angular-docs-cn/public/docs/dart/latest/guide/forms.jade

include ../_util-fns

<!-- http://plnkr.co/edit/wg154K -->
:marked
  We’ve all used a form to log in, submit a help request, place an order, book a flight,
  schedule a meeting, and perform countless other data entry tasks.
  Forms are the mainstay of business applications.

  Any seasoned web developer can slap together an HTML form with all the right tags.
  It's more challenging to create a cohesive data entry experience that guides the
  user efficiently and effectively through the workflow behind the form.

  *That* takes design skills that are, to be frank, well out of scope for this chapter.

  It also takes framework support for
  **two-way data binding, change tracking, validation, and error handling**
  ... which we shall cover in this chapter on Angular forms.

  We will build a simple form from scratch, one step at a time. Along the way we'll learn:

  - How to build an Angular form with a component and template

  - The `ngModel` two-way data binding syntax for reading and writing values to input controls

  - The `ngControl` directive to track the change state and validity of form controls

  - The special CSS classes that `ngControl` adds to form controls and how to use them to provide strong visual feedback

  - How to display validation errors to users and enable/disable form controls

  - How to share information across controls with template local variables

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Template-driven forms

  Many of us will build forms by writing templates in the Angular
  template syntax
  <!-- link to ./template-syntax.html -->
  with the form-specific directives and techniques described in this chapter.

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    That's not the only way to create a form but it's the way we'll cover in this chapter.
:marked
  We can build almost any form we need with an Angular template—login forms, contact forms, pretty much any business form.
  We can lay out the controls creatively, bind them to data, specify validation rules and display validation errors,
  conditionally enable or disable specific controls, trigger built-in visual feedback, and much more.

  It will be pretty easy because Angular handles many of the repetitive, boilerplate tasks we'd
  otherwise wrestle with ourselves.

  We'll discuss and learn to build a template-driven form that looks like this:

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/hero-form-1.png" width="400px" alt="Clean Form")

:marked
  Here at the *Hero Employment Agency* we use this form to maintain personal information about the
  heroes in our stable. Every hero needs a job. It's our company mission to match the right hero with the right crisis!

  Two of the three fields on this form are required. Required fields have a green bar on the left to make them easy to spot.

  If we delete the hero name, the form displays a validation error in an attention-grabbing style:

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/hero-form-2.png" width="400px" alt="Invalid, Name Required")

:marked
  Note that the submit button is disabled, and the "required" bar to the left of the input control changed from green to red.

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    We'll customize the colors and location of the "required" bar with standard CSS.

:marked
  We'll build this form in small steps:

  1. Create the `Hero` model class.
  1. Create the component that controls the form.
  1. Create a template with the initial form layout.
  1. Add the **ngModel** directive to each form input control.
  1. Add the **ngControl** directive to each form input control.
  1. Add custom CSS to provide visual feedback.
  1. Show and hide validation error messages.
  1. Handle form submission with **ngSubmit**.
  1. Change the form's display after submission.

:marked
  ## Setup
  Create a new project folder (`angular2_forms`) and create 3 files:
  `pubspec.yaml`, `web/index.html`, and `web/main.dart`.
  (These files should be familiar from the
  [QuickStart](../quickstart.html).) Put these contents in the files:

+makeTabs('forms/dart/pubspec.yaml, forms/dart/web/index.html, forms/dart/web/main.dart', ',initial,', 'pubspec.yaml, web/index.html, web/main.dart')

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    Note the `platform_directives` entry in `pubspec.yaml`.
    It imports core directives and, more importantly for this chapter,
    **form directives**.

:marked
  So that the code can run,
  let's create a stub for the `<hero-form>` component.

  Create a new directory called `lib`.
  In it, put a file called `hero_form_component.dart`
  with the following code:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_initial.dart', null, 'lib/hero_form_component.dart')

:marked
  The app should now run, but it won't do anything interesting.
  Let's add some data.


  ## Create the Hero model class

  As users enter form data, we'll capture their changes and update an instance of a model.
  We can't lay out the form until we know what the model looks like.

  A model can be as simple as a "property bag" that holds facts about a thing of application importance.
  That describes well our `Hero` class with its three required fields (`id`, `name`, `power`)
  and one optional field (`alterEgo`).

  In the `lib` directory, add a file called `hero.dart`
  with the following code:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero.dart', 'all', 'lib/hero.dart')

:marked
  It's an anemic model with few requirements and no behavior. Perfect for our demo.

  The `alterEgo` is optional, so the constructor lets us omit it: note the
  `[]` in `[this.alterEgo]`.

  We can create a new hero like this:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero.dart', 'newhero')(format=".")

:marked

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Create a form component

  An Angular form has two parts: an HTML-based template and a code-based component to handle data and user interactions.

  We begin with the component because it states, in brief, what the Hero editor can do.

  Edit `hero_form_component.dart`, replacing all of its contents
  with the following code:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.dart', null, 'lib/hero_form_component.dart')

:marked
  There’s nothing special about this component, nothing form-specific,
  nothing to distinguish it from any component we've written before.

  Understanding this component requires only the Angular 2 concepts covered in previous chapters.

  1. The code imports a standard set of symbols from the Angular library.

  1. The `@Component` selector value of "hero-form" means we can drop this form in a parent template with a `<hero-form>` tag.

  1. The `templateUrl` property points to a separate file for template HTML called `hero_form_component.html`.

  1. We defined dummy data for `model` and `powers`, as befits a demo.
  Down the road, we can inject a data service to get and save real data
  or perhaps expose these properties as inputs and outputs
  <!--TODO: link to (./template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) --> for binding to a
  parent component. None of this concerns us now, and these future changes won't affect our form.

  1. We threw in a `diagnostic` property to return a
  string describing our model.
  It'll help us see what we're doing during our development; we've left ourselves a cleanup note to discard it later.

  Why isn't the template inline in the component file?

  Inline templates can be nice when they are short,
  but most form templates aren't short. Dart files generally aren't the best place to
  write (or read) large stretches of HTML, and few editors are much help with files that have a mix of HTML and code.
  It's also nice to have short files with a clear and obvious purpose.

  We made a good choice to put the HTML template elsewhere. Let's write it.

  <!-- NOTE: I deleted the Dart equivalent of "Revise the app.ts"
  because we started with example-specific index.html & main.dart
  files. -->



.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Create an initial HTML form template

  Create a new file under `lib` called `hero_form_component.html`,
  and put the following template code in it:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_initial.html', null, 'lib/hero_form_component.html')

:marked
  That is plain old HTML 5. We're presenting two of the `Hero` fields, `name` and `alterEgo`, and
  opening them up for user input in input boxes.

  The Name `<input>` control has the HTML5 `required` attribute;
  the Alter Ego `<input>` control does not because `alterEgo` is optional.

  We've got a Submit button at the bottom with some classes on it.

  **We are not using Angular yet**. There are no bindings. No extra directives. Just layout.


  The `container`,`form-group`, `form-control`, and `btn` classes are [Bootstrap](http://getbootstrap.com/) CSS. Purely cosmetic.
  We're using Bootstrap to gussy up our form.
  Hey, what's a form without a little style!

.callout.is-important
  header Angular forms do not require a style library
  :marked
    Angular makes no use of the `container`, `form-group`, `form-control`, and `btn` classes or
    the styles of any external library. Angular apps can use any CSS library
    ... or none at all.

:marked
  Let's add the stylesheet.

  1. Download the Bootstrap stylesheet from
  https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css,
  and put it in the `web` directory.

  2. Edit `web/index.html`, adding a link to `bootstrap.min.css`:

- var stylePattern = { otl: /(&lt;link rel.*$)/gm };
+makeExample('forms/dart/web/index.html', 'bootstrap-and-script', 'web/index.html (excerpt)', stylePattern)(format=".")

  [PENDING: runnable now? Remind about pub get? remind them to look in the browser console]


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Add powers with ***ngFor**
  Our hero must choose one super power from a fixed list of Agency-approved powers.
  We maintain that list internally (in `HeroFormComponent`).

  We'll add a `select` to our
  form and bind the options to the `powers` list using `NgFor`,
  a technique used before in [Displaying Data](./displaying-data.html).

  Add the following HTML *immediately below* the Alter Ego group.
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_ngmodel_ngfor.html', 'powers', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  This code repeats the `<option>` tag for each power in the list of powers.
  The `#p` local template variable is a different power in each iteration;
  we display its name using the interpolation syntax with the double curly braces.


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Two-way data binding with ***ngModel**
  Running the app right now would be disappointing.

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/hero-form-3.png" width="400px" alt="Early form with no binding")
:marked
  We don't see hero data because we are not binding to the `Hero` yet.
  We know how to do that from earlier chapters.
  [Displaying Data](./displaying-data.html) taught us property binding.
  [User Input](./user-input.html) showed us how to listen for DOM events with an
  event binding and how to update a component property with the displayed value.

  Now we need to display, listen, and extract at the same time.

  We could use the techniques we already know, but
  instead we'll introduce something new: the `NgModel` directive, which
  makes binding the form to the model super easy.

  Find the `<input>` tag for Name and update it like this:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_ngmodel_ngfor.html', 'ngModel-1', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    We added a diagnostic interpolation after the input tag
    so we can see what we're doing.
    We left ourselves a note to throw it way when we're done.

:marked
  Focus on the binding syntax: `[(ngModel)]="..."`.

  If we ran the app right now and started typing in the Name input box,
  adding and deleting characters, we'd see them appearing and disappearing
  from the interpolated text.
  At some point it might look like this.
figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/ng-model-in-action.png" width="400px" alt="ngModel in action")
:marked
  The diagnostic is evidence that values really are flowing from the input box to the model and
  back again. **That's two-way data binding!**

  Let's add similar `[(ngModel)]` bindings to Alter Ego and Hero Power.
  We'll ditch the input box binding message
  and add a new binding at the top to the component's `diagnostic` property.
  Then we can confirm that two-way data binding works *for the entire Hero model*.

  After revision, the core of the form should have three `[(ngModel)]` bindings that
  look much like this:

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_ngmodel2.html', 'ngModel-2', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  If we ran the app right now and changed every Hero model property, the form might look like this:
figure.image-display
  img(src="images/ng-model-in-action-2.png" width="500px" alt="ngModel in super action")
:marked
  The diagnostic near the top of the form
  confirms that our changes to the values are reflected in the model.

  **Delete the diagnostic binding.** It has served its purpose.


.l-sub-section
  h3 Inside [(ngModel)]
  :marked
    *This section is an optional deep dive into [(ngModel)]. Not interested? Skip ahead!*

    The punctuation in the binding syntax, <span style="font-family:courier"><b>[()]</b></span>, is a good clue to what's going on.

    A property binding makes data flow from the model to a target property on screen.
    We identify that target property by surrounding its name in brackets, <span style="font-family:courier"><b>[]</b></span>.
    This is a one-way data binding **from the model to the view**.

    An event binding makes data flow from the target property onscreen to the model.
    We identify that target property by surrounding its name in parentheses, <span style="font-family:courier"><b>()</b></span>.
    This is a one-way data binding in the opposite direction **from the view to the model**.

    No wonder Angular uses the combined punctuation, <span style="font-family:courier"><b>[()]</b></span>,
    to signify a two-way data binding and a **flow of data in both directions**.

    In fact, we can break the `NgModel` binding into its two separate modes
    as in this rewrite of the Name `<input>` binding:
  +makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_ngmodelchange.html', 'ngModel-3', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

  :marked
    <br>The property binding should feel familiar. The event binding might seem strange.

    The name `ngModelChange` specifies an event property of the `NgModel` directive.
    When Angular sees a binding target in the form <span style="font-family:courier">[(x)]</span>,
    it expects the `x` directive to have an `x` input property and an `xChange` output property.

    The other oddity is the template expression, `model.name = $event`.
    We're used to seeing an `$event` object coming from a DOM event.
    The `ngModelChange` property doesn't produce a DOM event; it's an Angular `EventEmitter`
    property that returns the input box value when it fires—which is precisely what
    we should assign to the model's `name` property.

    Nice to know but is it practical? `[(ngModel)]` is usually what we want, but
    we might split the binding when the event handling has to do something special
    such as debounce or throttle the keystrokes.

    <!-- TODO: Add the following once template-syntax.html exists.
    Learn more about `NgModel` and other template syntax in the
    [Template Syntax](./template-syntax.html) chapter.
    -->


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Track change-state and validity with **ngControl**

  A form isn't just about data binding. We'd also like to know the state of the controls on our form.
  The `NgControl` directive keeps track of control state for us.

.callout.is-helpful
  header NgControl requires Form
  :marked
    The `NgControl` is one of a family of `NgForm` directives that can only be applied to
    a control within a `<form`> tag.
:marked
  Our application can ask an `NgControl` instance whether
  the user touched the control, the value changed, or the value is valid.

  `NgControl` doesn't just track state; it updates the control with special
  Angular CSS classes, such as `ng-valid` or `ng-invalid`.
  We can use those class names to change the appearance of the
  control and make messages appear or disappear.

  We'll explore those effects soon. Right now
  let's **add `ngControl`to all three form controls**,
  starting with the Name input box.
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_ngcontrol.html', 'ngControl-1', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")
:marked
  Be sure to assign a unique name to each `ngControl` directive.

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    Angular registers controls under their `ngControl` names
    with the `NgForm` directive.
    We didn't add the `NgForm` directive explicitly but it's here;
    we'll talk about it [later in this chapter](#ng-form).


.l-main-section
  h2 Add custom CSS for visual feedback

  p.
    <code>NgControl</code> doesn't just track state. It updates the control to
    have three classes that describe the control's state.

  table
    tr
      th State
      th Class if true
      th Class if false
    tr
      td Control has been visited
      td <code>ng-touched</code>
      td <code>ng-untouched</code>
    tr
      td Control's value has changed
      td <code>ng-dirty</code>
      td <code>ng-pristine</code>
    tr
      td Control's value is valid
      td <code>ng-valid</code>
      td <code>ng-invalid</code>

:marked
  Let's add a temporary local template variable
  <!-- TODO: make that a link to (./template-syntax.html#local-vars) -->
  named **spy**
  to the Name `<input>` tag and use the spy to display those classes.

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component_spy.html', 'ngControl-2', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  Now run the app, and look at the Name input box.
  Follow the next four steps *precisely*:

  1. Look but don't touch.
  1. Click inside the name box, then click outside it.
  1. Add slashes to the end of the name.
  1. Erase the name.

  The classes are displayed as follows:

  1. `form-control ng-untouched ng-valid ng-pristine` (initial state)
  1. `form-control ng-valid ng-pristine ng-touched` (after clicking)
  1. `form-control ng-valid ng-touched ng-dirty` (after changing)
  1. `form-control ng-touched ng-dirty ng-invalid` (after erasing)

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/control-state-transitions-anim.gif"  alt="Control State Transition")

:marked
  The (`ng-valid` | `ng-invalid`) pair are the most interesting to us, because we want to send a
  strong visual signal when the values are bad. We also want to mark required fields.

  We can do both at the same time with a colored bar on the left of the input box:

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/validity-required-indicator.png" width="400px" alt="Invalid Form")

:marked
  We achieve this effect by adding two styles to a new `forms.css` file
  (under `web/`).

+makeExample('forms/dart/web/forms.css', null, 'web/forms.css')
:marked
  These styles select for the two Angular validity classes and the HTML 5 "required" attribute.

  To add the styles to the app,
  update the `<head>` of `index.html` to link to `forms.css`.
- var stylePattern = { otl: /(.*forms.css.*$)/gm };
+makeExample('forms/dart/web/index.html', 'styles', 'web/index.html (excerpt)', stylePattern)(format=".")


:marked
  ## Show and hide validation error messages

  We can do better.

  The Name input box is required. Clearing it turns the bar red. That says *something* is wrong but we
  don't know *what* is wrong or what to do about it.
  We can leverage the `ng-invalid` class to reveal a helpful message.

  Here's the way it should look when the user deletes the name:
figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/forms/name-required-error.png" width="400px" alt="Name required")

:marked
  To achieve this effect we need to add two chunks of code:
  1. A local template variable in the `<input>` tag.
     <!-- TODO: link to (./template-syntax.html#local-vars)-->
  1. The "*is required*" message in a nearby `<div>`.
     We'll display this message only if the control is invalid.

  Here's an example of adding an error message to the "name" input box:
- var stylePattern = { otl: /(#name=&quot;form&quot;)|(.*div.*$)|(Name is required)/gm };
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html', 'name-with-error-msg', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)', stylePattern)(format=".")

:marked
  We initialized the template local variable with the string "ngForm"
  (`#name="ngForm"`).

  Angular recognizes that syntax and sets the `name` variable
  to the `Control` object identified by the `ngControl` directive that,
  not coincidentally, we called "name".

  We bind the `Control` object's `valid` property to the element's `hidden` property.
  While the control is valid, the message is hidden;
  if it becomes invalid, the message is revealed.
<a id="ng-form"></a>
.l-sub-section
  h3 The NgForm directive

  :marked
    Recall from the previous section that `ngControl` registered this input box with the
    `NgForm` directive as "name".

    We didn't add the `NgForm`<!-- TODO: link to (../api/core/NgForm-class.html) --> directive explicitly.
    Angular added it surreptitiously, wrapping it around the `<form>` element.

    The `NgForm` directive  supplements the `<form>` element with additional features.
    It collects controls (elements identified by an `ngControl` directive)
    and monitors their properties including their validity.
    It has its own `valid` property, which is true only if every contained
    control is valid.

    In this example, we are pulling the "name" control out of its `controls` collection
    and assigning it to a template local variable so that we can
    access the control's properties—such as the control's own `valid` property.
:marked
  The Alter Ego is optional so we can leave that be.

  Hero Power selection is required.
  We can add the same kind of error handling to the `<select>` if we  want,
  but it's not imperative because the selection box already constrains the
  power to valid values.


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Submit the form with **ngSubmit**
  The user should be able to submit this form after filling it in.
  The Submit button at the bottom of the form
  does nothing on its own, but it will
  trigger a form submit because of its type (`type="submit"`).

  A "form submit" is meaningless at the moment. To make it meaningful,
  we'll update the `<form>` tag with another Angular directive, `NgSubmit`,
  and bind it to the `HeroFormComponent.onSubmit()` method:
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html', 'ngSubmit', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  We slipped in something extra there at the end!  We defined a
  template local variable, **`#heroForm`**, and initialized it with the value "ngForm".

  The variable `heroForm` is now a handle to the `NgForm` as we [discussed earlier](#ng-form)
  with respect to `ngControl`, although this time we have a reference to the form
  rather than a control.

  We'll bind the form's overall validity via
  the `heroForm` variable to the button's `disabled` property
  using an event binding. Here's the code:
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html', 'submit-button', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")
:marked
  If we run the application now, we find that the button is enabled.
  It doesn't do anything useful yet but it's alive.

  Now if we delete the Name, we violate the "required" rule, which
  is duly noted in the error message.
  The Submit button is also disabled.

  Not impressed?  Think about it for a moment. What would we have to do to
  wire the button's enable/disabled state to the form's validity without Angular's help?

  For us, it was as simple as:
  1. Define a template local variable on the (enhanced) form element.
  2. Refer to that variable in a button many lines away.


.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Toggle two form regions (extra credit)
  Submitting the form isn't terribly dramatic at the moment.
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    An unsurprising observation for a demo. To be honest,
    jazzing it up won't teach us anything new about forms.
    But this is an opportunity to exercise some of our newly won
    binding skills.
    If you aren't interested, go ahead and skip to this chapter's conclusion.
:marked
  Let's do something more strikingly visual.
  Let's hide the data entry area and display something else.

  Start by wrapping the form in a `<div>` and binding
  its `hidden` property to the `HeroFormComponent.submitted` property.

+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html', 'edit-div', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  The main form is visible from the start because the
  `submitted` property is false until we submit the form,
  as the following code from `hero_form_component.dart` shows:
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.dart', 'submitted')(format=".")

:marked
  When we click the Submit button, the `submitted` flag becomes true and the form disappears
  as planned.

  Now the app needs to show something else while the form is in the submitted state.
  Add the following block of HTML below the `<div>` wrapper we just wrote:
+makeExample('forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html', 'submitted', 'lib/hero_form_component.html (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  There's our hero again, displayed read-only with interpolation bindings.
  This slug of HTML appears only while the component is in the submitted state.

  The HTML includes an Edit button whose click event is bound to an expression
  that clears the `submitted` flag.

  When we click the Edit button, this block disappears and the editable form reappears.

  That's as much drama as we can muster for now.

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Conclusion

  The Angular 2 form discussed in this chapter takes advantage of the following framework features to provide support for data modification, validation, and more:

  - An Angular HTML form template.
  - A form component class with a `Component` decorator.
  - The `ngSubmit` directive for handling the form submission.
  - Template local variables such as `#heroForm`, `#name`, `#p`, and `#spy`.
  - The `ngModel` directive for two-way data binding.
  - The `ngControl` directive for validation and form element change tracking.
  - The local variable’s `valid` property on input controls to check if a control is valid and show/hide error messages.
  - Property binding to disable the submit button when the form is invalid.
  - Custom CSS classes that provide visual feedback to users about required invalid controls.

  Here’s the code for the final version of the application:

+makeTabs(
  `forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.dart,
   forms/dart/lib/hero_form_component.html,
   forms/dart/lib/hero.dart,
   forms/dart/pubspec.yaml,
   forms/dart/web/index.html,
   forms/dart/web/main.dart,
   forms/dart/web/forms.css`,
  'no-todo,,all,,,,',
  `lib/hero_form_component.dart,
   lib/hero_form_component.html,
   lib/hero.dart,
   pubspec.yaml,
   web/index.html,
   web/main.dart,
   web/forms.css`)