angular-docs-cn/aio/content/tutorial/toh-pt6.md

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# HTTP
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In this tutorial, you'll add the following data persistence features with help from
Angular's `HttpClient`.
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* The `HeroService` gets hero data with HTTP requests.
* Users can add, edit, and delete heroes and save these changes over HTTP.
* Users can search for heroes by name.
When you're done with this page, the app should look like this <live-example></live-example>.
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## Enable HTTP services
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`HttpClient` is Angular's mechanism for communicating with a remote server over HTTP.
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To make `HttpClient` available everywhere in the app,
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* open the root `AppModule`,
* import the `HttpClientModule` symbol from `@angular/common/http`,
* add it to the `@NgModule.imports` array.
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## Simulate a data server
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This tutorial sample _mimics_ communication with a remote data server by using the
[_In-memory Web API_](https://github.com/angular/in-memory-web-api "In-memory Web API") module.
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After installing the module, the app will make requests to and receive responses from the `HttpClient`
without knowing that the *In-memory Web API* is intercepting those requests,
applying them to an in-memory data store, and returning simulated responses.
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This facility is a great convenience for the tutorial.
You won't have to set up a server to learn about `HttpClient`.
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It may also be convenient in the early stages of your own app development when
the server's web api is ill-defined or not yet implemented.
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<div class="alert is-important">
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**Important:** the *In-memory Web API* module has nothing to do with HTTP in Angular.
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If you're just _reading_ this tutorial to learn about `HttpClient`, you can [skip over](#import-heroes) this step.
If you're _coding along_ with this tutorial, stay here and add the *In-memory Web API* now.
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</div>
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Install the *In-memory Web API* package from _npm_
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<code-example language="sh" class="code-shell">
npm install angular-in-memory-web-api --save
</code-example>
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Import the `InMemoryWebApiModule` and the `InMemoryDataService` class,
which you will create in a moment.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts"
region="import-in-mem-stuff"
title="src/app/app.module.ts (In-memory Web API imports)">
</code-example>
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Add the `InMemoryWebApiModule` to the `@NgModule.imports` array&mdash;
_after importing the `HttpClient`_,
&mdash;while configuring it with the `InMemoryDataService`.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts"
region="in-mem-web-api-imports">
</code-example>
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The `forRoot()` configuration method takes an `InMemoryDataService` class
that primes the in-memory database.
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The _Tour of Heroes_ sample creates such a class
`src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts` which has the following content:
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts" region="init" title="src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts" linenums="false"></code-example>
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This file replaces `mock-heroes.ts`, which is now safe to delete.
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When your server is ready, detach the *In-memory Web API*, and the app's requests will go through to the server.
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Now back to the `HttpClient` story.
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{@a import-heroes}
## Heroes and HTTP
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Import some HTTP symbols that you'll need:
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="import-httpclient"
title="src/app/hero.service.ts (import HTTP symbols)">
</code-example>
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Inject `HttpClient` into the constructor in a private property called `http`.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="ctor" >
</code-example>
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Keep injecting the `MessageService`. You'll call it so frequently that
you'll wrap it in private `log` method.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="log" >
</code-example>
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Define the `heroesUrl` with the address of the heroes resource on the server.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="heroesUrl" >
</code-example>
### Get heroes with _HttpClient_
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The current `HeroService.getHeroes()`
uses the RxJS `of()` function to return an array of mock heroes
as an `Observable<Hero[]>`.
<code-example
path="toh-pt4/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="getHeroes-1"
title="src/app/hero.service.ts (getHeroes with RxJs 'of()')">
</code-example>
Convert that method to use `HttpClient`
<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="getHeroes-1">
</code-example>
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Refresh the browser. The hero data should successfully load from the
mock server.
You've swapped `of` for `http.get` and the app keeps working without any other changes
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because both functions return an `Observable<Hero[]>`.
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### Http methods return one value
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All `HttpClient` methods return an RxJS `Observable` of something.
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HTTP is a request/response protocol.
You make a request, it returns a single response.
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In general, an `Observable` _can_ return multiple values over time.
An `Observable` from `HttpClient` always emits a single value and then completes, never to emit again.
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This particular `HttpClient.get` call returns an `Observable<Hero[]>`, literally "_an observable of hero arrays_". In practice, it will only return a single hero array.
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### _HttpClient.get_ returns response data
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`HttpClient.get` returns the _body_ of the response as an untyped JSON object by default.
Applying the optional type specifier, `<Hero[]>` , gives you a typed result object.
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The shape of the JSON data is determined by the server's data API.
The _Tour of Heroes_ data API returns the hero data as an array.
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<div class="l-sub-section">
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Other APIs may bury the data that you want within an object.
You might have to dig that data out by processing the `Observable` result
with the RxJS `map` operator.
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Although not discussed here, there's an example of `map` in the `getHeroNo404()`
method included in the sample source code.
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</div>
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### Error handling
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Things go wrong, especially when you're getting data from a remote server.
The `HeroService.getHeroes()` method should catch errors and do something appropriate.
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To catch errors, you **"pipe" the observable** result from `http.get()` through an RxJS `catchError()` operator.
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Import the `catchError` symbol from `rxjs/operators`, along with some other operators you'll need later.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="import-rxjs-operators">
</code-example>
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Now extend the observable result with the `.pipe()` method and
give it a `catchError()` operator.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="getHeroes-2" >
</code-example>
The `catchError()` operator intercepts an **`Observable` that failed**.
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It passes the error an _error handler_ that can do what it wants with the error.
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The following `handleError()` method reports the error and then returns an
innocuous result so that the application keeps working.
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#### _handleError_
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The following `errorHandler()` will be shared by many `HeroService` methods
so it's generalized to meet their different needs.
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Instead of handling the error directly, it returns an _error handler_ function to `catchError` that it
has configured with both the name of the operation that failed and a safe return value.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="handleError">
</code-example>
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After reporting the error to console, the handler constructs
a user friendly message and returns a safe value to the app so it can keep working.
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Because each service method returns a different kind of `Observable` result,
`errorHandler()` takes a type parameter so it can return the safe value as the type that the app expects.
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### Tap into the _Observable_
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The `HeroService` methods will **tap** into the flow of observable values
and send a message (via `log()`) to the message area at the bottom of the page.
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They'll do that with the RxJS `tap` operator,
which _looks_ at the observable values, does _something_ with those values,
and passes them along.
The `tap` call back doesn't touch the values themselves.
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Here is the final version of `getHeroes` with the `tap` that logs the operation.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="getHeroes" >
</code-example>
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### Get hero by id
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Most web APIs support a _get by id_ request in the form `api/hero/:id`
(such as `api/hero/11`).
Add a `HeroService.getHero()` method to make that request:
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="getHero" title="src/app/hero.service.ts"></code-example>
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There are three significant differences from `getHeroes()`.
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* it constructs a request URL with the desired hero's id.
* the server should respond with a single hero rather than an array of heroes.
* therefore, `getHero` returns an `Observable<Hero>` ("_an observable of Hero objects_")
rather than an observable of hero _arrays_ .
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## Update heroes
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Editing a hero's name in the _hero detail_ view.
As you type, the hero name updates the heading at the top of the page.
But when you click the "go back button", the changes are lost.
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If you want changes to persist, you must write them back to
the server.
At the end of the hero detail template, add a save button with a `click` event
binding that invokes a new component method named `save()`.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.html" region="save" title="src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.html (save)"></code-example>
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Add the following `save()` method, which persists hero name changes using the hero service
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`updateHero()` method and then navigates back to the previous view.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts" region="save" title="src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts (save)"></code-example>
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#### Add _HeroService.updateHero()_
The overall structure of the `updateHero()` method is similar to that of
`getHeroes()`, but it uses `http.put()` to persist the changed hero
on the server.
<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="updateHero"
title="src/app/hero.service.ts (update)">
</code-example>
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The `HttpClient.put()` method takes three parameters
* the URL
* the data to update (the modified hero in this case)
* options
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The URL is unchanged. The heroes web API knows which hero to update by looking at the hero's `id`.
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The heroes web API expects a special header in HTTP save requests.
That header is in the `httpOptions` constant defined in the `HeroService`.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="http-options">
</code-example>
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Refresh the browser, change a hero name, save your change,
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and click the "go back" button.
The hero now appears in the list with the changed name.
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## Add a new hero
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To add a hero, this app only needs the hero's name. You can use an `input`
element paired with an add button.
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Insert the following into the `HeroesComponent` template, just after
the heading:
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html" region="add" title="src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html (add)"></code-example>
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In response to a click event, call the component's click handler and then
clear the input field so that it's ready for another name.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts" region="add" title="src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts (add)"></code-example>
When the given name is non-blank, the handler creates a `Hero`-like object
from the name (it's only missing the `id`) and passes it to the services `addHero()` method.
When `addHero` saves successfully, the `subscribe` callback
receives the new hero and pushes it into to the `heroes` list for display.
You'll write `HeroService.addHero` in the next section.
#### Add _HeroService.addHero()_
Add the following `addHero()` method to the `HeroService` class.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="addHero" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (addHero)"></code-example>
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`HeroService.addHero()` differs from `updateHero` in two ways.
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* it calls `HttpClient.post()` instead of `put()`.
* it expects the server to generates an id for the new hero,
which it returns in the `Observable<Hero>` to the caller.
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Refresh the browser and add some heroes.
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## Delete a hero
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Each hero in the heroes list should have a delete button.
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Add the following button element to the `HeroesComponent` template, after the hero
name in the repeated `<li>` element.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html" region="delete"></code-example>
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The HTML for the list of heroes should look like this:
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html" region="list" title="src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html (list of heroes)"></code-example>
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To position the delete button at the far right of the hero entry,
add some CSS to the `heroes.component.css`. You'll find that CSS
in the [final review code](#heroescomponent) below.
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Add the `delete()` handler to the component.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts" region="delete" title="src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts (delete)"></code-example>
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Although the component delegates hero deletion to the `HeroService`,
it remains responsible for updating its own list of heroes.
The component's `delete()` method immediately removes the _hero-to-delete_ from that list,
anticipating that the `HeroService` will succeed on the server.
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There's really nothing for the component to do with the `Observable` returned by
`heroService.delete()`. **It must subscribe anyway**.
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<div class="alert is-important">
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If you neglect to `subscribe()`, the service will not send the delete request to the server!
As a rule, an `Observable` _does nothing_ until something subscribes!
Confirm this for yourself by temporarily removing the `subscribe()`,
clicking "Dashboard", then clicking "Heroes".
You'll see the full list of heroes again.
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</div>
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#### Add _HeroService.deleteHero()_
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Add a `deleteHero()` method to `HeroService` like this.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="deleteHero" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (delete)"></code-example>
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Note that
* it calls `HttpClient.delete`.
* the URL is the heroes resource URL plus the `id` of the hero to delete
* you don't send data as you did with `put` and `post`.
* you still send the `httpOptions`.
Refresh the browser and try the new delete functionality.
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## Search by name
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In this last exercise, you learn to chain `Observable` operators together
so you can minimize the number of similar HTTP requests
and consume network bandwidth economically.
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You will add a *heroes search* feature to the *Dashboard*.
As the user types a name into a search box,
you'll make repeated HTTP requests for heroes filtered by that name.
Your goal is to issue only as many requests as necessary.
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#### _HeroService.searchHeroes_
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Start by adding a `searchHeroes` method to the `HeroService`.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"
region="searchHeroes"
title="src/app/hero.service.ts">
</code-example>
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The method returns immediately with an empty array if there is no search term.
The rest of it closely resembles `getHeroes()`.
The only significant difference is the URL,
which includes a query string with the search term.
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### Add search to the Dashboard
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Open the `DashboardComponent` _template_ and
Add the hero search element, `<app-hero-search>`, to the bottom of the `DashboardComponent` template.
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<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.html" title="src/app/dashboard/dashboard.component.html" linenums="false">
</code-example>
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This template looks a lot like the `*ngFor` repeater in the `HeroesComponent` template.
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Unfortunately, adding this element breaks the app.
Angular can't find a component with a selector that matches `<app-hero-search>`.
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The `HeroSearchComponent` doesn't exist yet. Fix that.
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### Create _HeroSearchComponent_
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Create a `HeroSearchComponent` with the CLI.
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<code-example language="sh" class="code-shell">
ng generate component hero-search
</code-example>
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The CLI generates the three `HeroSearchComponent` and adds the component to the `AppModule' declarations
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Replace the generated `HeroSearchComponent` _template_ with a text box and a list of matching search results like this.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.html" title="src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.html"></code-example>
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Add private CSS styles to `hero-search.component.css`
as listed in the [final code review](#herosearchcomponent) below.
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As the user types in the search box, a *keyup* event binding calls the component's `search()`
method with the new search box value.
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{@a asyncpipe}
### _AsyncPipe_
As expected, the `*ngFor` repeats hero objects.
Look closely and you'll see that the `*ngFor` iterates over a list called `heroes$`, not `heroes`.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.html" region="async"></code-example>
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The `$` is a convention that indicates `heroes$` is an `Observable`, not an array.
The `*ngFor` can't do anything with an `Observable`.
But there's also a pipe character (`|`) followed by `async`,
which identifies Angular's `AsyncPipe`.
The `AsyncPipe` subscribes to an `Observable` automatically so you won't have to
do so in the component class.
### Fix the _HeroSearchComponent_ class
Replace the generated `HeroSearchComponent` class and metadata as follows.
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts" title="src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts"></code-example>
Notice the declaration of `heroes$` as an `Observable`
<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts"
region="heroes-stream">
</code-example>
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You'll set it in [`ngOnInit()`](#search-pipe).
Before you do, focus on the definition of `searchTerms`.
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### The _searchTerms_ RxJS subject
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The `searchTerms` property is declared as an RxJS `Subject`.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts" region="searchTerms"></code-example>
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A `Subject` is both a source of _observable_ values and an `Observable` itself.
You can subscribe to a `Subject` as you would any `Observable`.
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You can also push values into that `Observable` by calling its `next(value)` method
as the `search()` method does.
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The `search()` method is called via an _event binding_ to the
textbox's `keystroke` event.
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.html" region="input"></code-example>
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Every time the user types in the textbox, the binding calls `search()` with the textbox value, a "search term".
The `searchTerms` becomes an `Observable` emitting a steady stream of search terms.
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{@a search-pipe}
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### Chaining RxJS operators
Passing a new search term directly to the `searchHeroes()` after every user keystroke would create an excessive amount of HTTP requests,
taxing server resources and burning through the cellular network data plan.
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Instead, the `ngOnInit()` method pipes the `searchTerms` _observable_ through a sequence of RxJS operators that reduce the number of calls to the `searchHeroes()`,
ultimately returning an _observable_ of timely hero search results (each a `Hero[]`).
Here's the code.
<code-example
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts"
region="search">
</code-example>
* `debounceTime(300)` waits until the flow of new string events pauses for 300 milliseconds
before passing along the latest string. You'll never make requests more frequently than 300ms.
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* `distinctUntilChanged` ensures that a request is sent only if the filter text changed.
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* `switchMap()` calls the search service for each search term that makes it through `debounce` and `distinctUntilChanged`.
It cancels and discards previous search observables, returning only the latest search service observable.
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<div class="l-sub-section">
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With the [switchMap operator](http://www.learnrxjs.io/operators/transformation/switchmap.html),
every qualifying key event can trigger an `HttpClient.get()` method call.
Even with a 300ms pause between requests, you could have multiple HTTP requests in flight
and they may not return in the order sent.
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`switchMap()` preserves the original request order while returning only the observable from the most recent HTTP method call.
Results from prior calls are canceled and discarded.
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Note that _canceling_ a previous `searchHeroes()` _Observable_
doesn't actually abort a pending HTTP request.
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Unwanted results are simply discarded before they reach your application code.
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</div>
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Remember that the component _class_ does not subscribe to the `heroes$` _observable_.
That's the job of the [`AsyncPipe`](#asyncpipe) in the template.
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#### Try it
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Run the app again. In the *Dashboard*, enter some text in the search box.
If you enter characters that match any existing hero names, you'll see something like this.
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<figure>
<img src='generated/images/guide/toh/toh-hero-search.png' alt="Hero Search Component">
</figure>
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## Final code review
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Your app should look like this <live-example></live-example>.
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Here are the code files discussed on this page (all in the `src/app/` folder).
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{@a heroservice}
{@a inmemorydataservice}
{@a appmodule}
#### _HeroService_, _InMemoryDataService_, _AppModule_
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<code-tabs>
<code-pane
title="hero.service.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="in-memory-data.service.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="app.module.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts">
</code-pane>
</code-tabs>
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{@a heroescomponent}
#### _HeroesComponent_
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<code-tabs>
<code-pane
title="heroes/heroes.component.html"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.html">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="heroes/heroes.component.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="heroes/heroes.component.css"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes/heroes.component.css">
</code-pane>
</code-tabs>
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{@a herodetailcomponent}
#### _HeroDetailComponent_
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<code-tabs>
<code-pane
title="hero-detail/hero-detail.component.html"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.html">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts">
</code-pane>
</code-tabs>
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{@a herosearchcomponent}
#### _HeroSearchComponent_
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<code-tabs>
<code-pane
title="hero-search/hero-search.component.html"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.html">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="hero-search/hero-search.component.ts"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.ts">
</code-pane>
<code-pane
title="hero-search/hero-search.component.css"
path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search/hero-search.component.css">
</code-pane>
</code-tabs>
## Summary
You're at the end of your journey, and you've accomplished a lot.
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* You added the necessary dependencies to use HTTP in the app.
* You refactored `HeroService` to load heroes from a web API.
* You extended `HeroService` to support `post()`, `put()`, and `delete()` methods.
* You updated the components to allow adding, editing, and deleting of heroes.
* You configured an in-memory web API.
* You learned how to use Observables.
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This concludes the "Tour of Heroes" tutorial.
You're ready to learn more about Angular development in the fundamentals section,
starting with the [Architecture](guide/architecture "Architecture") guide.