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a#aot
:marked
## Ahead of Time (AOT) Compilation
## Ahead-of-time (AoT) compilation
.l-sub-section
:marked
You can compile Angular applications at build-time.
By compiling your application using the compiler-cli, `ngc`, you can bootstrap directly
to a Module Factory, meaning you don't need to include the Angular compiler in your Javascript bundle.
Ahead of Time compiled applications also benefit from decreased load time and increased performance.
to a module factory, meaning you don't need to include the Angular compiler in your JavaScript bundle.
Ahead-of-time compiled applications also benefit from decreased load time and increased performance.
:marked
## Angular Module
## Angular module
.l-sub-section
:marked
Helps us organize an application into cohesive blocks of functionality.
An Angular module identifies the components, directives, and pipes that the application uses
along with the list of external Angular modules that the application needs, such as `FormsModule`.
Helps you organize an application into cohesive blocks of functionality.
An Angular module identifies the components, directives, and pipes that the application uses along with the list of external Angular modules that the application needs, such as `FormsModule`.
Every Angular application has an application root module class. By convention, the class is
called `AppModule` and resides in a file named `app.component.ts`.
@ -58,14 +57,14 @@ block includes
In practice, a synonym for [Decoration](#decorator).
:marked
## Attribute Directive
## Attribute directive
.l-sub-section
:marked
A category of [Directive](#directive) that can listen to and modify the behavior of
A category of [directive](#directive) that can listen to and modify the behavior of
other HTML elements, attributes, properties, and components. They are usually represented
as HTML attributes, hence the name.
A good example of an Attribute Directive is the `ngClass` directive for adding and removing CSS class names.
A good example of an attribute directive is the `ngClass` directive for adding and removing CSS class names.
.l-main-section#B
@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ block includes
export * from './hero.service.ts'; // re-export all of its exports
export { HeroComponent } from './hero.component.ts'; // re-export the named thing
:marked
Now a consumer can import what they need from the barrel.
Now a consumer can import what it needs from the barrel.
code-example.
import { Hero, HeroService } from '../heroes'; // index is implied
:marked
@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ block includes
Almost always refers to [Data Binding](#data-binding) and the act of
binding an HTML object property to a data object property.
May refer to a [Dependency Injection](#dependency-injection) binding
May refer to a [dependency injection](#dependency-injection) binding
between a "token", also referred to as a "key", and a dependency [provider](#provider).
This more rare usage should be clear in context.
@ -130,9 +129,7 @@ block includes
.l-sub-section
block bootstrap-defn-top
:marked
You launch an Angular application by "bootstrapping" it using the application root Angular module (`AppModule`).
Bootstrapping identifies an application's top level "root" [Component](#component), which is the first
component that is loaded for the application. For more information, see [QuickStart](!{docsLatest}/quickstart.html).
You launch an Angular application by "bootstrapping" it using the application root Angular module (`AppModule`). Bootstrapping identifies an application's top level "root" [component](#component), which is the first component that is loaded for the application. For more information, see [QuickStart](!{docsLatest}/quickstart.html).
:marked
You can bootstrap multiple apps in the same `index.html`, each with its own top level root.
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.l-sub-section
:marked
The practice of writing compound words or phrases such that each word or abbreviation begins with a capital letter
_except the first letter which is lowercase_.
_except the first letter, which is lowercase_.
Function, property, and method names are typically spelled in camelCase. Examples include: `square`, `firstName` and `getHeroes`. Notice that `square` is an example of how you write a single word in camelCase.
This form is also known as **lower camel case**, to distinguish it from **upper camel case** which is [PascalCase](#pascalcase).
This form is also known as **lower camel case**, to distinguish it from **upper camel case**, which is [PascalCase](#pascalcase).
When you see "camelCase" in this documentation it always means *lower camel case*.
:marked
## Component
.l-sub-section
:marked
An Angular class responsible for exposing data
to a [View](#view) and handling most of the view’s display
and user-interaction logic.
An Angular class responsible for exposing data to a [view](#view) and handling most of the view’s display and user-interaction logic.
The *Component* is one of the most important building blocks in the Angular system.
It is, in fact, an Angular [Directive](#directive) with a companion [Template](#template).
The *component* is one of the most important building blocks in the Angular system.
It is, in fact, an Angular [directive](#directive) with a companion [template](#template).
You apply the `!{_at}Component` !{_decoratorLink} to
the component class, thereby attaching to the class the essential component metadata
@ -166,7 +161,7 @@ block includes
as a view.
Those familiar with "MVC" and "MVVM" patterns will recognize
the Component in the role of "Controller" or "View Model".
the component in the role of "controller" or "view model".
.l-main-section#D
:marked
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spelled in dash-case.
:marked
## Data Binding
## Data binding
.l-sub-section
:marked
Applications display data values to a user and respond to user
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Angular has a rich data binding framework with a variety of data binding
operations and supporting declaration syntax.
The many forms of binding include:
Read about the forms of binding in the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#data-binding) page:
* [Interpolation](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#interpolation).
* [Property Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#property-binding).
* [Event Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#event-binding).
* [Attribute Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#attribute-binding).
* [Class Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#class-binding).
* [Style Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#style-binding).
* [Two-way data binding with ngModel](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#ng-model).
* [Property binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#property-binding).
* [Event binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#event-binding).
* [Attribute binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#attribute-binding).
* [Class binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#class-binding).
* [Style binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#style-binding).
* [Two-way data binding with ngModel](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#ngModel).
Read more about data binding in the
[Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#data-binding) chapter.
+ifDocsFor('ts|dart')
a#decorator
a#decoration
:marked
## Decorator | Decoration
## Decorator | decoration
.l-sub-section
block decorator-defn
:marked
A Decorator is a **function** that adds metadata to a class, its members (properties, methods) and function arguments.
A decorator is a **function** that adds metadata to a class, its members (properties, methods) and function arguments.
Decorators are a JavaScript language [feature](https://github.com/wycats/javascript-decorators), implemented in TypeScript and proposed for ES2016 (AKA ES7).
@ -223,7 +216,7 @@ block includes
Angular has its own set of decorators to help it interoperate with your application parts.
Here is an example of a `@Component` decorator that identifies a
class as an Angular [Component](#component) and an `@Input` decorator applied to the `name` property
class as an Angular [component](#component) and an `@Input` decorator applied to the `name` property
of that component. The elided object argument to the `@Component` decorator would contain the pertinent component metadata.
```
@Component({...})
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Always include parentheses `()` when applying a decorator.
:marked
## Dependency Injection
## Dependency injection
.l-sub-section
:marked
Dependency Injection is both a design pattern and a mechanism
Dependency injection is both a design pattern and a mechanism
for creating and delivering parts of an application to other
parts of an application that request them.
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part "A" relies on another part "B", you say that "A" depends on "B" and
that "B" is a dependency of "A".
You can ask a "Dependency Injection System" to create "A"
You can ask a "dependency injection system" to create "A"
for us and handle all the dependencies.
If "A" needs "B" and "B" needs "C", the system resolves that chain of dependencies
and returns a fully prepared instance of "A".
Angular provides and relies upon its own sophisticated
[Dependency Injection](dependency-injection.html) system
[dependency injection](dependency-injection.html) system
to assemble and run applications by "injecting" application parts
into other application parts where and when needed.
At the core there is an [`Injector`](#injector) that returns dependency values on request.
At the core there is an [`injector`](#injector) that returns dependency values on request.
The expression `injector.get(token)` returns the value associated with the given token.
A token is an Angular type (`OpaqueToken`). You rarely deal with tokens directly; most
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to a token. When you write `injector.get(Foo)`, the injector returns
the value associated with the token for the `Foo` class, typically an instance of `Foo` itself.
During many of its operations, Angular makes similar requests internally, such as when it creates a [`Component`](#component) for display.
During many of its operations, Angular makes similar requests internally, such as when it creates a [`component`](#component) for display.
The `Injector` maintains an internal map of tokens to dependency values.
If the `Injector` can't find a value for a given token, it creates
a new value using a `Provider` for that token.
A [Provider](#provider) is a recipe for
A [provider](#provider) is a recipe for
creating new instances of a dependency value associated with a particular token.
An injector can only create a value for a given token if it has
a `Provider` for that token in its internal provider registry.
a `provider` for that token in its internal provider registry.
Registering providers is a critical preparatory step.
Angular registers some of its own providers with every injector.
We can register our own providers.
Learn more in the [Dependency Injection](!{docsLatest}/guide/dependency-injection.html) page.
Read more in the [Dependency Injection](!{docsLatest}/guide/dependency-injection.html) page.
:marked
## Directive
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it creates the matching directive class instance
and gives the instance control over that portion of the browser DOM.
You can invent custom HTML markup (e.g., `<my-directive>`) to
You can invent custom HTML markup (for example, `<my-directive>`) to
associate with your custom directives. You add this custom markup to HTML templates
as if you were writing native HTML. In this way, directives become extensions of
HTML itself.
@ -316,11 +309,11 @@ block includes
They are the building blocks of an Angular application and the
developer can expect to write a lot of them.
1. [Attribute Directives](#attribute-directive) that can listen to and modify the behavior of
1. [Attribute directives](#attribute-directive) that can listen to and modify the behavior of
other HTML elements, attributes, properties, and components. They are usually represented
as HTML attributes, hence the name.
1. [Structural Directives](#structural-directive), a directive responsible for
1. [Structural directives](#structural-directive), a directive responsible for
shaping or reshaping HTML layout, typically by adding, removing, or manipulating
elements and their children.
@ -336,7 +329,7 @@ block includes
[ECMAScript 2016](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/)
(AKA "ES2016" or "ES7") and many Angular 2 developers write their applications
either in this version of the language or a dialect that strives to be
compatible with it, such as [TypeScript](#typesScript).
compatible with it, such as [TypeScript](#typescript).
Most modern browsers today only support the much older "ECMAScript 5" (AKA ES5) standard.
Applications written in ES2016, ES2015 or one of their dialects must be "[transpiled](#transpile)"
@ -378,17 +371,17 @@ a#H
.l-sub-section
:marked
A directive property that can be the ***target*** of a
[Property Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#property-binding).
[property binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#property-binding) (explained in detail in the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html) page).
Data values flow *into* this property from the data source identified
in the template expression to the right of the equal sign.
See the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) page.
See the [Input and output properties](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) section of the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html) page.
:marked
## Interpolation
.l-sub-section
:marked
A form of [Property Data Binding](#data-binding) in which a
A form of [property data binding](#data-binding) in which a
[template expression](#template-expression) between double-curly braces
renders as text. That text may be concatenated with neighboring text
before it is assigned to an element property
@ -398,20 +391,20 @@ a#H
<label>My current hero is {{hero.name}}</label>
:marked
Read more about interpolation in the
[Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#interpolation) page.
Read more about [interpolation](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#interpolation) in the
[Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html) page.
.l-main-section#J
+ifDocsFor('ts')
a#jit
:marked
## Just in Time (JIT) Compilation
## Just-in-time (JiT) compilation
.l-sub-section
:marked
With Angular _Just in Time_ bootstrapping you compile your components and modules in the browser
With Angular _just-in-time_ bootstrapping you compile your components and modules in the browser
and launch the application dynamically. This is a good choice during development.
Consider using the [Ahead of Time](#aot) mode for production apps.
Consider using the [ahead-of-time](#aot) mode for production apps.
.l-main-section#K
:marked
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.l-main-section#L
:marked
## Lifecycle Hooks
## Lifecycle hooks
.l-sub-section
:marked
[Directives](#directive) and [Components](#component) have a lifecycle
[Directives](#directive) and [components](#component) have a lifecycle
managed by Angular as it creates, updates, and destroys them.
You can tap into key moments in that lifecycle by implementing
one or more of the "Lifecycle Hook" interfaces.
one or more of the lifecycle hook interfaces.
Each interface has a single hook method whose name is the interface name prefixed with `ng`.
For example, the `OnInit` interface has a hook method named `ngOnInit`.
@ -456,7 +449,7 @@ a#H
:marked
In Angular, there are two types of modules:
- [Angular modules](#angular-module).
For details and examples, see the [Angular Module](!{docsLatest}/guide/ngmodule.html) page.
For details and examples, see the [Angular Modules](!{docsLatest}/guide/ngmodule.html) page.
- ES2015 modules, as described in this section.
:marked
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## Output
.l-sub-section
:marked
A directive property that can be the ***target*** of an
[Event Binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#property-binding).
A directive property that can be the ***target*** of
[event binding](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#event-binding).
Events stream *out* of this property to the receiver identified
in the template expression to the right of the equal sign.
See the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) page.
See the [Input and output properties](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) section of the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html) page.
.l-main-section#P
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:marked
The practice of writing individual words, compound words, or phrases such that each word or abbreviation begins with a capital letter. Class names are typically spelled in PascalCase. Examples include: `Person` and `HeroDetailComponent`.
This form is also known as **upper camel case** to distinguish it from **lower camel case** which we simply call [camelCase](#camelcase).
In this documentation, "PascalCase" means *upper camel case* and "camelCase" means *lower camel case*.
This form is also known as **upper camel case** to distinguish it from **lower camel case**, which is simply called [camelCase](#camelcase). In this documentation, "PascalCase" means *upper camel case* and "camelCase" means *lower camel case*.
:marked
## Pipe
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## Provider
.l-sub-section
:marked
A [Provider](!{_ProviderUrl}) creates a new instance of a dependency for the
[Dependency Injection](#dependency-injection) system.
A [provider](!{_ProviderUrl}) creates a new instance of a dependency for the
[dependency injection](#dependency-injection) system.
It relates a lookup token to code&mdash;sometimes called a "recipe"&mdash;that can create a dependency value.
a#Q
@ -552,7 +544,7 @@ a#Q
+ifDocsFor('ts|js')
:marked
## Reactive Forms
## Reactive forms
.l-sub-section
:marked
A technique for building Angular forms through code in a component.
@ -575,7 +567,7 @@ a#Q
and performing other similar actions that cause the application to
replace one view with another.
The Angular [Component Router](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) is a richly featured mechanism for configuring and managing the entire view navigation process including the creation and destruction
The Angular [component router](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) is a richly featured mechanism for configuring and managing the entire view navigation process including the creation and destruction
of views.
+ifDocsFor('ts|js')
:marked
@ -588,31 +580,31 @@ a#Q
Other views in the application likely have anchor tags or buttons with `RouterLink`
directives that users can click to navigate.
For more information, see the [Component Router](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
For more information, see the [Routing & Navigation](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
+ifDocsFor('ts|js')
:marked
## RouterModule
## Router module
.l-sub-section
:marked
A separate [Angular module](#angular-module) that provides the necessary service providers and directives for navigating through application views.
For more information, see the [Component Router](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
For more information, see the [Routing & Navigation](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
:marked
## Routing Component
## Routing component
.l-sub-section
block routing-component-defn
:marked
An Angular [Component](#component) with a RouterOutlet that displays views based on router navigations.
An Angular [component](#component) with a RouterOutlet that displays views based on router navigations.
For more information, see the [Component Router](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
For more information, see the [Routing & Navigation](!{docsLatest}/guide/router.html) page.
.l-main-section#S
+ifDocsFor('ts|js')
:marked
## Scoped Package
## Scoped package
.l-sub-section
:marked
Angular modules are delivered within *scoped packages* such as `@angular/core`, `@angular/common`, `@angular/platform-browser-dynamic`,
@ -650,13 +642,13 @@ a#snake-case
independent from any specific view,
provide shared data or logic across components, or encapsulate external interactions.
For more information, see the [Services](!{docsLatest}/tutorial/toh-pt4.html) page.
For more information, see the [Services](!{docsLatest}/tutorial/toh-pt4.html) page of the [Tour of Heroes](!{docsLatest}/tutorial/) tutorial.
:marked
## Structural Directive
## Structural directive
.l-sub-section
:marked
A category of [Directive](#directive) that can
A category of [directive](#directive) that can
shape or reshape HTML layout, typically by adding, removing, or manipulating
elements and their children; for example, the `ngIf` "conditional element" directive and the `ngFor` "repeater" directive.
@ -668,13 +660,13 @@ a#snake-case
.l-sub-section
:marked
A template is a chunk of HTML that Angular uses to render a [view](#view) with
the support and continuing guidance of an Angular [Directive](#directive),
most notably a [Component](#component).
the support and continuing guidance of an Angular [directive](#directive),
most notably a [component](#component).
+ifDocsFor('ts|js')
:marked
## Template-Driven Forms
## Template-driven forms
.l-sub-section
:marked
A technique for building Angular forms using HTML forms and input elements in the view.
@ -683,20 +675,20 @@ a#snake-case
When building template-driven forms:
- The "source of truth" is the template. The validation is defined using attributes on the individual input elements.
- [Two-way binding](#data-binding) with `ngModel` keeps the component model in synchronization with the user's entry into the input elements.
- Behind the scenes, Angular creates a new control for each input element, provided you have set up a `name` attribute and two-way binding for each input.
- Behind the scenes, Angular creates a new control for each input element, provided you have set up a `name` attribute and two-way binding for each input.
- The associated Angular directives are all prefixed with `ng` such as `ngForm`, `ngModel`, and `ngModelGroup`.
Template-driven forms are convenient, quick, and simple. They are a good choice for many basic data entry form scenarios.
Learn how to build template-driven forms
in the [Forms](!{docsLatest}/guide/forms.html) chapter.
Read about how to build template-driven forms
in the [Forms](!{docsLatest}/guide/forms.html) page.
:marked
## Template Expression
## Template expression
.l-sub-section
:marked
An expression is a !{_Lang}-like syntax that Angular evaluates within
a [data binding](#data-binding).
a [data binding](#data-binding).
Read about how to write template expressions
in the [Template Syntax](!{docsLatest}/guide/template-syntax.html#template-expressions) page.
@ -713,7 +705,7 @@ a#snake-case
.l-sub-section
:marked
A version of JavaScript that supports most [ECMAScript 2015](#ecmascript=2015)
language features such as [Decorators](#decorator).
language features such as [decorators](#decorator).
TypeScript is also noteable for its optional typing system, which gives
us compile-time type checking and strong tooling support (for example, "intellisense",
@ -723,7 +715,7 @@ a#snake-case
TypeScript is the preferred language for Angular 2 development although
you can use other JavaScript dialects such as [ES5](#es5).
Read more about TypeScript on its [website](http://www.typescriptlang.org/).
Read more about TypeScript at [typescript.org](http://www.typescriptlang.org/).
a#U
.l-main-section#V
@ -735,9 +727,9 @@ a#U
A view is a portion of the screen that displays information and responds
to user actions such as clicks, mouse moves, and keystrokes.
Angular renders a view under the control of one or more [Directives](#directive),
especially [Component](#component) directives and their companion [Templates](#template).
The Component plays such a prominent role that it's often
Angular renders a view under the control of one or more [directives](#directive),
especially [component](#component) directives and their companion [templates](#template).
The component plays such a prominent role that it's often
convenient to refer to a component as a view.
Views often contain other views and any view might be loaded and unloaded