler-cli`包中提供的`ngc`编译器来代替TypeScript编译器（`tsc`）。

`ngc` is a drop-in replacement for `tsc` and is configured much the same way.

`ngc`是一个`tsc`的高仿替代品，它们的配置方式几乎完全一样。

`ngc` requires its own `tsconfig.json` with AOT-oriented settings.
Copy the original `src/tsconfig.json` to a file called `tsconfig-aot.json` on the project root,
then modify it as follows.

`ngc`需要自己的带有AOT专用设置的`tsconfig.json`。
把原始的`tsconfig.json`拷贝到一个名叫`tsconfig-aot.json`的文件中，然后像这样修改它：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/tsconfig-aot.json" title="tsconfig-aot.json" linenums="false">

</code-example>



The `compilerOptions` section is unchanged except for one property.
**Set the `module` to `es2015`**.
This is important as explained later in the [Tree Shaking](guide/aot-compiler#tree-shaking) section.

`compilerOptions`部分只修改了一个属性：**把`module`设置为`es2015`。
这一点非常重要，我们会在后面的[摇树优化](guide/aot-compiler#tree-shaking)部分解释为什么。

What's really new is the `ngc` section at the bottom called `angularCompilerOptions`.
Its `genDir` property tells the compiler
to store the compiled output files in a new `aot` folder.

`ngc`区真正新增的内容是底部的`angularCompilerOptions`。
它的`genDir`属性告诉编译器把编译结果保存在新的`aot`目录下。

The `"skipMetadataEmit" : true` property prevents the compiler from generating metadata files with the compiled application.
Metadata files are not necessary when targeting TypeScript files, so there is no reason to include them.

`"skipMetadataEmit" : true`属性阻止编译器为编译后的应用生成元数据文件。
当输出成TypeScript文件时，元数据并不是必须的，因此不需要包含它们。


***Component-relative template URLS***

***相对于组件的模板URL***

The AOT compiler requires that `@Component` URLS for external templates and CSS files be _component-relative_.
That means that the value of `@Component.templateUrl` is a URL value _relative_ to the component class file.
For example, an `'app.component.html'` URL means that the template file is a sibling of its companion `app.component.ts` file.

AOT编译器要求`@Component`中的外部模板和CSS文件的URL是*相对于组件的*。
这意味着`@Component.templateUrl`的值是一个*相对于*组件类文件的URL值。
例如，`'app.component.html'` URL表示模板文件与它相应的`app.component.ts`文件放在一起。

While JIT app URLs are more flexible, stick with _component-relative_ URLs for compatibility with AOT compilation.

而JIT应用的URL更灵活，固定写成*相对于组件的*URL的形式对AOT编译的兼容性也更好。


***Compiling the application***

*** 编译该应用 ***

Initiate AOT compilation from the command line using the previously installed `ngc` compiler by executing:

在命令行中执行下列命令，借助刚安装好的`ngc`编译器来启动AOT编译：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  node_modules/.bin/ngc -p tsconfig-aot.json
</code-example>



<div class="l-sub-section">



Windows users should surround the `ngc` command in double quotes:

Windows用户应该双引号`ngc`命令：

<code-example format='.'>
  "node_modules/.bin/ngc" -p tsconfig-aot.json
</code-example>



</div>



`ngc` expects the `-p` switch to point to a `tsconfig.json` file or a folder containing a `tsconfig.json` file.

`ngc`希望`-p`选项指向一个`tsconfig.json`文件，或者一个包含`tsconfig.json`文件的目录。

After `ngc` completes, look for a collection of _NgFactory_ files in the `aot` folder.
The `aot` folder is the directory specified as `genDir` in `tsconfig-aot.json`.

在`ngc`完成时，会在`aot`目录下看到一组*NgFactory*文件（该目录是在`tsconfig-aot.json`的`genDir`属性中指定的）。

These factory files are essential to the compiled application.
Each component factory creates an instance of the component at runtime by combining the original class file
and a JavaScript representation of the component's template.
Note that the original component class is still referenced internally by the generated factory.

这些工厂文件对于编译后的应用是必要的。
每个组件工厂都可以在运行时创建一个组件的实例，其中带有一个原始的类文件和一个用JavaScript表示的组件模板。
注意，原始的组件类依然是由所生成的这个工厂进行内部引用的。


<div class="l-sub-section">



The curious can open `aot/app.component.ngfactory.ts` to see the original Angular template syntax
compiled to TypeScript, its intermediate form.

如果你好奇，可以打开`aot/app.component.ngfactory.ts`来看看原始Angular模板语法被编译成TypeScript时的中间结果。

JIT compilation generates these same _NgFactories_ in memory where they are largely invisible.
AOT compilation reveals them as separate, physical files.

JIT编译器在内存中同样会生成这一堆*NgFactory*，但它们大部分是不可见的。
AOT编译器则会生成在单独的物理文件中。


</div>





<div class="alert is-important">



Do not edit the _NgFactories_! Re-compilation replaces these files and all edits will be lost.

不要编辑这些*NgFactory*！重新编译时会替换这些文件，你做的所有修改都会丢失。


</div>



{@a bootstrap}



## Bootstrap

## 引导

The AOT approach changes application bootstrapping.

AOT也改变了应用的引导方式。

Instead of bootstrapping `AppModule`, you bootstrap the application with the generated module factory, `AppModuleNgFactory`.

引导的方式从引导`AppModule`改成了引导生成的模块工厂：`AppModuleNgFactory`。

Make a copy of `main.ts` and name it `main-jit.ts`.
This is the JIT version; set it aside as you may need it [later](guide/aot-compiler#run-jit "Running with JIT").

复制一份`main.ts`并把它改名为`main-jit.ts`。
这就是JIT版本，先把它放在一边，我们[稍后](guide/aot-compiler#run-jit "Running with JIT")会用到它。

Open `main.ts` and convert it to AOT compilation.
Switch from the `platformBrowserDynamic.bootstrap` used in JIT compilation to
`platformBrowser().bootstrapModuleFactory` and pass in the AOT-generated `AppModuleNgFactory`.

打开`main.ts`，并把它改成AOT编译。
从`platformBrowserDynamic.bootstrap`改成使用`platformBrowser().bootstrapModuleFactory`并把`AppModuleNgFactory`的AOT编译结果传给它。

Here is AOT bootstrap in `main.ts` next to the original JIT version:

这里是AOT版本`main.ts`中的引导过程，下一个是你所熟悉的JIT版本。


<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="src/main.ts" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/main.ts">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/main-jit.ts" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/main-jit.ts">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



Be sure to [recompile](guide/aot-compiler#compiling-aot) with `ngc`!

确保用`ngc`进行[重新编译](guide/aot-compiler#compiling-aot)！


{@a tree-shaking}


## Tree shaking

## 摇树优化（Tree shaking）

AOT compilation sets the stage for further optimization through a process called _tree shaking_.
A tree shaker walks the dependency graph, top to bottom, and _shakes out_ unused code like
dead leaves in a tree.

AOT编译为接下来通过一个叫做*摇树优化*的过程做好了准备。
摇树优化器从上到下遍历依赖图谱，并且*摇掉*用不到的代码，这些代码就像是圣诞树中那些死掉的松针一样。

Tree shaking can greatly reduce the downloaded size of the application 
by removing unused portions of both source and library code. 
In fact, most of the reduction in small apps comes from removing unreferenced Angular features. 

通过移除源码和库代码中用不到的部分，摇树优化可以大幅缩减应用的下载体积。
事实上，在小型应用中大部分的缩减都是因为筛掉了那些没用到的Angular特性。

For example, this demo application doesn't use anything from the `@angular/forms` library.
There is no reason to download forms-related Angular code and tree shaking ensures that you don't.

例如，这个演示程序中没有用到`@angular/forms`库中的任何东西，那么也就没有理由去下载这些与表单有关的Angular代码了。摇树优化可以帮你确保这一点。

Tree shaking and AOT compilation are separate steps.
Tree shaking can only target JavaScript code.
AOT compilation converts more of the application to JavaScript,
which in turn makes more of the application "tree shakable".

摇树优化和AOT编译是单独的步骤。
摇树优化仅仅针对JavaScript代码。
AOT编译会把应用中的大部分都转换成JavaScript，这种转换会让应用更容易被“摇树优化”。


{@a rollup}


### Rollup

This cookbook illustrates a tree shaking utility called _Rollup_.

这个烹饪宝典中用来示范的摇树优化工具是*Rollup*。

Rollup statically analyzes the application by following the trail of `import` and `export` statements.
It produces a final code _bundle_ that excludes code that is exported, but never imported.

Rollup会通过跟踪`import`和`export`语句来对本应用进行静态分析。
它所生成的最终代码*捆*中会排除那些被导出过但又从未被导入的代码。

Rollup can only tree shake `ES2015` modules which have `import` and `export` statements.

Rollup只能对`ES2015`模块摇树，因为那里有`import`和`export`语句。


<div class="l-sub-section">



Recall that `tsconfig-aot.json` is configured to produce `ES2015` modules.
It's not important that the code itself be written with `ES2015` syntax such as `class` and `const`.
What matters is that the code uses ES `import` and `export` statements rather than `require` statements.

回忆一下，`tsconfig-aot.json`中曾配置为生成`ES2015`的模块。
代码本身是否用到了`ES2015`语法（例如`class`和`const`）并不重要，重要的是这些代码使用的应该是`import`和`export`语句，而不是`require`语句。


</div>



In the terminal window, install the Rollup dependencies with this command:

通过下列命令安装Rollup依赖：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm install rollup rollup-plugin-node-resolve rollup-plugin-commonjs rollup-plugin-uglify --save-dev
</code-example>



Next, create a configuration file (`rollup-config.js`)
in the project root directory to tell Rollup how to process the application.
The cookbook configuration file looks like this.

接下来，在项目根目录新建一个配置文件（`rollup-config.js`），来告诉Rollup如何处理应用。
本烹饪书配置文件是这样的：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/rollup-config.js" title="rollup-config.js" linenums="false">

</code-example>



This config file tells Rollup that the app entry point is `src/app/main.js` .
The `dest` attribute tells Rollup to create a bundle called `build.js` in the `dist` folder.
It overrides the default `onwarn` method in order to skip annoying messages about the AOT compiler's use of the `this` keyword.

这个配置文件告诉Rollup，该应用的入口点是`app/main.js`。
`dest`属性告诉Rollup要在`dist`目录下创建一个名叫`build.js`的捆文件。
它覆盖了默认的`onwarn`方法，以便忽略由于AOT编译器使用`this`关键字导致的噪音消息。

The next section covers the plugins in more depth.

下一节我们将深入讲解插件。


{@a rollup-plugins}


### Rollup Plugins

### Rollup插件

Optional plugins filter and transform the Rollup inputs and output.

这些可选插件过滤并转换Rollup的输入和输出。

*RxJS*

Rollup expects application source code to use `ES2015` modules. 
Not all external dependencies are published as `ES2015` modules.
In fact, most are not. Many of them are published as _CommonJS_ modules.

Rollup期望应用的源码使用`ES2015`模块。
但并不是所有外部依赖都发布成了`ES2015`模块。
事实上，大多数都不是。它们大多数都发布成了*CommonJS*模块。

The _RxJs_ Observable library is an essential Angular dependency published as an ES5 JavaScript _CommonJS_ module.

可观察对象库*RxJS*是Angular所依赖的基础之一，它就是发布成了ES5 JavaScript的*CommonJS*模块。

Luckily, there is a Rollup plugin that modifies _RxJs_
to use the ES `import` and `export` statements that Rollup requires.
Rollup then preserves the parts of `RxJS` referenced by the application 
in the final bundle. Using it is straigthforward. Add the following to 
the `plugins` array in `rollup-config.js`:

幸运的是，有一个Rollup插件，它会修改*RxJS*，以使用Rollup所需的ES`import`和`export`语句。
然后Rollup就可以把该应用中用到的那部分`RxJS`代码留在“捆”文件中了。
它的用法很简单。把下列代码添加到`rollup-config.js`的`plugins`数组中：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/rollup-config.js" region="commonjs" title="rollup-config.js (CommonJs to ES2015 Plugin)" linenums="false">

</code-example>



*Minification*

*最小化*

Rollup tree shaking reduces code size considerably.  Minification makes it smaller still.
This cookbook relies on the _uglify_ Rollup plugin to minify and mangle the code. 
Add the following to the `plugins` array:

Rollup做摇树优化时会大幅减小代码体积。最小化过程则会让它更小。
本烹饪宝典依赖于Rollup插件*uglify*来最小化并混淆代码。
把下列代码添加到`plugins`数组中：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/rollup-config.js" region="uglify" title="rollup-config.js (CommonJs to ES2015 Plugin)" linenums="false">

</code-example>



<div class="l-sub-section">



In a production setting, you would also enable gzip on the web server to compress
the code into an even smaller package going over the wire.

在生产环境中，我们还应该打开Web服务器的gzip特性来把代码压缩得更小。


</div>



{@a run-rollup}


### Run Rollup

### 运行Rollup

Execute the Rollup process with this command:

通过下列命令执行Rollup过程：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  node_modules/.bin/rollup -c rollup-config.js
</code-example>



<div class="l-sub-section">



Windows users should surround the `rollup` command in double quotes:

Windows用户要把`rollup`命令放进双引号中：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  "node_modules/.bin/rollup"  -c rollup-config.js
</code-example>



</div>





{@a load}



## Load the bundle

## 加载捆文件

Loading the generated application bundle does not require a module loader like SystemJS.
Remove the scripts that concern SystemJS.
Instead, load the bundle file using a single `<script>` tag **_after_** the `</body>` tag:

加载所生成的应用捆文件，并不需要使用像SystemJS这样的模块加载器。
移除与SystemJS有关的那些脚本吧。
改用`<script>`标签来加载这些捆文件：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/src/index.html" region="bundle" title="index.html (load bundle)" linenums="false">

</code-example>



{@a serve}



## Serve the app

## 启动应用服务器

You'll need a web server to host the application.
Use the same `lite-server` employed elsewhere in the documentation:

你需要一个Web服务器来作为应用的宿主。
像与文档中其它部分一样，用`lite-server`吧：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm run lite

</code-example>



The server starts, launches a browser, and the app should appear.

启动了服务器、打开浏览器，应用就出现了。


{@a source-code}



## AOT QuickStart source code

## AOT快速起步源代码

Here's the pertinent source code:

下面是相关源代码：

<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="src/app/app.component.html" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/app/app.component.html">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/app/app.component.ts" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/app/app.component.ts">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/main.ts" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/main.ts">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/index.html" path="cb-aot-compiler/src/index.html">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="tsconfig-aot.json" path="cb-aot-compiler/tsconfig-aot.json">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="rollup-config.js" path="cb-aot-compiler/rollup-config.js">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



{@a workflow}



## Workflow and convenience script

## 工作流与便利脚本

You'll rebuild the AOT version of the application every time you make a change.
Those _npm_ commands are long and difficult to remember.

每当修改时，我们都将重新构建应用的AOT版本。
那些*npm*命令太长，很难记。

Add the following _npm_ convenience script to the `package.json` so you can compile and rollup in one command.

把下列*npm*便利脚本添加到`package.json`中，以便用一条命令就可以完成编译和Rollup打包工作。


Open a terminal window and try it.

打开终端窗口，并试一下。


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm run build:aot

</code-example>



{@a run-jit}


### Develop JIT along with AOT

### 先用JIT开发，再AOT发布

AOT compilation and rollup together take several seconds.
You may be able to develop iteratively a little faster with SystemJS and JIT.
The same source code can be built both ways. Here's one way to do that.

AOT编译和Rollup打包加起来要花好几秒钟。
用SystemJS和JIT可以让开发期间的迭代更快一点。
同一套源码可以用这两种方式构建。下面是方法之一：

* Make a copy of `index.html` and call it `index-jit.html`.

  复制一份`index.html`并命名为`index-jit.html`。
  
* Delete the script at the bottom of `index-jit.html` that loads `bundle.js`

  删除`index-jit.html`底部用来加载`bundle.js`的脚本
  
* Restore the SystemJS scripts like this:

  代之以如下的SystemJS脚本：


<code-example path="cb-aot-compiler/src/index-jit.html" region="jit" title="src/index-jit.html (SystemJS scripts)" linenums="false">

</code-example>



Notice the slight change to the `system.import` which now specifies `src/app/main-jit`.
That's the JIT version of the bootstrap file that we preserved [above](guide/aot-compiler#bootstrap).

注意，这里稍微修改了一下`system.import`，现在它指向了`src/app/main-jit`。
这就是我们[以前](guide/aot-compiler#bootstrap)预留的JIT版本的引导文件。


Open a _different_ terminal window and enter `npm start`.

打开*另一个*终端窗口，并输入`npm start`：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm start

</code-example>



That compiles the app with JIT and launches the server.
The server loads `index.html` which is still the AOT version, which you can confirm in the browser console.
Change the address bar to `index-jit.html` and it loads the JIT version.
This is also evident in the browser console.

它会使用JIT方式编译本应用，并启动服务器。
服务器仍然加载的是AOT版的`index.html`，我们可以在浏览器的控制台中确认这一点。
在地址栏中改为`index-jit.html`，它就会加载JIT版，这同样可以在浏览器控制台中确认。

Develop as usual.
The server and TypeScript compiler are in "watch mode" so your changes are reflected immediately in the browser.

照常开发。服务器和TypeScript编译器都处于“监听模式”，因此我们的修改都可以立刻反映到浏览器中。

To see those changes in AOT, switch to the original terminal and re-run `npm run build:aot`.
When it finishes, go back to the browser and use the back button to
return to the AOT version in the default `index.html`.

要对比AOT版的变化，可以切换到原来的终端窗口中，并重新运行`npm run build:aot`。
结束时，回到浏览器中，并用浏览器的后退按钮回到默认`index.html`中的AOT版本。

Now you can develop JIT and AOT, side-by-side.

现在，我们就可以同时进行JIT和AOT开发了。


{@a toh}



## Tour of Heroes

## 英雄指南

The sample above is a trivial variation of the QuickStart application.
In this section you apply what you've learned about AOT compilation and tree shaking
to an app with more substance, the [_Tour of Heroes_](tutorial/toh-pt6) application.

上面的例子是《快速起步》应用的一个简单的变体。
在本节中，你将在一个更多内容的应用 - [英雄指南](tutorial/toh-pt6)上使用从AOT编译和摇树优化学到的知识。


{@a jit-dev-aot-prod}


### JIT in development, AOT in production

### 开发器使用JIT, 产品期使用AOT

Today AOT compilation and tree shaking take more time than is practical for development. That will change soon.
For now, it's best to JIT compile in development and switch to AOT compilation before deploying to production.

目前，AOT编译和摇树优化对开发来说，占用的时间太多了。这将在未来得到改变。
当前的最佳实践是在开发器使用JIT编译，然后在发布产品前切换到AOT编译。

Fortunately, the source code can be compiled either way without change _if_ you account for a few key differences.

幸运的是，**如果**你处理了几个关键不同点，源代码可以在没有任何变化时，采取两种方式的任何一种都能编译。

***index.html***

The JIT and AOT apps require their own `index.html` files because they setup and launch so differently. 

JIT和AOT应用的设置和加载非常不一样，因此它们需要各自的`index.html`文件。

Here they are for comparison:

下面是它们的比较：


<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="aot/index.html (AOT)" path="toh-6/aot/index.html">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/index.html (JIT)" path="toh-6/src/index.html">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



The JIT version relies on `SystemJS` to load individual modules.
Its scripts appear in its `index.html`.

JIT版本依靠`SystemJS`来加载单个模块，并需要`reflect-metadata`垫片。
所以它们出现在它的`index.html`中。

The AOT version loads the entire application in a single script, `aot/dist/build.js`.
It does not need `SystemJS`, so that script is absent from its `index.html`

***main.ts***

JIT and AOT applications boot in much the same way but require different Angular libraries to do so.
The key differences, covered in the [Bootstrap](guide/aot-compiler#bootstrap) section above,
are evident in these `main` files which can and should reside in the same folder:

AOT版本用一个单独的脚本来加载整个应用 - `aot/dist/build.js`。它不需要`SystemJS`和`reflect-metadata`垫片，所以它们不会出现在`index.html`中。


<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="main-aot.ts (AOT)" path="toh-6/src/main-aot.ts">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="main.ts (JIT)" path="toh-6/src/main.ts">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



***TypeScript configuration***

***TypeScript配置***

JIT-compiled applications transpile to `commonjs` modules.
AOT-compiled applications transpile to _ES2015_/_ES6_ modules to facilitate tree shaking.
AOT requires its own TypeScript configuration settings as well.

JIT编译的应用编译为`commonjs`模块。
AOT编译的应用编译为**ES2015/ES6**模块，用来支持摇树优化。
而且AOT需要它自己的TypeScript配置设置。

You'll need separate TypeScript configuration files such as these:

你将需要单独的TypeScript配置文件，像这些：


<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="tsconfig-aot.json (AOT)" path="toh-6/tsconfig-aot.json">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="src/tsconfig.json (JIT)" path="toh-6/src/tsconfig.1.json">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



<div class="callout is-helpful">



<header>
  @Types and node modules
</header>



<header>
  @Types和node模块
</header>



In the file structure of _this particular sample project_,
the `node_modules` folder happens to be two levels up from the project root. 
Therefore, `"typeRoots"` must be set to `"../../node_modules/@types/"`. 

在**这个特定的示例项目**的文件结构中，`node_modules`文件恰好比项目根目录高两级。
因此，`"typeRoots"`必须设置为`"../../node_modules/@types/"`。

In a more typical project, `node_modules` would be a sibling of `tsconfig-aot.json`
and `"typeRoots"` would be set to `"node_modules/@types/"`.
Edit your `tsconfig-aot.json` to fit your project's file structure.

在一个更典型的项目中，`node_modules`位于`tsconfig-aot.json`同级，
这时`"typeRoots"`应设置为`"node_modules/@types/"`。
编辑你的`tsconfig-aot.json`，使之适合项目的文件结构。


</div>



{@a shaking}


### Tree shaking

### 摇树优化

Rollup does the tree shaking as before.

Rollup和以前一样，仍然进行摇树优化。


<code-example path="toh-6/rollup-config.js" title="rollup-config.js" linenums="false">

</code-example>



{@a running-app}


### Running the application

### 运行应用


<div class="alert is-important">



The general audience instructions for running the AOT build of the Tour of Heroes app are not ready.

面向大众的运行AOT构建的英雄指南应用的说明还没有准备好。

The following instructions presuppose that you have cloned the
<a href="https://github.com/angular/angular.io" target="_blank">angular.io</a>
github repository and prepared it for development as explained in the repo's README.md.

下面的说明假设你克隆了<a href="https://github.com/angular/angular.io" target="_blank">angular.io</a> Github库，并按照该库的README.md准备了开发环境。

The _Tour of Heroes_ source code is in the `public/docs/_examples/toh-6/ts` folder.

**英雄指南**源代码在`public/docs/_examples/toh-6/ts`目录。


</div>



Run the JIT-compiled app with `npm start` as for all other JIT examples.

和其他JIT例子一样，使用`npm start`命令，运行JIT编译的应用：

Compiling with AOT presupposes certain supporting files, most of them discussed above.

AOT编译假设上面介绍的一些支持文件都以准备好。

<code-tabs>

  <code-pane title="src/index.html" path="toh-6/src/index.html">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="copy-dist-files.js" path="toh-6/copy-dist-files.js">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="rollup-config.js" path="toh-6/rollup-config.js">

  </code-pane>

  <code-pane title="tsconfig-aot.json" path="toh-6/tsconfig-aot.json">

  </code-pane>

</code-tabs>



Extend the `scripts` section of the `package.json` with these npm scripts:

使用下面的npm脚本，扩展`package.json`文件的`scripts`部分：


Copy the AOT distribution files into the `/aot` folder with the node script:

使用下面的node脚本，拷贝AOT发布文件到`/aot/`目录：

<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  node copy-dist-files
</code-example>



<div class="l-sub-section">



You won't do that again until there are updates to `zone.js` or the `core-js` shim for old browsers.

直到`zone.js`或者支持老版本浏览器的`core-js`垫片有更新，你不需要再这样做。

</div>



Now AOT-compile the app and launch it with the `lite-server`:

现在AOT编译应用，并使用`lite`服务器启动它：


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm run build:aot && npm run serve:aot

</code-example>



{@a inspect-bundle}


### Inspect the Bundle

### 检查包裹

It's fascinating to see what the generated JavaScript bundle looks like after Rollup.
The code is minified, so you won't learn much from inspecting the bundle directly.
But the <a href="https://github.com/danvk/source-map-explorer/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank">source-map-explorer</a>
tool can be quite revealing.

看看Rollup之后生成的JavaScript包，非常神奇。
代码已经被最小化，所以你不会从中直接学到任何知识。
但是<a href="https://github.com/danvk/source-map-explorer/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank">source-map-explorer</a> 工具非常有用。

Install it:

安装：

<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  npm install source-map-explorer --save-dev
</code-example>



Run the following command to generate the map.

运行下面的命令来生成源映射。


<code-example language="none" class="code-shell">
  node_modules/.bin/source-map-explorer aot/dist/build.js

</code-example>



The `source-map-explorer` analyzes the source map generated with the bundle and draws a map of all dependencies,
showing exactly which application and Angular modules and classes are included in the bundle.

`source-map-explorer`分析从包生成的源映射，并画出一个依赖地图，显示包中包含哪些应用程序和Angular模块和类。

Here's the map for _Tour of Heroes_.

下面是英雄指南的地图：
<a href="assets/images/cookbooks/aot-compiler/toh6-bundle.png" target="_blank" title="View larger image">
<figure class='image-display'>
  <img src="assets/images/cookbooks/aot-compiler/toh6-bundle.png" alt="TOH-6-bundle"></img>
</figure>
</a>