开发指南-npm包 初译完毕
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Zhicheng Wang
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:marked
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Angular applications and Angular itself depend upon features and functionality provided by a variety of third-party packages (including Angular itself).
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These packages are maintained and installed with the Node Package Manager (<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/" target="_blank">npm</a>).
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Angular应用以及Angular本身都依赖于由很多第三方包（包括Angular自己）提供的特性和功能。
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这些包由Node包管理器(<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/" target="_blank">npm</a>)负责安装和维护。
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.l-sub-section
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:marked
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Node.js and npm are essential to Angular 2 development.
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Node.js和npm是做Angular 2开发的基础。
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<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node" target="_blank" title="Installing Node.js and updating npm">
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Get it now</a> if it's not already installed on your machine
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如果你的电脑上还没有装过，请
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<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node" target="_blank" title="Installing Node.js and updating npm">
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立即获取它</a>！
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**Verify that you are running node `v5.x.x` and npm `3.x.x`**
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by running `node -v` and `npm -v` in a terminal/console window.
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Older and newer versions produce errors.
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通过在终端/控制台窗口中运行`node -v`和`npm -v`命令，来**验证下你是否正在使用node `v5.x.x`和npm `3.x.x`**。
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过老或过新的版本都有可能出现问题。
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We recommend [nvm](https://github.com/creationix/nvm) for managing multiple versions of node and npm.
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我们建议使用[nvm](https://github.com/creationix/nvm)来管理node和npm的多个版本。
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:marked
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We recommend a comprehensive starter-set of packages as specified in the `dependencies` and `devDependencies`
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sections of the QuickStart
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<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json" target="_blank">package.json</a> file:
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我们在“快速起步”一章中<a href="https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json" target="_blank">package.json</a>文件的
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`dependencies`和`devDependencies`区中指定了一组适用于新手儿的综合依赖包。
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+makeJson('quickstart/ts/package.1.json',{ paths: 'dependencies, devDependencies'}, 'package.json (dependencies)')(format=".")
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:marked
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There are other possible package choices and you're likely to add and subtract to meet your application needs.
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We're recommending *this particular set* because (a) we know they work well together and
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(b) they include everything we'll need to build and run the sample applications in this documentation series.
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还有很多其他包可供选择，你可以根据自己的喜好进行增减，让它们更适合你的应用程序。
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我们建议使用*这一组*是因为：(a) 我们知道它们可以很好的协同工作；(b) 它们包含了我们在个系列文档中构建和运行范例应用时所需的一切。
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.l-sub-section
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:marked
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*Almost* everything. A cookbook or guide chapter may require an additional library such as *jQuery*.
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**几乎**一切。烹饪宝典或开发指南中的章节可能需要额外的库，比如*jQuery*。
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:marked
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This is far more than we need for QuickStart.
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Indeed, it's more than we need for most applications.
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There is no harm in installing more than we need.
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We only serve to the client those packages that the application actually requests.
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它们远远超过了我们将在“快速起步”中用到的。
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实际上，它比我们在大多数应用中需要的还多。
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安装的包比我们实际需要的包多，其实并没有什么坏处。
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我们最终只会往客户端发送程序中实际用到的那些包。
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In this chapter we explain what each package does and why we include it.
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Feel free to make substitutions later to suit your tastes and experience.
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在本章中，我们会解释每一个包是干什么的，以及我们为什么要包含它。
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以后你可以根据自己的喜好和经验，随意替换它们。
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.l-main-section
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:marked
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## *dependencies* and *devDependencies*
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## *dependencies*和*devDependencies*
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The `package.json` distinguishes between two sets of packages,
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[dependencies](#dependencies) and [devDependencies](#dev-dependencies).
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`package.json`把这些包分成了两组：[dependencies](#dependencies)和[devDependencies](#dev-dependencies)。
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The packages listed under *dependencies* are essential to *running* the application.
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The *devDependencies* are only necessary to *develop* the application.
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They can be excluded from production installations as in this example:
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列在*dependencies*下的这些包是*运行*本应用的基础，而*devDependencies*下的只在*开发*此应用时才用得到。
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*devDependencies*下的这些包在产品环境下安装时会被排除，就像这样：
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code-example(format="." language="bash").
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npm install my-application --production
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@ -55,181 +91,319 @@ a(id="dependencies")
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## *dependencies*
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There are three package categories in the `dependencies` section of the application `package.json`:
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应用程序的`package.json`文件中，`dependencies`区下有三类包：
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* ***Features*** - Feature packages provide our application with framework and utility capabilites.
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* ***特性*** - 特性包为我们的应用程序提供了框架和工具方面的能力。
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* ***Polyfills*** - Polyfills plug gaps in the browser's JavaScript implementation.
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* ***填充(Polyfills)*** - 填充包弥合了不同浏览器上的JavaScript实现方面的差异。
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* ***Other*** - Other libraries that support the application such as `bootstrap` for HTML widgets and styling.
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* ***其它*** - 其它库对本应用提供支持，比如`bootstrap`包提供了HTML中的小部件和样式。
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.l-main-section
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:marked
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### Feature Packages
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### 特性包
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***@angular/core*** - Critical runtime parts of the framework needed by every application.
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Includes all metadata decorators, `Component`, `Directive`, dependency injection, and the component lifecycle hooks.
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***@angular/core*** - 框架中关键的运行期部件，每一个应用都需要它。
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包括所有的元数据装饰器：`Component`、`Directive`，依赖注入系统，以及组件生命周期钩子。
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***@angular/common*** - The commonly needed services, pipes and directives provided by the Angular team.
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***@angular/common*** - 常用的那些由Angular开发组提供的服务、管道和指令。
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***@angular/compiler*** - Angular's *Template Compiler*.
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It understand templates and can convert them to code that makes the app run and render.
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Developers typically don’t interact with the compiler directly.
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They use it indirectly via `platform-browser-dynamic` or the offline template compiler.
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***@angular/compiler*** - Angular的*模板编译器*。
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它会理解模板，并且把模板转化成代码，以供应用程序运行和渲染。
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开发人员通常不会直接跟这个编译器打交道，而是通过`platform-browser-dynamic`或离线模板编译器间接使用它。
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***@angular/platform-browser*** - Everything DOM and browser related, especially the pieces that help render into DOM.
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This package also includes the bootstrapStatic method for bootstrapping applications for production builds that pre-compile templates offline.
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***@angular/platform-browser*** - 与DOM和浏览器相关的每样东西，特别是帮助往DOM中渲染的那部分。
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这个包还包含bootstrapStatic方法，用来引导那些在产品构建时需要离线预编译模板的应用程序。
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***@angular/platform-browser-dynamic*** - Providers and a bootstrap method for applications that
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compile templates on the client. don’t use offline compilation.
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We use this package for boostrapping during development and for boostrapping plunker samples
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***@angular/platform-browser-dynamic*** - 为应用程序提供一些供应商和一个bootstrap方法，以便在客户端编译模板。不要用于离线编译。
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我们使用这个包在开发期间引导应用，以及引导plunker中的范例。
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***@angular/http*** - Angular's http client
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***@angular/http*** - Angular的HTTP客户端。
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***@angular/router*** - Component router.
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***@angular/router*** - 组件路由器。
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***@angular/upgrade*** - Set of utilities for upgrading Angular 1 applications.
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***@angular/upgrade*** - 一组用于升级Angular 1应用的工具。
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***[system.js](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs)*** - A dynamic module loader compatible with the
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[ES2015 module](http://www.2ality.com/2014/09/es6-modules-final.html) specification.
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There are other viable choices including the well-regarded [webpack](https://webpack.github.io/).
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SystemJS happens to be the one we use in the documentation samples. It works.
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***[system.js](https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs)*** - 是一个动态的模块加载器，
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与[ES2015 module](http://www.2ality.com/2014/09/es6-modules-final.html)规范兼容。
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还有很多其他选择，比如广受欢迎的[webpack](https://webpack.github.io/)。
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SystemJS被用在了我们的文档范例中。这只是因为它能工作。
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Our applications are likely to require additional packages that provide
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HTML controls, themes, data access, and various utilities.
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我们的应用程序很可能还会需要一些额外的包，比如HTML控件、主题、数据访问，以及其它多种工具。
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a(id="polyfills")
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.l-main-section
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:marked
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### Polyfill Packages
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### 填充(Polyfile)包
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Angular requires certain [polyfills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfill) in the application environment.
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We install these polyfills with very specific npm packages that Angular lists in the *peerDependencies* section of its `package.json`.
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在应用程序的运行环境中，Angular需要某些[填充物](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfill)。
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我们通过特定的npm包来安装这些填充物，Angular本身把它列在了`package.json`中的*peerDependencies*区。
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We must list these packages in the `dependencies` section of our own `package.json`.
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但我们必须把它列在我们`package.json`文件的`dependencies`区。
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.l-sub-section
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:marked
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See "[Why peerDependencies?](#why-peer-dependencies)" below for background on this requirement.
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查看下面的“[为什么用peerDependencies?](#why-peer-dependencies)”，以了解这项需求的背景。
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:marked
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***core-js*** - monkey patches the global context (window) with essential features of ES2015 (ES6).
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Developers may substitute an alternative polyfill that provides the same core APIs.
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This dependency should go away once these APIs are implemented by all supported ever-green browsers.
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***core-js*** - 对全局上下文(window)做的猴子补丁(monkey patch)，提供了ES2015(ES6)的很多基础特性。
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开发人员也可以把它换成提供了相同内核API的其它填充库。
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如果有一天所有“长青浏览器”都实现了这些API，这个依赖就可以去掉了。
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***reflect-metadata*** - a dependency shared between Angular and the ***TypeScript compiler***.
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Developers should be able to update a TypeScript package without upgrading Angular,
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which is why this is a dependency of the application and not a dependency of Angular.
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***reflect-metadata*** - 一个由Angular和***TypeScript***编译器共享的依赖包。
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开发人员需要能单独更新TypeScript包，而不用升级Angular。这就是为什么把它放在本应用程序的依赖中，而不是Angular的依赖中。
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***rxjs*** - a polyfill for the [Observables specification](https://github.com/zenparsing/es-observable) currently before the
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[TC39](http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC39.htm) committee that determines standards for the JavaScript language.
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Developers should be able to pick a preferred version of *rxjs* (within a compatible version range)
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without waiting for Angular updates.
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***rxjs*** - 一个为[可观察对象(Observable)规范](https://github.com/zenparsing/es-observable)提供的填充物，该规范已经提交给了
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[TC39](http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC39.htm)委员会，以决定是否要在JavaScript语言中进行标准化。
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开发人员应该能在兼容的版本中选择一个喜欢的*rxjs*版本，而不用等Angular升级。
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***zone.js*** - a polyfill for the [Zone specification](https://gist.github.com/mhevery/63fdcdf7c65886051d55) currently before the
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[TC39](http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC39.htm) committee that determines standards for the JavaScript language.
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Developers should be able to pick a preferred version of *zone.js* to use (within a compatible version range)
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without waiting for Angular updates.
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***zone.js*** - 一个为[Zone规范](https://gist.github.com/mhevery/63fdcdf7c65886051d55)提供的填充物，该规范已经提交给了
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[TC39](http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC39.htm)委员会，以决定是否要在JavaScript语言中进行标准化。
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开发人员应该能在兼容的版本中选择一个喜欢的*zone.js*版本，而不用等Angular升级。
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a(id="other")
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.l-main-section
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:marked
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### Other helper libraries
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### 其它辅助库
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***angular2-in-memory-web-api*** - An Angular-supported library that simulates a remote server's web api
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without requiring an actual server or real http calls.
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Good for demos, documentation samples, and early stage development (before we even have a server).
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Learn about it in the [Http Client](server-communication.html#appendix-tour-of-heroes-in-memory-server) chapter.
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***angular2-in-memory-web-api*** - 一个Angular的支持库，它能模拟一个远端服务器的Web API，而不需要依赖一个真实的服务器或发起真实的HTTP调用。
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对演示、文档范例和开发的早期阶段（那时候我们可能还没有服务器呢）非常有用。
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请到[Http客户端](server-communication.html#appendix-tour-of-heroes-in-memory-server)一章中了解更多知识。
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***bootstrap*** - [bootstrap](http://getbootstrap.com/) is a popular HTML and CSS framework for designing responsive web apps.
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Some of the documentation samples improve their appearance with *bootstrap*.
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***bootstrap*** - [bootstrap](http://getbootstrap.com/)是一个广受欢迎的HTML和CSS框架，可用来设计响应式Web应用。
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有些文档中的范例使用了*bootstrap*来强化它们的外观。
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a(id="dev-dependencies")
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.l-main-section
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:marked
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## *devDependencies*
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The packages listed in the *devDependencies* section of the `package.json` help us develop the application.
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They do not have to be deployed with the production application although there is rarely harm in doing so.
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列在`package.json`文件中*devDependencies*区的包会帮助我们开发该应用程序。
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它们不用部署到产品环境的应用程序中 —— 虽然这样做也没什么坏处。
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***[concurrently](https://www.npmjs.com/package/concurrently)*** -
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a utility to run multiple *npm* commands concurrently on OS/X, Windows, and Linux operating systems.
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***[concurrently](https://www.npmjs.com/package/concurrently)*** - 一个用来在OS/X、Windows和Linux操作系统上同时运行多个*npm*命令的工具
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***[lite-server](https://www.npmjs.com/package/lite-server)*** -
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a light-weight, static file server, written and maintained by [John Papa](http://johnpapa.net/)
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with excellent support for Angular apps that use routing.
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***[lite-server](https://www.npmjs.com/package/lite-server)*** - 一个轻量级、静态的服务器，
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由[John Papa](http://johnpapa.net/)开发和维护。对使用到路由的Angular程序提供了很好的支持。
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***[typescript](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typescript)*** -
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the TypeScript language server including the *tsc* TypeScript compiler.
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***[typescript](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typescript)*** - TypeScript语言的服务器，包含了TypeScript编译器*tsc*。
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***[typings](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typings)*** - a manager for TypeScript definition files.
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Learn more about it in the [TypeScript Configuration](typescript-configuration.html#typings) chapter.
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***[typings](https://www.npmjs.com/package/typings)*** - 一个“TypeScript定义”文件的管理器。
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要了解更多，请参见[TypeScript配置](typescript-configuration.html#typings)一章。
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This section likely grows as we add more tools, testing, and build support.
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The QuickStart set is sufficient for developing the documentation sample applications.
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当我们添加更多工具、测试和构建支持库的时候，这一区也会随之增长。
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“快速起步”中的设置对这个文档中的范例程序来说已经够用了。
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.l-main-section
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a(id="why-peer-dependencies")
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:marked
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## Why *peerDependencies*?
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## 为什么使用*peerDependencies*？
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We don't have a *peerDependencies* section in the QuickStart `package.json`.
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But Angular itself has a *peerDependencies* section in
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[*its* package.json](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/master/modules/angular2/package.json)
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and that has important consequences for our application.
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在“快速起步”的`package.json`文件中，并没有*peerDependencies*区。
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但是Angular本身在[*它自己的* package.json](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/master/modules/angular2/package.json)中有，
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它对我们的应用程序有重要的影响。
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It explains why we load the [polyfill](#polyfills) *dependency* packages in the QuickStart `package.json`,
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and why we'll need those packages in our own applications.
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它解释了为什么我们要在“快速起步”的`package.json`文件中加载这些[填充库(polyfill)](#polyfills)依赖包，
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以及为什么我们在自己的应用中会需要它们。
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Let's briefly explain what [peer dependencies](https://nodejs.org/en/blog/npm/peer-dependencies/) are about.
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我们先简短解释一下[平级依赖(peer dependencies)](https://nodejs.org/en/blog/npm/peer-dependencies/)是干嘛的。
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As we know, packages depend on other packages. For example, our application depends upon the Angular package.
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我们知道，每个包都依赖其它的包，比如我们的应用程序就依赖于Angular包。
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Two packages, 'A' and 'B', could depend on the same third package 'C'.
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'A' and 'B' might both list 'C' among their *dependencies*.
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两个包，'A'和'B'，可能依赖共同的第三个包'C'。
|
||||
'A'和'B'可能都在它们的*dependencies*中列出了'C'。
|
||||
|
||||
What if 'A' and 'B' depend on different versions of 'C' ('C1' and 'C2'). The npm package system supports that!
|
||||
It installs 'C1' in the `node_modules` folder for 'A' and 'C2' in the `node_modules` folder for 'B'.
|
||||
Now 'A' and 'B' have their own copies of 'C' and they run without interferring. This is great.
|
||||
|
||||
如果'A'和'B'依赖于'C'的不同版本('C1'和'C2')。npm包管理系统也能支持！
|
||||
它会把'C1'安装到'A'的`node_modules`目录下给'A'用，把'C2'安装到'B'的`node_modules`目录下给'B'用。
|
||||
现在，'A'和'B'都有了它们自己的一份'C'的复本，它们运行起来也互不干扰。这挺不错。
|
||||
|
||||
But there is a problem. Package 'A' may require the presence of 'C1' without actually calling upon it directly.
|
||||
'A' may only work if *everyone is using 'C1'*. It falls down if any part of the application relies on 'C2'.
|
||||
|
||||
但是有一个问题。包'A'可能只需要'C1'出现就行，而实际上并不会直接调用它。
|
||||
'A'可能只有当*每个人都使用'C1'时*才能正常工作。如果程序中的任何一个部分依赖了'C2'，它就会失败。
|
||||
|
||||
The solution is for 'A' to declare that 'C1' is a *peer dependency*.
|
||||
|
||||
要想解决这个问题，'A'就需要把'C1'定义为它的*平级依赖*。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between a `dependency` and a `peerDependency` is roughly this:
|
||||
|
||||
在`dependencies`和`peerDependencies`之间的区别大致是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
>A **dependency** says, "I need this thing directly available to *me*."
|
||||
|
||||
>**dependency**说：“我需要这东西*对我*直接可用。”
|
||||
>
|
||||
>A **peerDependency** says, "if you want to use me, you need this thing available to *you*."
|
||||
>
|
||||
>**peerDependency**说：“如果你想使用我，你得先让这东西*对你*可用”
|
||||
|
||||
Angular finds itself in this situation.
|
||||
Accordingly, the Angular `package.json` specifies several *peer dependency* packages,
|
||||
each pinned to a particular version of a third-party package.
|
||||
|
||||
Angular在这种情况下会自己找。
|
||||
因此，Angular的`package.json`中指定了一系列*平级依赖*包，
|
||||
把每个第三方包都固定在一个特定的版本上。
|
||||
|
||||
### We must install Angular's *peerDependencies* ourselves
|
||||
### 我们必须自己安装Angular的*peerDependencies*
|
||||
|
||||
When *npm* installs packages listed in *our* `dependencies` section,
|
||||
it also installs the packages listed within *their* packages `dependencies` sections.
|
||||
The process is recursive.
|
||||
|
||||
当*npm*安装列在*我们的*`dependencies*区指定的包时，
|
||||
它也会同时安装上在*那些包*的`dependencies`区所指定的那些包。
|
||||
这个安装过程是递归的。
|
||||
|
||||
But as of version 3, *npm* does *not* install packages listed in *peerDependencies* sections.
|
||||
|
||||
但是在第三版中，*npm* *不会*安装列在*peerDependencies*区的那些包。
|
||||
|
||||
That means when our application installs Angular, ***npm* will not automatically install
|
||||
the packages listed in Angular's *peerDependencies* section**.
|
||||
|
||||
这意味着，当我们的应用程序安装Angular时，***npm*将不会自动安装列在Angular的*peerDependencies*区的那些包**
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, *npm* warns us (a) when any *peer dependencies* are missing or (b)
|
||||
when the application or any its other dependencies
|
||||
installs a different version of a *peer dependency*.
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，*npm*会在下列情况下给我们警告：(a) 当任何*平级依赖*缺失时 或(b) 当应用程序或它的任何其他依赖安装了与*平级依赖*不同版本的包时。
|
||||
|
||||
These warnings are a critical guard against accidental failures due to version mismatches.
|
||||
They leave us in control of package and version resolution.
|
||||
|
||||
这些警告是很关键的保护措施，以避免因为版本不匹配而导致的意外错误。
|
||||
它们让我们可以控制包和版本的解析过程。
|
||||
|
||||
It is our responsibility to list all *peer dependency* packages **among our own *devDependencies***.
|
||||
|
||||
我们的责任是，把所有*平级依赖*包都**列在我们自己的*devDependencies**中*。
|
||||
|
||||
.l-sub-section
|
||||
:marked
|
||||
#### The future of *peerDependencies*
|
||||
#### *peerDependencies*的未来
|
||||
|
||||
The Angular polyfill dependencies should be just a suggestion or a hint to developers so that they know what Angular expects.
|
||||
They should not be hard requirements as they are today. We don't have a way to make them optional today.
|
||||
|
||||
Angular的填充库依赖只是一个给开发人员的建议或提示，以便他们知道Angular期望用什么。
|
||||
它们不应该像现在一样是硬需求，但目前我们也不知道该如何把它们设置为可选的。
|
||||
|
||||
There is a npm feature request for "optional peerDependencies" which would allow us to model this relationship better.
|
||||
Once implemented, Angular will switch from *peerDependencies* to *optionalPeerDependencies* for all polyfills.
|
||||
|
||||
有一个npm的新特性申请，叫做“可选的peerDependencies”，它将会允许我们更好的对这种关系建模。
|
||||
一旦它被实现了，Angular将把所有填充库从*peerDependencies*区切换到*optionalPeerDependencies*区。
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue