`. 前面测试中的 `heroDe` 是一个指向英雄条目 `

` 的 `DebugElement`。 It has Angular properties and methods that abstract interaction with the native element. This test calls the `DebugElement.triggerEventHandler` with the "click" event name. The "click" event binding responds by calling `DashboardHeroComponent.click()`. 它有一些用于抽象与原生元素交互的 Angular 属性和方法。这个测试会使用事件名称 `click` 来调用 `DebugElement.triggerEventHandler`。 `click` 的事件绑定到了 `DashboardHeroComponent.click()`。 The Angular `DebugElement.triggerEventHandler` can raise _any data-bound event_ by its _event name_. The second parameter is the event object passed to the handler. Angular 的 `DebugElement.triggerEventHandler` 可以用**事件的名字**触发**任何数据绑定事件**。第二个参数是传给事件处理器的事件对象。 The test triggered a "click" event with a `null` event object. 该测试使用事件对象 `null` 触发了一次 `click` 事件。 The test assumes (correctly in this case) that the runtime event handler—the component's `click()` method—doesn't care about the event object. 测试程序假设（在这里应该这样)运行时间的事件处理器（组件的 `click()` 方法）不关心事件对象。

Other handlers are less forgiving. For example, the `RouterLink` directive expects an object with a `button` property that identifies which mouse button (if any) was pressed during the click. The `RouterLink` directive throws an error if the event object is missing. 其它处理器的要求比较严格。比如，`RouterLink` 指令期望一个带有 `button` 属性的对象，该属性用于指出点击时按下的是哪个鼠标按钮。如果不给出这个事件对象，`RouterLink` 指令就会抛出一个错误。

#### Click the element #### 点击该元素 The following test alternative calls the native element's own `click()` method, which is perfectly fine for _this component_. 下面这个测试改为调用原生元素自己的 `click()` 方法，它对于*这个组件*来说相当完美。 {@a click-helper} #### _click()_ helper #### _click()_ 辅助函数 Clicking a button, an anchor, or an arbitrary HTML element is a common test task. 点击按钮、链接或者任意 HTML 元素是很常见的测试任务。 Make that consistent and easy by encapsulating the _click-triggering_ process in a helper such as the `click()` function below: 把*点击事件*的处理过程包装到如下的 `click()` 辅助函数中，可以让这项任务更一致、更简单： The first parameter is the _element-to-click_. If you wish, you can pass a custom event object as the second parameter. The default is a (partial) left-button mouse event object accepted by many handlers including the `RouterLink` directive. 第一个参数是**用来点击的元素**。如果你愿意，可以将自定义的事件对象传给第二个参数。默认的是（局部的）鼠标左键事件对象，它被许多事件处理器接受，包括 `RouterLink` 指令。

The `click()` helper function is **not** one of the Angular testing utilities. It's a function defined in _this guide's sample code_. All of the sample tests use it. If you like it, add it to your own collection of helpers. `click()` 辅助函数**不是**Angular 测试工具之一。它是在**本章的例子代码**中定义的函数方法，被所有测试例子所用。如果你喜欢它，将它添加到你自己的辅助函数集。

Here's the previous test, rewritten using the click helper. 下面是把前面的测试用 `click` 辅助函数重写后的版本。

{@a component-inside-test-host} ### Component inside a test host ### 位于测试宿主中的组件 The previous tests played the role of the host `DashboardComponent` themselves. But does the `DashboardHeroComponent` work correctly when properly data-bound to a host component? 前面的这些测试都是自己扮演宿主元素 `DashboardComponent` 的角色。但是当 `DashboardHeroComponent` 真的绑定到某个宿主元素时还能正常工作吗？ You could test with the actual `DashboardComponent`. But doing so could require a lot of setup, especially when its template features an `*ngFor` repeater, other components, layout HTML, additional bindings, a constructor that injects multiple services, and it starts interacting with those services right away. 固然，你也可以测试真实的 `DashboardComponent`。但要想这么做需要做很多准备工作，特别是它的模板中使用了某些特性，如 `*ngFor`、其它组件、布局 HTML、附加绑定、注入了多个服务的构造函数、如何用正确的方式与那些服务交互等。 Imagine the effort to disable these distractions, just to prove a point that can be made satisfactorily with a _test host_ like this one: 想出这么多需要努力排除的干扰，只是为了证明一点 —— 可以造出这样一个令人满意的*测试宿主*： This test host binds to `DashboardHeroComponent` as the `DashboardComponent` would but without the noise of the `Router`, the `HeroService`, or the `*ngFor` repeater. 这个测试宿主像 `DashboardComponent` 那样绑定了 `DashboardHeroComponent`，但是没有 `Router`、没有 `HeroService`，也没有 `*ngFor`。 The test host sets the component's `hero` input property with its test hero. It binds the component's `selected` event with its `onSelected` handler, which records the emitted hero in its `selectedHero` property. 这个测试宿主使用其测试用的英雄设置了组件的输入属性 `hero`。它使用 `onSelected` 事件处理器绑定了组件的 `selected` 事件，其中把事件中发出的英雄记录到了 `selectedHero` 属性中。 Later, the tests will be able to easily check `selectedHero` to verify that the `DashboardHeroComponent.selected` event emitted the expected hero. 稍后，这个测试就可以轻松检查 `selectedHero` 以验证 `DashboardHeroComponent.selected` 事件确实发出了所期望的英雄。 The setup for the _test-host_ tests is similar to the setup for the stand-alone tests: 这个*测试宿主*中的准备代码和独立测试中的准备过程类似： This testing module configuration shows three important differences: 这个测试模块的配置信息有三个重要的不同点： 1. It _declares_ both the `DashboardHeroComponent` and the `TestHostComponent`. 它同时**声明**了 `DashboardHeroComponent` 和 `TestHostComponent`。 1. It _creates_ the `TestHostComponent` instead of the `DashboardHeroComponent`. 它**创建**了 `TestHostComponent`，而非 `DashboardHeroComponent`。 1. The `TestHostComponent` sets the `DashboardHeroComponent.hero` with a binding. `TestHostComponent` 通过绑定机制设置了 `DashboardHeroComponent.hero`。 The `createComponent` returns a `fixture` that holds an instance of `TestHostComponent` instead of an instance of `DashboardHeroComponent`. `createComponent` 返回的 `fixture` 里有 `TestHostComponent` 实例，而非 `DashboardHeroComponent` 组件实例。 Creating the `TestHostComponent` has the side-effect of creating a `DashboardHeroComponent` because the latter appears within the template of the former. The query for the hero element (`heroEl`) still finds it in the test DOM, albeit at greater depth in the element tree than before. 当然，创建 `TestHostComponent` 有创建 `DashboardHeroComponent` 的副作用，因为后者出现在前者的模板中。英雄元素（`heroEl`)的查询语句仍然可以在测试 DOM 中找到它，尽管元素树比以前更深。 The tests themselves are almost identical to the stand-alone version: 这些测试本身和它们的孤立版本几乎相同： Only the selected event test differs. It confirms that the selected `DashboardHeroComponent` hero really does find its way up through the event binding to the host component. 只有 selected 事件的测试不一样。它确保被选择的 `DashboardHeroComponent` 英雄确实通过事件绑定被传递到宿主组件。

{@a routing-component} ### Routing component ### 路由组件 A _routing component_ is a component that tells the `Router` to navigate to another component. The `DashboardComponent` is a _routing component_ because the user can navigate to the `HeroDetailComponent` by clicking on one of the _hero buttons_ on the dashboard. 所谓*路由组件*就是指会要求 `Router` 导航到其它组件的组件。 `DashboardComponent` 就是一个*路由组件*，因为用户可以通过点击仪表盘中的某个*英雄按钮*来导航到 `HeroDetailComponent`。 Routing is pretty complicated. Testing the `DashboardComponent` seemed daunting in part because it involves the `Router`, which it injects together with the `HeroService`. 路由确实很复杂。测试 `DashboardComponent` 看上去有点令人生畏，因为它牵扯到和 `HeroService` 一起注入进来的 `Router`。 Mocking the `HeroService` with a spy is a [familiar story](#component-with-async-service). But the `Router` has a complicated API and is entwined with other services and application preconditions. Might it be difficult to mock? 使用间谍来 Mock `HeroService` 是一个[熟悉的故事](#component-with-async-service)。但是 `Router` 的 API 很复杂，并且与其它服务和应用的前置条件纠缠在一起。它应该很难进行 Mock 吧？ Fortunately, not in this case because the `DashboardComponent` isn't doing much with the `Router` 庆幸的是，在这个例子中不会，因为 `DashboardComponent` 并没有深度使用 `Router`。 This is often the case with _routing components_. As a rule you test the component, not the router, and care only if the component navigates with the right address under the given conditions. 这是*路由组件*中的通例。一般来说，你应该测试组件而不是路由器，应该只关心组件有没有根据给定的条件导航到正确的地址。 Providing a router spy for _this component_ test suite happens to be as easy as providing a `HeroService` spy. 为*这个组件*的测试套件提供路由器的间谍就像提供 `HeroService` 的间谍一样简单。 The following test clicks the displayed hero and confirms that `Router.navigateByUrl` is called with the expected url. 下面这个测试会点击正在显示的英雄，并确认 `Router.navigateByUrl` 曾用所期待的 URL 调用过。 {@a routed-component-w-param} ### Routed components ### 路由目标组件 A _routed component_ is the destination of a `Router` navigation. It can be trickier to test, especially when the route to the component _includes parameters_. The `HeroDetailComponent` is a _routed component_ that is the destination of such a route. *路由目标组件*是指 `Router` 导航到的目标。它测试起来可能很复杂，特别是当路由到的这个组件*包含参数*的时候。 `HeroDetailComponent` 就是一个*路由目标组件*，它是某个路由定义指向的目标。 When a user clicks a _Dashboard_ hero, the `DashboardComponent` tells the `Router` to navigate to `heroes/:id`. The `:id` is a route parameter whose value is the `id` of the hero to edit. 当用户点击*仪表盘*中的英雄时，`DashboardComponent` 会要求 `Router` 导航到 `heroes/:id`。 `:id` 是一个路由参数，它的值就是所要编辑的英雄的 `id`。 The `Router` matches that URL to a route to the `HeroDetailComponent`. It creates an `ActivatedRoute` object with the routing information and injects it into a new instance of the `HeroDetailComponent`. 该 `Router` 会根据那个 URL 匹配到一个指向 `HeroDetailComponent` 的路由。它会创建一个带有路由信息的 `ActivatedRoute` 对象，并把它注入到一个 `HeroDetailComponent` 的新实例中。 Here's the `HeroDetailComponent` constructor: 下面是 `HeroDetailComponent` 的构造函数： The `HeroDetail` component needs the `id` parameter so it can fetch the corresponding hero via the `HeroDetailService`. The component has to get the `id` from the `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` property which is an `Observable`. `HeroDetailComponent` 组件需要一个 `id` 参数，以便通过 `HeroDetailService` 获取相应的英雄。该组件只能从 `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` 属性中获取这个 `id`，这个属性是一个 `Observable`。 It can't just reference the `id` property of the `ActivatedRoute.paramMap`. The component has to _subscribe_ to the `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` observable and be prepared for the `id` to change during its lifetime. 它不能仅仅引用 `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` 的 `id` 属性。该组件不得不*订阅* `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` 这个可观察对象，要做好它在生命周期中随时会发生变化的准备。

The [ActivatedRoute in action](guide/router#activated-route-in-action) section of the [Router](guide/router) guide covers `ActivatedRoute.paramMap` in more detail. [路由与导航](guide/router#route-parameters)一章的 [ActivatedRoute 实战](guide/router#activated-route-in-action)部分详细讲解了 `ActivatedRoute.paramMap`。

Tests can explore how the `HeroDetailComponent` responds to different `id` parameter values by manipulating the `ActivatedRoute` injected into the component's constructor. 通过操纵注入到组件构造函数中的这个 `ActivatedRoute`，测试可以探查 `HeroDetailComponent` 是如何对不同的 `id` 参数值做出响应的。 You know how to spy on the `Router` and a data service. 你已经知道了如何给 `Router` 和数据服务安插间谍。 You'll take a different approach with `ActivatedRoute` because 不过对于 `ActivatedRoute`，你要采用另一种方式，因为： - `paramMap` returns an `Observable` that can emit more than one value during a test. 在测试期间，`paramMap` 会返回一个能发出多个值的 `Observable`。 - You need the router helper function, `convertToParamMap()`, to create a `ParamMap`. 你需要路由器的辅助函数 `convertToParamMap()` 来创建 `ParamMap`。 - Other _routed component_ tests need a test double for `ActivatedRoute`. 针对*路由目标组件*的其它测试需要一个 `ActivatedRoute` 的测试替身。 These differences argue for a re-usable stub class. 这些差异表明你需要一个可复用的桩类（stub）。 #### _ActivatedRouteStub_ The following `ActivatedRouteStub` class serves as a test double for `ActivatedRoute`. 下面的 `ActivatedRouteStub` 类就是作为 `ActivatedRoute` 类的测试替身使用的。 Consider placing such helpers in a `testing` folder sibling to the `app` folder. This sample puts `ActivatedRouteStub` in `testing/activated-route-stub.ts`. 考虑把这类辅助函数放进一个紧邻 `app` 文件夹的 `testing` 文件夹。这个例子把 `ActivatedRouteStub` 放在了 `testing/activated-route-stub.ts` 中。

Consider writing a more capable version of this stub class with the [_marble testing library_](#marble-testing). 可以考虑使用[弹珠测试库](#marble-testing)来为此测试桩编写一个更强力的版本。

{@a tests-w-test-double} #### Testing with _ActivatedRouteStub_ #### 使用 `ActivatedRouteStub` 进行测试 Here's a test demonstrating the component's behavior when the observed `id` refers to an existing hero: 下面的测试程序是演示组件在被观察的 `id` 指向现有英雄时的行为：

The `createComponent()` method and `page` object are discussed [below](#page-object). Rely on your intuition for now. `createComponent()` 方法和 `page` 对象会在[稍后](#page-object)进行讨论。不过目前，你只要凭直觉来理解就行了。

When the `id` cannot be found, the component should re-route to the `HeroListComponent`. 当找不到 `id` 的时候，组件应该重新路由到 `HeroListComponent`。 The test suite setup provided the same router spy [described above](#routing-component) which spies on the router without actually navigating. 测试套件的准备代码提供了一个和[前面](#routing-component)一样的路由器间谍，它会充当路由器的角色，而不用发起实际的导航。 This test expects the component to try to navigate to the `HeroListComponent`. 这个测试中会期待该组件尝试导航到 `HeroListComponent`。 While this app doesn't have a route to the `HeroDetailComponent` that omits the `id` parameter, it might add such a route someday. The component should do something reasonable when there is no `id`. 虽然本应用没有在缺少 `id` 参数的时候，继续导航到 `HeroDetailComponent` 的路由，但是，将来它可能会添加这样的路由。当没有 `id` 时，该组件应该作出合理的反应。 In this implementation, the component should create and display a new hero. New heroes have `id=0` and a blank `name`. This test confirms that the component behaves as expected: 在本例中，组件应该创建和显示新英雄。新英雄的 `id` 为零，`name` 为空。本测试程序确认组件是按照预期的这样做的：

### Nested component tests ### 对嵌套组件的测试 Component templates often have nested components, whose templates may contain more components. 组件的模板中通常还会有嵌套组件，嵌套组件的模板还可能包含更多组件。 The component tree can be very deep and, most of the time, the nested components play no role in testing the component at the top of the tree. 这棵组件树可能非常深，并且大多数时候在测试这棵树顶部的组件时，这些嵌套的组件都无关紧要。 The `AppComponent`, for example, displays a navigation bar with anchors and their `RouterLink` directives. 比如，`AppComponent` 会显示一个带有链接及其 `RouterLink` 指令的导航条。 While the `AppComponent` _class_ is empty, you may want to write unit tests to confirm that the links are wired properly to the `RouterLink` directives, perhaps for the reasons [explained below](#why-stubbed-routerlink-tests). 虽然 `AppComponent` *类*是空的，不过，由于[稍后解释的原因](#why-stubbed-routerlink-tests)，你可能会希望写个单元测试来确认这些链接是否正确使用了 `RouterLink` 指令。 To validate the links, you don't need the `Router` to navigate and you don't need the `` to mark where the `Router` inserts _routed components_. 要想验证这些链接，你不必用 `Router` 进行导航，也不必使用 `` 来指出 `Router` 应该把*路由目标组件*插入到什么地方。 The `BannerComponent` and `WelcomeComponent` (indicated by `` and ``) are also irrelevant. 而 `BannerComponent` 和 `WelcomeComponent`（写作 `` 和 ``）也同样风马牛不相及。 Yet any test that creates the `AppComponent` in the DOM will also create instances of these three components and, if you let that happen, you'll have to configure the `TestBed` to create them. 然而，任何测试，只要能在 DOM 中创建 `AppComponent`，也就同样能创建这三个组件的实例。如果要创建它们，你就要配置 `TestBed`。 If you neglect to declare them, the Angular compiler won't recognize the ``, ``, and `` tags in the `AppComponent` template and will throw an error. 如果你忘了声明它们，Angular 编译器就无法在 `AppComponent` 模板中识别出 ``、`` 和 `` 标记，并抛出一个错误。 If you declare the real components, you'll also have to declare _their_ nested components and provide for _all_ services injected in _any_ component in the tree. 如果你声明的这些都是真实的组件，那么也同样要声明*它们*的嵌套组件，并要为这棵组件树中的*任何*组件提供要注入的*所有*服务。 That's too much effort just to answer a few simple questions about links. 如果只是想回答有关链接的一些简单问题，做这些显然就太多了。 This section describes two techniques for minimizing the setup. Use them, alone or in combination, to stay focused on the testing the primary component. 本节会讲减少此类准备工作的两项技术。单独使用或组合使用它们，可以让这些测试聚焦于要测试的主要组件上。 {@a stub-component} ##### Stubbing unneeded components ##### 对不需要的组件提供桩（stub） In the first technique, you create and declare stub versions of the components and directive that play little or no role in the tests. 这项技术中，你要为那些在测试中无关紧要的组件或指令创建和声明一些测试桩。 The stub selectors match the selectors for the corresponding real components. But their templates and classes are empty. 这些测试桩的选择器要和其对应的真实组件一致，但其模板和类是空的。 Then declare them in the `TestBed` configuration next to the components, directives, and pipes that need to be real. 然后在 `TestBed` 的配置中那些真正有用的组件、指令、管道之后声明它们。 The `AppComponent` is the test subject, so of course you declare the real version. `AppComponent` 是该测试的主角，因此当然要用它的真实版本。 The `RouterLinkDirectiveStub`, [described later](#routerlink), is a test version of the real `RouterLink` that helps with the link tests. 而 `RouterLinkDirectiveStub`（[稍后讲解](#routerlink)）是一个真实的 `RouterLink` 的测试版，它能帮你对链接进行测试。 The rest are stubs. 其它都是测试桩。 {@a no-errors-schema} #### _NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA_ In the second approach, add `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` to the `TestBed.schemas` metadata. 第二种办法就是把 `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` 添加到 `TestBed.schemas` 的元数据中。 The `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` tells the Angular compiler to ignore unrecognized elements and attributes. `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` 会要求 Angular 编译器忽略不认识的那些元素和属性。 The compiler will recognize the `` element and the `routerLink` attribute because you declared a corresponding `AppComponent` and `RouterLinkDirectiveStub` in the `TestBed` configuration. 编译器将会识别出 `` 元素和 `RouterLink` 属性，因为你在 `TestBed` 的配置中声明了相应的 `AppComponent` 和 `RouterLinkDirectiveStub`。 But the compiler won't throw an error when it encounters ``, ``, or ``. It simply renders them as empty tags and the browser ignores them. 但编译器在遇到 ``、`` 或 `` 时不会报错。它只会把它们渲染成空白标签，而浏览器会忽略这些标签。 You no longer need the stub components. 你不用再提供桩组件了。 #### Use both techniques together #### 同时使用这两项技术 These are techniques for _Shallow Component Testing_ , so-named because they reduce the visual surface of the component to just those elements in the component's template that matter for tests. 这些是进行*浅层*测试要用到的技术，之所以叫浅层测试是因为只包含本测试所关心的这个组件模板中的元素。 The `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` approach is the easier of the two but don't overuse it. `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` 方法在这两者中比较简单，但也不要过度使用它。 The `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` also prevents the compiler from telling you about the missing components and attributes that you omitted inadvertently or misspelled. You could waste hours chasing phantom bugs that the compiler would have caught in an instant. `NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA` 还会阻止编译器告诉你因为的疏忽或拼写错误而缺失的组件和属性。你如果人工找出这些 bug 可能要浪费几个小时，但编译器可以立即捕获它们。 The _stub component_ approach has another advantage. While the stubs in _this_ example were empty, you could give them stripped-down templates and classes if your tests need to interact with them in some way. *桩组件*方式还有其它优点。虽然*这个*例子中的桩是空的，但你如果想要和它们用某种形式互动，也可以给它们一些裁剪过的模板和类。 In practice you will combine the two techniques in the same setup, as seen in this example. 在实践中，你可以在准备代码中组合使用这两种技术，例子如下： The Angular compiler creates the `BannerComponentStub` for the `` element and applies the `RouterLinkStubDirective` to the anchors with the `routerLink` attribute, but it ignores the `` and `` tags. Angular 编译器会为 `` 元素创建 `BannerComponentStub`，并把 `RouterLinkStubDirective` 应用到带有 `routerLink` 属性的链接上，不过它会忽略 `` 和 `` 标签。

{@a routerlink} ### Components with _RouterLink_ ### 带有 `RouterLink` 的组件 The real `RouterLinkDirective` is quite complicated and entangled with other components and directives of the `RouterModule`. It requires challenging setup to mock and use in tests. 真实的 `RouterLinkDirective` 太复杂了，而且与 `RouterModule` 中的其它组件和指令有着千丝万缕的联系。要在准备阶段 Mock 它以及在测试中使用它具有一定的挑战性。 The `RouterLinkDirectiveStub` in this sample code replaces the real directive with an alternative version designed to validate the kind of anchor tag wiring seen in the `AppComponent` template. 这段范例代码中的 `RouterLinkDirectiveStub` 用一个代用品替换了真实的指令，这个代用品用来验证 `AppComponent` 中所用链接的类型。 The URL bound to the `[routerLink]` attribute flows in to the directive's `linkParams` property. 这个 URL 被绑定到了 `[routerLink]` 属性，它的值流入了该指令的 `linkParams` 属性。 The `HostListener` wires the click event of the host element (the `` anchor elements in `AppComponent`) to the stub directive's `onClick` method. 它的元数据中的 `host` 属性把宿主元素（即 `AppComponent` 中的 `` 元素）的 `click` 事件关联到了这个桩指令的 `onClick` 方法。 Clicking the anchor should trigger the `onClick()` method, which sets the stub's telltale `navigatedTo` property. Tests inspect `navigatedTo` to confirm that clicking the anchor set the expected route definition. 点击这个链接应该触发 `onClick()` 方法，其中会设置该桩指令中的警示器属性 `navigatedTo`。测试中检查 `navigatedTo` 以确认点击该链接确实如预期的那样根据路由定义设置了该属性。

Whether the router is configured properly to navigate with that route definition is a question for a separate set of tests. 路由器的配置是否正确和是否能按照那些路由定义进行导航，是测试中一组独立的问题。

{@a by-directive} {@a inject-directive} #### _By.directive_ and injected directives #### `By.directive` 与注入的指令 A little more setup triggers the initial data binding and gets references to the navigation links: 再一步配置触发了数据绑定的初始化，获取导航链接的引用： Three points of special interest: 有三点特别重要： 1. You can locate the anchor elements with an attached directive using `By.directive`. 你可以使用 `By.directive` 来定位一个带附属指令的链接元素。 1. The query returns `DebugElement` wrappers around the matching elements. 该查询返回包含了匹配元素的 `DebugElement` 包装器。 1. Each `DebugElement` exposes a dependency injector with the specific instance of the directive attached to that element. 每个 `DebugElement` 都会导出该元素中的一个依赖注入器，其中带有指定的指令实例。 The `AppComponent` links to validate are as follows: `AppComponent` 中要验证的链接如下： {@a app-component-tests} Here are some tests that confirm those links are wired to the `routerLink` directives as expected: 下面这些测试用来确认那些链接是否如预期般连接到了 `RouterLink` 指令中：

The "click" test _in this example_ is misleading. It tests the `RouterLinkDirectiveStub` rather than the _component_. This is a common failing of directive stubs. 其实*这个例子中*的“click”测试误入歧途了。它测试的重点其实是 `RouterLinkDirectiveStub`，而不是该组件。这是写桩指令时常见的错误。 It has a legitimate purpose in this guide. It demonstrates how to find a `RouterLink` element, click it, and inspect a result, without engaging the full router machinery. This is a skill you may need to test a more sophisticated component, one that changes the display, re-calculates parameters, or re-arranges navigation options when the user clicks the link. 在本章中，它有存在的必要。它演示了如何在不涉及完整路由器机制的情况下，如何找到 `RouterLink` 元素、点击它并检查结果。要测试更复杂的组件，你可能需要具备这样的能力，能改变视图和重新计算参数，或者当用户点击链接时，有能力重新安排导航选项。

{@a why-stubbed-routerlink-tests} #### What good are these tests? #### 这些测试有什么优点？ Stubbed `RouterLink` tests can confirm that a component with links and an outlet is setup properly, that the component has the links it should have, and that they are all pointing in the expected direction. These tests do not concern whether the app will succeed in navigating to the target component when the user clicks a link. 用 `RouterLink` 的桩指令进行测试可以确认带有链接和 outlet 的组件的设置的正确性，确认组件有应该有的链接，确认它们都指向了正确的方向。这些测试程序不关心用户点击链接时，也不关心应用是否会成功的导航到目标组件。 Stubbing the RouterLink and RouterOutlet is the best option for such limited testing goals. Relying on the real router would make them brittle. They could fail for reasons unrelated to the component. For example, a navigation guard could prevent an unauthorized user from visiting the `HeroListComponent`. That's not the fault of the `AppComponent` and no change to that component could cure the failed test. 对于这些有限的测试目标，使用 RouterLink 桩指令和 RouterOutlet 桩组件是最佳选择。依靠真正的路由器会让它们很脆弱。它们可能因为与组件无关的原因而失败。例如，一个导航守卫可能防止没有授权的用户访问 `HeroListComponent`。这并不是 `AppComponent` 的过错，并且无论该组件怎么改变都无法修复这个失败的测试程序。 A _different_ battery of tests can explore whether the application navigates as expected in the presence of conditions that influence guards such as whether the user is authenticated and authorized. 一组不同的测试程序可以探索当存在影响守卫的条件时（比如用户是否已认证和授权），该应用是否如期望般导航。

A future guide update will explain how to write such tests with the `RouterTestingModule`. 未来对本章的更新将介绍如何使用 `RouterTestingModule` 来编写这样的测试程序。

{@a page-object} ### Use a _page_ object ### 使用页面（page）对象 The `HeroDetailComponent` is a simple view with a title, two hero fields, and two buttons. `HeroDetailComponent` 是带有标题、两个英雄字段和两个按钮的简单视图。 But there's plenty of template complexity even in this simple form. 但即使是这么简单的表单，其模板中也涉及到不少复杂性。 Tests that exercise the component need ... 这些供练习用的组件需要 …… - to wait until a hero arrives before elements appear in the DOM. 等获取到英雄之后才能让元素出现在 DOM 中。 - a reference to the title text. 一个对标题文本的引用。 - a reference to the name input box to inspect and set it. 一个对 name 输入框的引用，以便对它进行探查和修改。 - references to the two buttons so they can click them. 引用两个按钮，以便点击它们。 - spies for some of the component and router methods. 为组件和路由器的方法安插间谍。 Even a small form such as this one can produce a mess of tortured conditional setup and CSS element selection. 即使是像这样一个很小的表单，也能产生令人疯狂的错综复杂的条件设置和 CSS 元素选择。 Tame the complexity with a `Page` class that handles access to component properties and encapsulates the logic that sets them. 可以使用 `Page` 类来征服这种复杂性。`Page` 类可以处理对组件属性的访问，并对设置这些属性的逻辑进行封装。 Here is such a `Page` class for the `hero-detail.component.spec.ts` 下面是一个供 `hero-detail.component.spec.ts` 使用的 `Page` 类 Now the important hooks for component manipulation and inspection are neatly organized and accessible from an instance of `Page`. 现在，用来操作和检查组件的重要钩子都被井然有序的组织起来了，可以通过 `page` 实例来使用它们。 A `createComponent` method creates a `page` object and fills in the blanks once the `hero` arrives. `createComponent` 方法会创建一个 `page` 对象，并在 `hero` 到来时自动填补空白。 The [_HeroDetailComponent_ tests](#tests-w-test-double) in an earlier section demonstrate how `createComponent` and `page` keep the tests short and _on message_. There are no distractions: no waiting for promises to resolve and no searching the DOM for element values to compare. 前面小节中的 [`HeroDetailComponent` 测试](#tests-w-test-double)示范了如何 `createComponent`，而 `page` 让这些测试保持简短而富有表达力。而且还不用分心：不用等待承诺被解析，不必在 DOM 中找出元素的值才能进行比较。 Here are a few more `HeroDetailComponent` tests to reinforce the point. 还有更多的 `HeroDetailComponent` 测试可以证明这一点。

{@a compile-components} ### Calling _compileComponents()_ ### 调用 `compileComponents()`

You can ignore this section if you _only_ run tests with the CLI `ng test` command because the CLI compiles the application before running the tests. 如果你*只想*使用 CLI 的 `ng test` 命令来运行测试，那么可以忽略这一节。

If you run tests in a **non-CLI environment**, the tests may fail with a message like this one: 如果你在**非 CLI 环境**中运行测试，这些测试可能会报错，错误信息如下： Error: This test module uses the component BannerComponent which is using a "templateUrl" or "styleUrls", but they were never compiled. Please call "TestBed.compileComponents" before your test. The root of the problem is at least one of the components involved in the test specifies an external template or CSS file as the following version of the `BannerComponent` does. 问题的根源在于这个测试中至少有一个组件引用了外部模板或外部 CSS 文件，就像下面这个版本的 `BannerComponent` 所示： The test fails when the `TestBed` tries to create the component. 当 `TestBed` 视图创建组件时，这个测试失败了： Recall that the app hasn't been compiled. So when you call `createComponent()`, the `TestBed` compiles implicitly. 回想一下，这个应用从未编译过。所以当你调用 `createComponent()` 的时候，`TestBed` 就会进行隐式编译。 That's not a problem when the source code is in memory. But the `BannerComponent` requires external files that the compiler must read from the file system, an inherently _asynchronous_ operation. 当它的源码都在内存中的时候，这样做没问题。不过 `BannerComponent` 需要一些外部文件，编译时必须从文件系统中读取它，而这是一个天生的*异步*操作。 If the `TestBed` were allowed to continue, the tests would run and fail mysteriously before the compiler could finished. 如果 `TestBed` 继续执行，这些测试就会继续运行，并在编译器完成这些异步工作之前导致莫名其妙的失败。 The preemptive error message tells you to compile explicitly with `compileComponents()`. 这些错误信息告诉你要使用 `compileComponents()` 进行显式的编译。 #### _compileComponents()_ is async #### `compileComponents()` 是异步的 You must call `compileComponents()` within an asynchronous test function. 你必须在异步测试函数中调用 `compileComponents()`。

If you neglect to make the test function async (e.g., forget to use `async()` as described below), you'll see this error message 如果你忘了把测试函数标为异步的（比如忘了像稍后的代码中那样使用 `async()`），就会看到下列错误。 Error: ViewDestroyedError: Attempt to use a destroyed view

A typical approach is to divide the setup logic into two separate `beforeEach()` functions: 典型的做法是把准备逻辑拆成两个独立的 `beforeEach()` 函数： 1. An async `beforeEach()` that compiles the components 异步的 `beforeEach()` 负责编译组件 1. A synchronous `beforeEach()` that performs the remaining setup. 同步的 `beforeEach()` 负责执行其余的准备代码。 To follow this pattern, import the `async()` helper with the other testing symbols. 要想使用这种模式，就要和其它符号一起从测试库中导入 `async()` 辅助函数。 #### The async _beforeEach_ #### 异步的 `beforeEach` Write the first async `beforeEach` like this. 像下面这样编写第一个异步的 `beforeEach`。 The `async()` helper function takes a parameterless function with the body of the setup. `async()` 辅助函数接受一个无参函数，其内容是环境准备代码。 The `TestBed.configureTestingModule()` method returns the `TestBed` class so you can chain calls to other `TestBed` static methods such as `compileComponents()`. `TestBed.configureTestingModule()` 方法返回 `TestBed` 类，所以你可以链式调用其它 `TestBed` 中的静态方法，比如 `compileComponents()`。 In this example, the `BannerComponent` is the only component to compile. Other examples configure the testing module with multiple components and may import application modules that hold yet more components. Any of them could be require external files. 在这个例子中，`BannerComponent` 是仅有的待编译组件。其它例子中可能会使用多个组件来配置测试模块，并且可能引入某些具有其它组件的应用模块。它们中的任何一个都可能需要外部文件。 The `TestBed.compileComponents` method asynchronously compiles all components configured in the testing module. `TestBed.compileComponents` 方法会异步编译测试模块中配置过的所有组件。

Do not re-configure the `TestBed` after calling `compileComponents()`. 在调用了 `compileComponents()` 之后就不能再重新配置 `TestBed` 了。

{@a import-module} ### Setup with module imports ### 准备模块的 `imports` Earlier component tests configured the testing module with a few `declarations` like this: 此前的组件测试程序使用了一些 `declarations` 来配置模块，就像这样： The `DashboardComponent` is simple. It needs no help. But more complex components often depend on other components, directives, pipes, and providers and these must be added to the testing module too. `DashbaordComponent` 非常简单。它不需要帮助。但是更加复杂的组件通常依赖其它组件、指令、管道和提供者，所以这些必须也被添加到测试模块中。 Fortunately, the `TestBed.configureTestingModule` parameter parallels the metadata passed to the `@NgModule` decorator which means you can also specify `providers` and `imports`. 幸运的是，`TestBed.configureTestingModule` 参数与传入 `@NgModule` 装饰器的元数据一样，也就是所你也可以指定 `providers` 和 `imports`. The `HeroDetailComponent` requires a lot of help despite its small size and simple construction. In addition to the support it receives from the default testing module `CommonModule`, it needs: 虽然 `HeroDetailComponent` 很小，结构也很简单，但是它需要很多帮助。除了从默认测试模块 `CommonModule` 中获得的支持，它还需要： - `NgModel` and friends in the `FormsModule` to enable two-way data binding. `FormsModule` 里的 `NgModel` 和其它，来进行双向数据绑定 - The `TitleCasePipe` from the `shared` folder. `shared` 目录里的 `TitleCasePipe` - Router services (which these tests are stubbing). 一些路由器服务（测试程序将 stub 伪造它们） - Hero data access services (also stubbed). 英雄数据访问服务（同样被 stub 伪造了） One approach is to configure the testing module from the individual pieces as in this example: 一种方法是从各个部分配置测试模块，就像这样：

Notice that the `beforeEach()` is asynchronous and calls `TestBed.compileComponents` because the `HeroDetailComponent` has an external template and css file. 注意，`beforeEach()` 是异步的，它调用 `TestBed.compileComponents` 是因为 `HeroDetailComponent` 有外部模板和 CSS 文件。 As explained in [_Calling compileComponents()_](#compile-components) above, these tests could be run in a non-CLI environment where Angular would have to compile them in the browser. 如前面的[调用 `compileComponents()`](#compile-components) 中所解释的那样，这些测试可以运行在非 CLI 环境下，那里 Angular 并不会在浏览器中编译它们。

#### Import a shared module #### 导入共享模块 Because many app components need the `FormsModule` and the `TitleCasePipe`, the developer created a `SharedModule` to combine these and other frequently requested parts. 因为很多应用组件都需要 `FormsModule` 和 `TitleCasePipe`，所以开发者创建了 `SharedModule` 来把它们及其它常用的部分组合在一起。 The test configuration can use the `SharedModule` too as seen in this alternative setup: 这些测试配置也可以使用 `SharedModule`，如下所示： It's a bit tighter and smaller, with fewer import statements (not shown). 它的导入声明少一些（未显示），稍微干净一些，小一些。 {@a feature-module-import} #### Import a feature module #### 导入特性模块 The `HeroDetailComponent` is part of the `HeroModule` [Feature Module](guide/feature-modules) that aggregates more of the interdependent pieces including the `SharedModule`. Try a test configuration that imports the `HeroModule` like this one: `HeroDetailComponent` 是 `HeroModule` 这个[特性模块](guide/feature-modules)的一部分，它聚合了更多相互依赖的片段，包括 `SharedModule`。试试下面这个导入了 `HeroModule` 的测试配置： That's _really_ crisp. Only the _test doubles_ in the `providers` remain. Even the `HeroDetailComponent` declaration is gone. 这样特别清爽。只有 `providers` 里面的测试替身被保留。连 `HeroDetailComponent` 声明都消失了。 In fact, if you try to declare it, Angular will throw an error because `HeroDetailComponent` is declared in both the `HeroModule` and the `DynamicTestModule` created by the `TestBed`. 事实上，如果你试图声明它，Angular 就会抛出一个错误，因为 `HeroDetailComponent` 同时声明在了 `HeroModule` 和 `TestBed` 创建的 `DynamicTestModule` 中。

Importing the component's feature module can be the easiest way to configure tests when there are many mutual dependencies within the module and the module is small, as feature modules tend to be. 如果模块中有很多共同依赖，并且该模块很小（这也是特性模块的应有形态），那么直接导入组件的特性模块可以成为配置这些测试的简易方式。

{@a component-override} ### Override component providers ### 改写组件的服务提供者 The `HeroDetailComponent` provides its own `HeroDetailService`. `HeroDetailComponent` 提供自己的 `HeroDetailService` 服务。 It's not possible to stub the component's `HeroDetailService` in the `providers` of the `TestBed.configureTestingModule`. Those are providers for the _testing module_, not the component. They prepare the dependency injector at the _fixture level_. 在 `TestBed.configureTestingModule` 的 `providers` 中 stub 伪造组件的 `HeroDetailService` 是不可行的。这些是**测试模块**的提供者，而非组件的。组件级别的供应商应该在**fixture 级别**准备的依赖注入器。 Angular creates the component with its _own_ injector, which is a _child_ of the fixture injector. It registers the component's providers (the `HeroDetailService` in this case) with the child injector. Angular 会使用自己的注入器来创建这些组件，这个注入器是夹具的注入器的子注入器。它使用这个子注入器注册了该组件服务提供者（这里是 `HeroDetailService` ）。 A test cannot get to child injector services from the fixture injector. And `TestBed.configureTestingModule` can't configure them either. 测试没办法从测试夹具的注入器中获取子注入器中的服务，而 `TestBed.configureTestingModule` 也没法配置它们。 Angular has been creating new instances of the real `HeroDetailService` all along! Angular 始终都在创建真实 `HeroDetailService` 的实例。

These tests could fail or timeout if the `HeroDetailService` made its own XHR calls to a remote server. There might not be a remote server to call. 如果 `HeroDetailService` 向远程服务器发出自己的 XHR 请求，这些测试可能会失败或者超时。这个远程服务器可能根本不存在。 Fortunately, the `HeroDetailService` delegates responsibility for remote data access to an injected `HeroService`. 幸运的是，`HeroDetailService` 将远程数据访问的责任交给了注入进来的 `HeroService`。 The [previous test configuration](#feature-module-import) replaces the real `HeroService` with a `TestHeroService` that intercepts server requests and fakes their responses. [前面的测试配置](#feature-module-import)使用 `TestHeroService` 替换了真实的 `HeroService`，它拦截了发往服务器的请求，并伪造了服务器的响应。

What if you aren't so lucky. What if faking the `HeroService` is hard? What if `HeroDetailService` makes its own server requests? 如果你没有这么幸运怎么办？如果伪造 `HeroService` 很难怎么办？如果 `HeroDetailService` 自己发出服务器请求怎么办？ The `TestBed.overrideComponent` method can replace the component's `providers` with easy-to-manage _test doubles_ as seen in the following setup variation: `TestBed.overrideComponent` 方法可以将组件的 `providers` 替换为容易管理的**测试替身**，参见下面的变体准备代码： Notice that `TestBed.configureTestingModule` no longer provides a (fake) `HeroService` because it's [not needed](#spy-stub). 注意，`TestBed.configureTestingModule` 不再提供（伪造的）`HeroService`，因为[并不需要](#spy-stub)。 {@a override-component-method} #### The _overrideComponent_ method #### `overrideComponent` 方法 Focus on the `overrideComponent` method. 注意这个 `overrideComponent` 方法。 It takes two arguments: the component type to override (`HeroDetailComponent`) and an override metadata object. The [override metadata object](#metadata-override-object) is a generic defined as follows: 它接受两个参数：要改写的组件类型（`HeroDetailComponent`），以及用于改写的元数据对象。 [用于改写的元数据对象](#metadata-override-object)是一个泛型，其定义如下： type MetadataOverride<T> = { add?: Partial<T>; remove?: Partial<T>; set?: Partial<T>; }; A metadata override object can either add-and-remove elements in metadata properties or completely reset those properties. This example resets the component's `providers` metadata. 元数据重载对象可以添加和删除元数据属性的项目，也可以彻底重设这些属性。这个例子重新设置了组件的 `providers` 元数据。 The type parameter, `T`, is the kind of metadata you'd pass to the `@Component` decorator: 这个类型参数 `T` 就是你传给 `@Component` 装饰器的元数据： selector?: string; template?: string; templateUrl?: string; providers?: any[]; ... {@a spy-stub} #### Provide a _spy stub_ (_HeroDetailServiceSpy_) #### 提供 ` 间谍桩 ` (`HeroDetailServiceSpy`) This example completely replaces the component's `providers` array with a new array containing a `HeroDetailServiceSpy`. 这个例子把组件的 `providers` 数组完全替换成了一个包含 `HeroDetailServiceSpy` 的新数组。 The `HeroDetailServiceSpy` is a stubbed version of the real `HeroDetailService` that fakes all necessary features of that service. It neither injects nor delegates to the lower level `HeroService` so there's no need to provide a test double for that. `HeroDetailServiceSpy` 是实际 `HeroDetailService` 服务的桩版本，它伪造了该服务的所有必要特性。但它既不需要注入也不会委托给低层的 `HeroService` 服务，因此不用为 `HeroService` 提供测试替身。 The related `HeroDetailComponent` tests will assert that methods of the `HeroDetailService` were called by spying on the service methods. Accordingly, the stub implements its methods as spies: 通过对该服务的方法进行刺探，`HeroDetailComponent` 的关联测试将会对 `HeroDetailService` 是否被调用过进行断言。因此，这个桩类会把它的方法实现为刺探方法： {@a override-tests} #### The override tests #### 改写测试 Now the tests can control the component's hero directly by manipulating the spy-stub's `testHero` and confirm that service methods were called. 现在，测试程序可以通过操控这个 spy-stub 的 `testHero`，直接控制组件的英雄，并确认那个服务方法被调用过。 {@a more-overrides} #### More overrides #### 更多的改写 The `TestBed.overrideComponent` method can be called multiple times for the same or different components. The `TestBed` offers similar `overrideDirective`, `overrideModule`, and `overridePipe` methods for digging into and replacing parts of these other classes. `TestBed.overrideComponent` 方法可以在相同或不同的组件中被反复调用。 `TestBed` 还提供了类似的 `overrideDirective`、`overrideModule` 和 `overridePipe` 方法，用来深入并重载这些其它类的部件。 Explore the options and combinations on your own. 自己探索这些选项和组合。

{@a attribute-directive} ## Attribute Directive Testing ## 属性型指令的测试 An _attribute directive_ modifies the behavior of an element, component or another directive. Its name reflects the way the directive is applied: as an attribute on a host element. **属性型指令**修改元素、组件和其它指令的行为。正如它们的名字所示，它们是作为宿主元素的属性来被使用的。 The sample application's `HighlightDirective` sets the background color of an element based on either a data bound color or a default color (lightgray). It also sets a custom property of the element (`customProperty`) to `true` for no reason other than to show that it can. 本例子应用的 `HighlightDirective` 使用数据绑定的颜色或者默认颜色来设置元素的背景色。它同时设置元素的 `customProperty` 属性为 `true`，这里仅仅是为了显示它能这么做而已，并无其它原因。 It's used throughout the application, perhaps most simply in the `AboutComponent`: 它的使用贯穿整个应用，也许最简单的使用在 `AboutComponent` 里： Testing the specific use of the `HighlightDirective` within the `AboutComponent` requires only the techniques explored above (in particular the ["Shallow test"](#nested-component-tests) approach). 要想在 `AboutComponent` 中测试 `HighlightDirective` 的具体用法，只要使用在[“浅层测试”](#nested-component-tests)部分用过的技术即可。 However, testing a single use case is unlikely to explore the full range of a directive's capabilities. Finding and testing all components that use the directive is tedious, brittle, and almost as unlikely to afford full coverage. 但是，测试单一的用例一般无法探索该指令的全部能力。查找和测试所有使用该指令的组件非常繁琐和脆弱，并且通常无法覆盖所有组件。 _Class-only tests_ might be helpful, but attribute directives like this one tend to manipulate the DOM. Isolated unit tests don't touch the DOM and, therefore, do not inspire confidence in the directive's efficacy. *只针对类的测试*可能很有用，但是像这个一样的属性型指令肯定要操纵 DOM。隔离出的单元测试不能接触 DOM，因此也就没办法证明该指令的有效性。 A better solution is to create an artificial test component that demonstrates all ways to apply the directive. 更好的方法是创建一个能展示该指令所有用法的人造测试组件。

The `` case binds the `HighlightDirective` to the name of a color value in the input box. The initial value is the word "cyan" which should be the background color of the input box. `` 用例将 `HighlightDirective` 绑定到输入框里输入的颜色名字。初始只是单词“cyan”，所以输入框的背景色应该是 cyan。

Here are some tests of this component: 下面是一些该组件的测试程序： A few techniques are noteworthy: 一些技巧值得注意： - The `By.directive` predicate is a great way to get the elements that have this directive _when their element types are unknown_. 当**已知元素类型**时，`By.directive` 是一种获取拥有这个指令的元素的好方法。 - The `:not` pseudo-class in `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` helps find `

` elements that _do not_ have the directive. `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive. `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` 里的`:not` 伪类（pseudo-class）帮助查找不带该指令的 `

` 元素。`By.css('*:not([highlight])')` 查找所有不带该指令的元素。 - `DebugElement.styles` affords access to element styles even in the absence of a real browser, thanks to the `DebugElement` abstraction. But feel free to exploit the `nativeElement` when that seems easier or more clear than the abstraction. `DebugElement.styles` 甚至不用借助真实的浏览器也可以访问元素的样式，感谢 `DebugElement` 提供的这层抽象！但是如果直接使用 `nativeElement` 会比这层抽象更简单、更清晰，也可以放心大胆的使用它。 - Angular adds a directive to the injector of the element to which it is applied. The test for the default color uses the injector of the second `

` to get its `HighlightDirective` instance and its `defaultColor`. Angular 将指令添加到它的元素的注入器中。默认颜色的测试程序使用第二个 `

` 的注入器来获取它的 `HighlightDirective` 实例以及它的 `defaultColor`。 - `DebugElement.properties` affords access to the artificial custom property that is set by the directive. `DebugElement.properties` 让你可以访问由指令设置的自定义属性。
## Pipe Testing ## 管道测试 Pipes are easy to test without the Angular testing utilities. 管道很容易测试，无需 Angular 测试工具。 A pipe class has one method, `transform`, that manipulates the input value into a transformed output value. The `transform` implementation rarely interacts with the DOM. Most pipes have no dependence on Angular other than the `@Pipe` metadata and an interface. 管道类有一个方法，`transform`，用来转换输入值到输出值。 `transform` 的实现很少与 DOM 交互。除了 `@Pipe` 元数据和一个接口外，大部分管道不依赖 Angular。 Consider a `TitleCasePipe` that capitalizes the first letter of each word. Here's a naive implementation with a regular expression. 假设 `TitleCasePipe` 将每个单词的第一个字母变成大写。下面是使用正则表达式实现的简单代码： Anything that uses a regular expression is worth testing thoroughly. Use simple Jasmine to explore the expected cases and the edge cases. 任何使用正则表达式的类都值得彻底的进行测试。使用 Jasmine 来探索预期的用例和极端的用例。 {@a write-tests} #### Write DOM tests too #### 也能编写 DOM 测试 These are tests of the pipe _in isolation_. They can't tell if the `TitleCasePipe` is working properly as applied in the application components. 有些管道的测试程序是孤立的。它们不能验证 `TitleCasePipe` 是否在应用到组件上时是否工作正常。 Consider adding component tests such as this one: 考虑像这样添加组件测试程序：
{@a test-debugging} ## Test debugging ## 测试程序的调试 Debug specs in the browser in the same way that you debug an application. 在浏览器中，像调试应用一样调试测试程序 spec。 1. Reveal the Karma browser window (hidden earlier). 显示 `Karma` 的浏览器窗口（之前被隐藏了）。 1. Click the DEBUG button; it opens a new browser tab and re-runs the tests. 点击“DEBUG”按钮；它打开一页新浏览器标签并重新开始运行测试程序 1. Open the browser's “Developer Tools” (`Ctrl-Shift-I` on Windows; `Command-Option-I` in macOS). 打开浏览器的“Developer Tools”(Windows 上的 Ctrl-Shift-I 或者 macOS 上的 Command-Option-I)。 1. Pick the "sources" section. 选择“sources”页 1. Open the `1st.spec.ts` test file (Control/Command-P, then start typing the name of the file). 打开 `1st.spec.ts` 测试文件（Control/Command-P, 然后输入文件名字）。 1. Set a breakpoint in the test. 在测试程序中设置断点。 1. Refresh the browser, and it stops at the breakpoint. 刷新浏览器...然后它就会停在断点上。

{@a atu-apis} ## Testing Utility APIs ## 测试工具 API This section takes inventory of the most useful Angular testing features and summarizes what they do. 本节将最有用的 Angular 测试功能提取出来，并总结了它们的作用。 The Angular testing utilities include the `TestBed`, the `ComponentFixture`, and a handful of functions that control the test environment. The [_TestBed_](#testbed-api-summary) and [_ComponentFixture_](#component-fixture-api-summary) classes are covered separately. Angular 的测试工具集包括 `TestBed`、`ComponentFixture` 和一些用来控制测试环境的便捷函数。 [`TestBed`](#testbed-api-summary) 和 [`ComponentFixture`](#component-fixture-api-summary) 部分单独讲过它们。 Here's a summary of the stand-alone functions, in order of likely utility: 下面是一些独立函数的总结，以使用频率排序：

Function 函数 Description 说明

`async` Runs the body of a test (`it`) or setup (`beforeEach`) function within a special _async test zone_. See [discussion above](#async). 在一个特殊的* async 测试区域中运行测试（`it`）的函数体或准备函数（`beforeEach`）。参见[前面的讨论](#async)。

`fakeAsync` Runs the body of a test (`it`) within a special _fakeAsync test zone_, enabling a linear control flow coding style. See [discussion above](#fake-async). 在一个特殊的 fakeAsync 测试区域中运行测试（`it`）的函数体，以便启用线性风格的控制流。参见[前面的讨论](#fake-async)。

`tick` Simulates the passage of time and the completion of pending asynchronous activities by flushing both _timer_ and _micro-task_ queues within the _fakeAsync test zone_. 通过在 fakeAsync 测试区域中刷新定时器和微任务（micro-task）队列来仿真时间的流逝以及异步活动的完成。
The curious, dedicated reader might enjoy this lengthy blog post, ["_Tasks, microtasks, queues and schedules_"](https://jakearchibald.com/2015/tasks-microtasks-queues-and-schedules/). 好奇和执着的读者可能会喜欢这篇长博客： "_Tasks, microtasks, queues and schedules_".
Accepts an optional argument that moves the virtual clock forward by the specified number of milliseconds, clearing asynchronous activities scheduled within that timeframe. See [discussion above](#tick). 接受一个可选参数，它可以把虚拟时钟往前推进特定的微秒数。清除调度到那个时间帧中的异步活动。参见[前面的讨论](#tick)。

`inject` Injects one or more services from the current `TestBed` injector into a test function. It cannot inject a service provided by the component itself. See discussion of the [debugElement.injector](#get-injected-services). 从当前的 `TestBed` 注入器中把一个或多个服务注入到一个测试函数中。它不能用于注入组件自身提供的服务。参见 [`debugElement.injector`](#get-injected-services) 部分的讨论。

`discardPeriodicTasks` When a `fakeAsync()` test ends with pending timer event _tasks_ (queued `setTimeOut` and `setInterval` callbacks), the test fails with a clear error message. 当 `fakeAsync` 测试程序以正在运行的计时器事件任务（排队中的 `setTimeOut` 和 `setInterval` 的回调）结束时，测试会失败，并显示一条明确的错误信息。 In general, a test should end with no queued tasks. When pending timer tasks are expected, call `discardPeriodicTasks` to flush the _task_ queue and avoid the error. 一般来讲，测试程序应该以无排队任务结束。当待执行计时器任务存在时，调用 `discardPeriodicTasks` 来触发任务队列，防止该错误发生。

`flushMicrotasks` When a `fakeAsync()` test ends with pending _micro-tasks_ such as unresolved promises, the test fails with a clear error message. 当 `fakeAsync` 测试程序以待执行微任务（比如未解析的承诺）结束时，测试会失败并显示明确的错误信息。 In general, a test should wait for micro-tasks to finish. When pending microtasks are expected, call `flushMicrotasks` to flush the _micro-task_ queue and avoid the error. 一般来说，测试应该等待微任务结束。当待执行微任务存在时，调用 `flushMicrotasks` 来触发微任务队列，防止该错误发生。

`ComponentFixtureAutoDetect` A provider token for a service that turns on [automatic change detection](#automatic-change-detection). 一个服务提供者令牌，用于开启[自动变更检测](#automatic-change-detection)。

`getTestBed` Gets the current instance of the `TestBed`. Usually unnecessary because the static class methods of the `TestBed` class are typically sufficient. The `TestBed` instance exposes a few rarely used members that are not available as static methods. 获取当前 `TestBed` 实例。通常用不上，因为 `TestBed` 的静态类方法已经够用。 `TestBed` 实例有一些很少需要用到的方法，它们没有对应的静态方法。

{@a testbed-class-summary} #### _TestBed_ class summary #### `TestBed` 类小结 The `TestBed` class is one of the principal Angular testing utilities. Its API is quite large and can be overwhelming until you've explored it, a little at a time. Read the early part of this guide first to get the basics before trying to absorb the full API. `TestBed` 类是 Angular 测试工具的主要类之一。它的 API 很庞大，可能有点过于复杂，直到你一点一点的探索它们。阅读本章前面的部分，了解了基本的知识以后，再试着了解完整 API。 The module definition passed to `configureTestingModule` is a subset of the `@NgModule` metadata properties. 传给 `configureTestingModule` 的模块定义是 `@NgModule` 元数据属性的子集。 type TestModuleMetadata = { providers?: any[]; declarations?: any[]; imports?: any[]; schemas?: Array<SchemaMetadata | any[]>; }; {@a metadata-override-object} Each override method takes a `MetadataOverride` where `T` is the kind of metadata appropriate to the method, that is, the parameter of an `@NgModule`, `@Component`, `@Directive`, or `@Pipe`. 每一个重载方法接受一个 `MetadataOverride`，这里 `T` 是适合这个方法的元数据类型，也就是 `@NgModule`、`@Component`、`@Directive` 或者 `@Pipe` 的参数。 type MetadataOverride<T> = { add?: Partial<T>; remove?: Partial<T>; set?: Partial<T>; }; {@a testbed-methods} {@a testbed-api-summary} The `TestBed` API consists of static class methods that either update or reference a _global_ instance of the `TestBed`. `TestBed` 的 API 包含了一系列静态类方法，它们更新或者引用全局的 `TestBed` 实例。 Internally, all static methods cover methods of the current runtime `TestBed` instance, which is also returned by the `getTestBed()` function. 在内部，所有静态方法在 `getTestBed()` 函数返回的当前运行时间的 `TestBed` 实例上都有对应的方法。 Call `TestBed` methods _within_ a `beforeEach()` to ensure a fresh start before each individual test. 在 `BeforeEach()` 内调用 `TestBed` 方法，以确保在运行每个单独测试时，都有崭新的开始。 Here are the most important static methods, in order of likely utility. 这里列出了最重要的静态方法，以使用频率排序：

Methods 方法 Description 说明

`configureTestingModule` The testing shims (`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`) establish the [initial test environment](guide/testing) and a default testing module. The default testing module is configured with basic declaratives and some Angular service substitutes that every tester needs. 测试垫片（`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`）创建了[初始测试环境](guide/testing)和默认测试模块。默认测试模块是使用基本声明和一些 Angular 服务替代品，它们是所有测试程序都需要的。 Call `configureTestingModule` to refine the testing module configuration for a particular set of tests by adding and removing imports, declarations (of components, directives, and pipes), and providers. 调用 `configureTestingModule` 来为一套特定的测试定义测试模块配置，添加和删除导入、（组件、指令和管道的）声明和服务提供者。

`compileComponents` Compile the testing module asynchronously after you've finished configuring it. You must call this method if _any_ of the testing module components have a `templateUrl` or `styleUrls` because fetching component template and style files is necessarily asynchronous. See [above](#compile-components). 在配置好测试模块之后，异步编译它。如果测试模块中的任何一个组件具有 `templateUrl` 或 `styleUrls`，那么你必须调用这个方法，因为获取组件的模板或样式文件必须是异步的。参见[前面的讨论](#compile-components)。 After calling `compileComponents`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 调用完 `compileComponents` 之后，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。

`createComponent` Create an instance of a component of type `T` based on the current `TestBed` configuration. After calling `compileComponent`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 基于当前 `TestBed` 的配置创建一个类型为 T 的组件实例。一旦调用，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。

`overrideModule` Replace metadata for the given `NgModule`. Recall that modules can import other modules. The `overrideModule` method can reach deeply into the current testing module to modify one of these inner modules. 替换指定的 `NgModule` 的元数据。回想一下，模块可以导入其它模块。 `overrideModule` 方法可以深入到当前测试模块深处，修改其中一个内部模块。

`overrideComponent` Replace metadata for the given component class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定组件类的元数据，该组件类可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。

`overrideDirective` Replace metadata for the given directive class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定指令类的元数据，该指令可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。

`overridePipe` Replace metadata for the given pipe class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定管道类的元数据，该管道可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。

{@a testbed-inject} `inject` Retrieve a service from the current `TestBed` injector. 从当前 `TestBed` 注入器获取一个服务。 The `inject` function is often adequate for this purpose. But `inject` throws an error if it can't provide the service. `inject` 函数通常都能胜任这项工作，但是如果它没法提供该服务时就会抛出一个异常。 What if the service is optional? 如果该服务是可选的呢？ The `TestBed.inject()` method takes an optional second parameter, the object to return if Angular can't find the provider (`null` in this example): `TestBed.inject()` 方法可以接受可选的第二参数，当 Angular 找不到指定的服务提供者时，就会返回该对象（下面这个例子中是 `null` ）： After calling `TestBed.inject`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 调用了 `TestBed.inject` 之后然后通过调用，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。

{@a testbed-initTestEnvironment} `initTestEnvironment` Initialize the testing environment for the entire test run. 为整套测试的运行初始化测试环境。 The testing shims (`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`) call it for you so there is rarely a reason for you to call it yourself. 测试垫片(`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`)会为你调用它，所以你很少需要自己调用它。 You may call this method _exactly once_. If you must change this default in the middle of your test run, call `resetTestEnvironment` first. 这个方法只能被调用一次。如果确实需要在测试程序运行期间改变这个默认设置，那么先调用 `resetTestEnvironment`。 Specify the Angular compiler factory, a `PlatformRef`, and a default Angular testing module. Alternatives for non-browser platforms are available in the general form `@angular/platform-/testing/`. 指定 Angular 编译器工厂，`PlatformRef`，和默认 Angular 测试模块。以 `@angular/platform-/testing/` 的形式提供非浏览器平台的替代品。

`resetTestEnvironment` Reset the initial test environment, including the default testing module. 重设初始测试环境，包括默认测试模块在内。

A few of the `TestBed` instance methods are not covered by static `TestBed` _class_ methods. These are rarely needed. 少数 `TestBed` 实例方法没有对应的静态方法。它们很少被使用。 {@a component-fixture-api-summary} #### The _ComponentFixture_ #### `ComponentFixture` 类 The `TestBed.createComponent` creates an instance of the component `T` and returns a strongly typed `ComponentFixture` for that component. `TestBed.createComponent` 会创建一个组件 `T` 的实例，并为该组件返回一个强类型的 `ComponentFixture`。 The `ComponentFixture` properties and methods provide access to the component, its DOM representation, and aspects of its Angular environment. `ComponentFixture` 的属性和方法提供了对组件、它的 DOM 和它的 Angular 环境方面的访问。 {@a component-fixture-properties} #### _ComponentFixture_ properties #### `ComponentFixture` 的属性 Here are the most important properties for testers, in order of likely utility. 下面是对测试最重要的属性，以使用频率排序：

Properties 属性 Description 说明

`componentInstance` The instance of the component class created by `TestBed.createComponent`. 被 `TestBed.createComponent` 创建的组件类实例。

`debugElement` The `DebugElement` associated with the root element of the component. 与组件根元素关联的 `DebugElement`。 The `debugElement` provides insight into the component and its DOM element during test and debugging. It's a critical property for testers. The most interesting members are covered [below](#debug-element-details). `debugElement` 提供了在测试和调试期间深入探查组件及其 DOM 元素的功能。它对于测试者是一个极其重要的属性。它的大多数主要成员在[后面](#debug-element-details)都有讲解。

`nativeElement` The native DOM element at the root of the component. 组件的原生根 DOM 元素。

`changeDetectorRef` The `ChangeDetectorRef` for the component. 组件的 `ChangeDetectorRef`。 The `ChangeDetectorRef` is most valuable when testing a component that has the `ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush` method or the component's change detection is under your programmatic control. 在测试一个拥有 `ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush` 的组件，或者在组件的变化测试在你的程序控制下时，`ChangeDetectorRef` 是最重要的。

{@a component-fixture-methods} #### _ComponentFixture_ methods #### `ComponentFixture` 的方法 The _fixture_ methods cause Angular to perform certain tasks on the component tree. Call these method to trigger Angular behavior in response to simulated user action. fixture 方法使 Angular 对组件树执行某些任务。在触发 Angular 行为来模拟的用户行为时，调用这些方法。 Here are the most useful methods for testers. 下面是对测试最有用的方法。

Methods 方法 Description 说明

`detectChanges` Trigger a change detection cycle for the component. 为组件触发一轮变化检查。 Call it to initialize the component (it calls `ngOnInit`) and after your test code, change the component's data bound property values. Angular can't see that you've changed `personComponent.name` and won't update the `name` binding until you call `detectChanges`. 调用它来初始化组件（它调用 `ngOnInit`）。或者在你的测试代码改变了组件的数据绑定属性值后调用它。 Angular 不能检测到你已经改变了 `personComponent.name` 属性，也不会更新 `name` 的绑定，直到你调用了 `detectChanges`。 Runs `checkNoChanges` afterwards to confirm that there are no circular updates unless called as `detectChanges(false)`; 之后，运行 `checkNoChanges`，来确认没有循环更新，除非它被这样调用：`detectChanges(false)`。

`autoDetectChanges` Set this to `true` when you want the fixture to detect changes automatically. 如果你希望这个夹具自动检测变更，就把这个设置为 `true`。 When autodetect is `true`, the test fixture calls `detectChanges` immediately after creating the component. Then it listens for pertinent zone events and calls `detectChanges` accordingly. When your test code modifies component property values directly, you probably still have to call `fixture.detectChanges` to trigger data binding updates. 当自动检测打开时，测试 fixture 监听 zone 事件，并调用 `detectChanges`。当你的测试代码直接修改了组件属性值时，你还是要调用 `fixture.detectChanges` 来触发数据绑定更新。 The default is `false`. Testers who prefer fine control over test behavior tend to keep it `false`. 默认值是 `false`，喜欢对测试行为进行精细控制的测试者一般保持它为 `false`。

`checkNoChanges` Do a change detection run to make sure there are no pending changes. Throws an exceptions if there are. 运行一次变更检测来确认没有待处理的变化。如果有未处理的变化，它将抛出一个错误。

`isStable` If the fixture is currently _stable_, returns `true`. If there are async tasks that have not completed, returns `false`. 如果 fixture 当前是稳定的，则返回 `true`。如果有异步任务没有完成，则返回 `false`。

`whenStable` Returns a promise that resolves when the fixture is stable. 返回一个承诺，在 fixture 稳定时解析。 To resume testing after completion of asynchronous activity or asynchronous change detection, hook that promise. See [above](#when-stable). 要想在完成了异步活动或异步变更检测之后再继续测试，可以对那个承诺对象进行挂钩。参见 [前面](#when-stable)。

`destroy` Trigger component destruction. 触发组件的销毁。

{@a debug-element-details} #### _DebugElement_ The `DebugElement` provides crucial insights into the component's DOM representation. `DebugElement` 提供了对组件的 DOM 的访问。 From the test root component's `DebugElement` returned by `fixture.debugElement`, you can walk (and query) the fixture's entire element and component subtrees. `fixture.debugElement` 返回测试根组件的 `DebugElement`，通过它你可以访问（查询）fixture 的整个元素和组件子树。 Here are the most useful `DebugElement` members for testers, in approximate order of utility: 下面是 `DebugElement` 最有用的成员，以使用频率排序。

Member 成员 Description 说明

`nativeElement` The corresponding DOM element in the browser (null for WebWorkers). 与浏览器中 DOM 元素对应（WebWorkers 时，值为 null）。

`query` Calling `query(predicate: Predicate)` returns the first `DebugElement` that matches the [predicate](#query-predicate) at any depth in the subtree. 调用 `query(predicate: Predicate)` 会在子树的任意深度中查找并返回能和[谓词函数](#query-predicate)匹配的第一个 `DebugElement`。

`queryAll` Calling `queryAll(predicate: Predicate)` returns all `DebugElements` that matches the [predicate](#query-predicate) at any depth in subtree. 调用 `queryAll(predicate: Predicate)` 会在子树的任意深度中查找能和[谓词函数](#query-predicate)匹配的所有 `DebugElement`。

`injector` The host dependency injector. For example, the root element's component instance injector. 宿主依赖注入器。比如，根元素的组件实例注入器。

`componentInstance` The element's own component instance, if it has one. 元素自己的组件实例（如果有）。

`context` An object that provides parent context for this element. Often an ancestor component instance that governs this element. 为元素提供父级上下文的对象。通常是控制该元素的祖级组件实例。 When an element is repeated within `ngFor`, the context is an `NgForRow` whose `$implicit` property is the value of the row instance value. For example, the `hero` in `ngFor="let hero of heroes"`. 当一个元素被 `ngFor` 重复，它的上下文为 `NgForRow`，它的 `$implicit` 属性值是该行的实例值。比如，`ngFor="let hero of heroes"` 里的 `hero`。

`children` The immediate `DebugElement` children. Walk the tree by descending through `children`. `DebugElement` 的直接子元素。可以通过继续深入 `children` 来遍历这棵树。
`DebugElement` also has `childNodes`, a list of `DebugNode` objects. `DebugElement` derives from `DebugNode` objects and there are often more nodes than elements. Testers can usually ignore plain nodes. `DebugElement` 还有 `childNodes`，即 `DebugNode` 对象列表。 `DebugElement` 从 `DebugNode` 对象衍生，而且通常节点（node）比元素多。测试者通常忽略赤裸节点。

`parent` The `DebugElement` parent. Null if this is the root element. `DebugElement` 的父级。如果 `DebugElement` 是根元素，`parent` 为 null。

`name` The element tag name, if it is an element. 元素的标签名字，如果它是一个元素的话。

`triggerEventHandler` Triggers the event by its name if there is a corresponding listener in the element's `listeners` collection. The second parameter is the _event object_ expected by the handler. See [above](#trigger-event-handler). 如果在该元素的 `listeners` 集合中有相应的监听器，就根据名字触发这个事件。第二个参数是该处理器函数所需的事件对象*。参见[前面](#trigger-event-handler)。 If the event lacks a listener or there's some other problem, consider calling `nativeElement.dispatchEvent(eventObject)`. 如果事件缺乏监听器，或者有其它问题，考虑调用 `nativeElement.dispatchEvent(eventObject)`。

`listeners` The callbacks attached to the component's `@Output` properties and/or the element's event properties. 元素的 `@Output` 属性以及/或者元素的事件属性所附带的回调函数。

`providerTokens` This component's injector lookup tokens. Includes the component itself plus the tokens that the component lists in its `providers` metadata. 组件注入器的查询令牌。包括组件自己的令牌和组件的 `providers` 元数据中列出来的令牌。

`source` Where to find this element in the source component template. source 是在源组件模板中查询这个元素的处所。

`references` Dictionary of objects associated with template local variables (e.g. `#foo`), keyed by the local variable name. 与模板本地变量（比如 `#foo`）关联的词典对象，关键字与本地变量名字配对。

{@a query-predicate} The `DebugElement.query(predicate)` and `DebugElement.queryAll(predicate)` methods take a predicate that filters the source element's subtree for matching `DebugElement`. `DebugElement.query(predicate)` 和 `DebugElement.queryAll(predicate)` 方法接受一个条件方法，它过滤源元素的子树，返回匹配的 `DebugElement`。 The predicate is any method that takes a `DebugElement` and returns a _truthy_ value. The following example finds all `DebugElements` with a reference to a template local variable named "content": 这个条件方法是任何接受一个 `DebugElement` 并返回真值的方法。下面的例子查询所有拥有名为 `content` 的模块本地变量的所有 `DebugElement`： The Angular `By` class has three static methods for common predicates: Angular 的 `By` 类为常用条件方法提供了三个静态方法： - `By.all` - return all elements. `By.all` - 返回所有元素 - `By.css(selector)` - return elements with matching CSS selectors. `By.css(selector)` - 返回符合 CSS 选择器的元素。 - `By.directive(directive)` - return elements that Angular matched to an instance of the directive class. `By.directive(directive)` - 返回 Angular 能匹配一个指令类实例的所有元素。
{@a useful-tips} ## Useful tips ## 常见问题 {@a q-spec-file-location} #### Place your spec file next to the file it tests #### 为什么要把测试文件和被测文件放在一起？ It's a good idea to put unit test spec files in the same folder as the application source code files that they test: 将单元测试的 spec 配置文件放到与应用程序源代码文件所在的同一个文件夹中是个好主意，因为： - Such tests are easy to find. 这样的测试程序很容易被找到 - You see at a glance if a part of your application lacks tests. 你可以一眼看出应用程序的哪些部分缺乏测试程序。 - Nearby tests can reveal how a part works in context. 临近的测试程序可以展示代码是如何在上下文中工作的 - When you move the source (inevitable), you remember to move the test. 当你移动代码（无可避免）时，你记得一起移动测试程序 - When you rename the source file (inevitable), you remember to rename the test file. 当你重命名源代码文件（无可避免），你记得重命名测试程序文件。 {@a q-specs-in-test-folder} #### Place your spec files in a test folder #### 把测试文件放进 `test` 文件夹中 Application integration specs can test the interactions of multiple parts spread across folders and modules. They don't really belong to any part in particular, so they don't have a natural home next to any one file. 应用程序的集成测试 spec 文件可以测试横跨多个目录和模块的多个部分之间的互动。它们不属于任何部分，自然也没有专门的地方存放它们。 It's often better to create an appropriate folder for them in the `tests` directory. 通常，在 `test` 目录中为它们创建一个合适的目录比较好。 Of course specs that test the test helpers belong in the `test` folder, next to their corresponding helper files. 当然，测试助手对象的测试 spec 文件也属于 `test` 目录，与它们对应的助手文件相邻。 {@a q-kiss} #### Keep it simple #### 保持简单 [Component class testing](#component-class-testing) should be kept very clean and simple. It should test only a single unit. On a first glance, you should be able to understand what the test is testing. If it's doing more, then it doesn't belong here. [组件类测试](#component-class-testing)应该保持非常干净和简单。它应该只测试一个单元。应该一眼就能了解测试的内容。如果还要做更多事，那它就不属于这里。 {@a q-end-to-end} #### Use E2E (end-to-end) to test more than a single unit #### 使用 E2E（端到端）来测试多个单元 E2E tests are great for high-level validation of the entire system. But they can't give you the comprehensive test coverage that you'd expect from unit tests. E2E 测试对于整个系统的高层验证非常好用。但是它们没法给你像单元测试这样全面的测试覆盖率。 E2E tests are difficult to write and perform poorly compared to unit tests. They break easily, often due to changes or misbehavior far removed from the site of breakage. E2E 测试很难写，并且执行性能也赶不上单元测试。它们很容易被破坏，而且经常是因为某些远离故障点的修改或不当行为而导致的。 E2E tests can't easily reveal how your components behave when things go wrong, such as missing or bad data, lost connectivity, and remote service failures. 当出错时，E2E 测试不能轻松揭露你的组件出了什么问题，比如丢失或错误的数据、网络失去连接或远端服务器挂了。 E2E tests for apps that update a database, send an invoice, or charge a credit card require special tricks and back-doors to prevent accidental corruption of remote resources. It can even be hard to navigate to the component you want to test. 如果 E2E 的测试对象要更新数据库、发送发票或收取信用卡，就需要一些特殊的技巧和后门来防止远程资源被意外破坏。它甚至可能都难以导航到你要测试的组件。 Because of these many obstacles, you should test DOM interaction with unit testing techniques as much as possible. 由于存在这么多障碍，你应该尽可能使用单元测试技术来测试 DOM 交互。

Function 函数	Description 说明
`async`	Runs the body of a test (`it`) or setup (`beforeEach`) function within a special _async test zone_. See [discussion above](#async). 在一个特殊的* async 测试区域*中运行测试（`it`）的函数体或准备函数（`beforeEach`）。参见[前面的讨论](#async)。
`fakeAsync`	Runs the body of a test (`it`) within a special _fakeAsync test zone_, enabling a linear control flow coding style. See [discussion above](#fake-async). 在一个特殊的* fakeAsync 测试区域*中运行测试（`it`）的函数体，以便启用线性风格的控制流。参见[前面的讨论](#fake-async)。
`tick`	Simulates the passage of time and the completion of pending asynchronous activities by flushing both _timer_ and _micro-task_ queues within the _fakeAsync test zone_. 通过在* fakeAsync 测试区域*中刷新定时器和微任务（micro-task）队列来仿真时间的流逝以及异步活动的完成。 The curious, dedicated reader might enjoy this lengthy blog post, ["_Tasks, microtasks, queues and schedules_"](https://jakearchibald.com/2015/tasks-microtasks-queues-and-schedules/). 好奇和执着的读者可能会喜欢这篇长博客： "_Tasks, microtasks, queues and schedules_". Accepts an optional argument that moves the virtual clock forward by the specified number of milliseconds, clearing asynchronous activities scheduled within that timeframe. See [discussion above](#tick). 接受一个可选参数，它可以把虚拟时钟往前推进特定的微秒数。清除调度到那个时间帧中的异步活动。参见[前面的讨论](#tick)。
`inject`	Injects one or more services from the current `TestBed` injector into a test function. It cannot inject a service provided by the component itself. See discussion of the [debugElement.injector](#get-injected-services). 从当前的 `TestBed` 注入器中把一个或多个服务注入到一个测试函数中。它不能用于注入组件自身提供的服务。参见 [`debugElement.injector`](#get-injected-services) 部分的讨论。
`discardPeriodicTasks`	When a `fakeAsync()` test ends with pending timer event _tasks_ (queued `setTimeOut` and `setInterval` callbacks), the test fails with a clear error message. 当 `fakeAsync` 测试程序以正在运行的计时器事件任务（排队中的 `setTimeOut` 和 `setInterval` 的回调）结束时，测试会失败，并显示一条明确的错误信息。 In general, a test should end with no queued tasks. When pending timer tasks are expected, call `discardPeriodicTasks` to flush the _task_ queue and avoid the error. 一般来讲，测试程序应该以无排队任务结束。当待执行计时器任务存在时，调用 `discardPeriodicTasks` 来触发任务队列，防止该错误发生。
`flushMicrotasks`	When a `fakeAsync()` test ends with pending _micro-tasks_ such as unresolved promises, the test fails with a clear error message. 当 `fakeAsync` 测试程序以待执行微任务（比如未解析的承诺）结束时，测试会失败并显示明确的错误信息。 In general, a test should wait for micro-tasks to finish. When pending microtasks are expected, call `flushMicrotasks` to flush the _micro-task_ queue and avoid the error. 一般来说，测试应该等待微任务结束。当待执行微任务存在时，调用 `flushMicrotasks` 来触发微任务队列，防止该错误发生。
`ComponentFixtureAutoDetect`	A provider token for a service that turns on [automatic change detection](#automatic-change-detection). 一个服务提供者令牌，用于开启[自动变更检测](#automatic-change-detection)。
`getTestBed`	Gets the current instance of the `TestBed`. Usually unnecessary because the static class methods of the `TestBed` class are typically sufficient. The `TestBed` instance exposes a few rarely used members that are not available as static methods. 获取当前 `TestBed` 实例。通常用不上，因为 `TestBed` 的静态类方法已经够用。 `TestBed` 实例有一些很少需要用到的方法，它们没有对应的静态方法。

Methods 方法	Description 说明
`configureTestingModule`	The testing shims (`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`) establish the [initial test environment](guide/testing) and a default testing module. The default testing module is configured with basic declaratives and some Angular service substitutes that every tester needs. 测试垫片（`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`）创建了[初始测试环境](guide/testing)和默认测试模块。默认测试模块是使用基本声明和一些 Angular 服务替代品，它们是所有测试程序都需要的。 Call `configureTestingModule` to refine the testing module configuration for a particular set of tests by adding and removing imports, declarations (of components, directives, and pipes), and providers. 调用 `configureTestingModule` 来为一套特定的测试定义测试模块配置，添加和删除导入、（组件、指令和管道的）声明和服务提供者。
`compileComponents`	Compile the testing module asynchronously after you've finished configuring it. You must call this method if _any_ of the testing module components have a `templateUrl` or `styleUrls` because fetching component template and style files is necessarily asynchronous. See [above](#compile-components). 在配置好测试模块之后，异步编译它。如果测试模块中的任何一个组件具有 `templateUrl` 或 `styleUrls`，那么你必须调用这个方法，因为获取组件的模板或样式文件必须是异步的。参见[前面的讨论](#compile-components)。 After calling `compileComponents`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 调用完 `compileComponents` 之后，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。
`createComponent`	Create an instance of a component of type `T` based on the current `TestBed` configuration. After calling `compileComponent`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 基于当前 `TestBed` 的配置创建一个类型为 T 的组件实例。一旦调用，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。
`overrideModule`	Replace metadata for the given `NgModule`. Recall that modules can import other modules. The `overrideModule` method can reach deeply into the current testing module to modify one of these inner modules. 替换指定的 `NgModule` 的元数据。回想一下，模块可以导入其它模块。 `overrideModule` 方法可以深入到当前测试模块深处，修改其中一个内部模块。
`overrideComponent`	Replace metadata for the given component class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定组件类的元数据，该组件类可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。
`overrideDirective`	Replace metadata for the given directive class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定指令类的元数据，该指令可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。
`overridePipe`	Replace metadata for the given pipe class, which could be nested deeply within an inner module. 替换指定管道类的元数据，该管道可能嵌套在一个很深的内部模块中。
{@a testbed-inject} `inject`	Retrieve a service from the current `TestBed` injector. 从当前 `TestBed` 注入器获取一个服务。 The `inject` function is often adequate for this purpose. But `inject` throws an error if it can't provide the service. `inject` 函数通常都能胜任这项工作，但是如果它没法提供该服务时就会抛出一个异常。 What if the service is optional? 如果该服务是可选的呢？ The `TestBed.inject()` method takes an optional second parameter, the object to return if Angular can't find the provider (`null` in this example): `TestBed.inject()` 方法可以接受可选的第二参数，当 Angular 找不到指定的服务提供者时，就会返回该对象（下面这个例子中是 `null` ）： After calling `TestBed.inject`, the `TestBed` configuration is frozen for the duration of the current spec. 调用了 `TestBed.inject` 之后然后通过调用，`TestBed` 的配置就会在当前测试期间被冻结。
{@a testbed-initTestEnvironment} `initTestEnvironment`	Initialize the testing environment for the entire test run. 为整套测试的运行初始化测试环境。 The testing shims (`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`) call it for you so there is rarely a reason for you to call it yourself. 测试垫片(`karma-test-shim`, `browser-test-shim`)会为你调用它，所以你很少需要自己调用它。 You may call this method _exactly once_. If you must change this default in the middle of your test run, call `resetTestEnvironment` first. 这个方法只能被调用一次。如果确实需要在测试程序运行期间改变这个默认设置，那么先调用 `resetTestEnvironment`。 Specify the Angular compiler factory, a `PlatformRef`, and a default Angular testing module. Alternatives for non-browser platforms are available in the general form `@angular/platform-/testing/`. 指定 Angular 编译器工厂，`PlatformRef`，和默认 Angular 测试模块。以 `@angular/platform-/testing/` 的形式提供非浏览器平台的替代品。
`resetTestEnvironment`	Reset the initial test environment, including the default testing module. 重设初始测试环境，包括默认测试模块在内。

Methods 方法	Description 说明
`detectChanges`	Trigger a change detection cycle for the component. 为组件触发一轮变化检查。 Call it to initialize the component (it calls `ngOnInit`) and after your test code, change the component's data bound property values. Angular can't see that you've changed `personComponent.name` and won't update the `name` binding until you call `detectChanges`. 调用它来初始化组件（它调用 `ngOnInit`）。或者在你的测试代码改变了组件的数据绑定属性值后调用它。 Angular 不能检测到你已经改变了 `personComponent.name` 属性，也不会更新 `name` 的绑定，直到你调用了 `detectChanges`。 Runs `checkNoChanges` afterwards to confirm that there are no circular updates unless called as `detectChanges(false)`; 之后，运行 `checkNoChanges`，来确认没有循环更新，除非它被这样调用：`detectChanges(false)`。
`autoDetectChanges`	Set this to `true` when you want the fixture to detect changes automatically. 如果你希望这个夹具自动检测变更，就把这个设置为 `true`。 When autodetect is `true`, the test fixture calls `detectChanges` immediately after creating the component. Then it listens for pertinent zone events and calls `detectChanges` accordingly. When your test code modifies component property values directly, you probably still have to call `fixture.detectChanges` to trigger data binding updates. 当自动检测打开时，测试 fixture 监听 zone 事件，并调用 `detectChanges`。当你的测试代码直接修改了组件属性值时，你还是要调用 `fixture.detectChanges` 来触发数据绑定更新。 The default is `false`. Testers who prefer fine control over test behavior tend to keep it `false`. 默认值是 `false`，喜欢对测试行为进行精细控制的测试者一般保持它为 `false`。
`checkNoChanges`	Do a change detection run to make sure there are no pending changes. Throws an exceptions if there are. 运行一次变更检测来确认没有待处理的变化。如果有未处理的变化，它将抛出一个错误。
`isStable`	If the fixture is currently _stable_, returns `true`. If there are async tasks that have not completed, returns `false`. 如果 fixture 当前是稳定的，则返回 `true`。如果有异步任务没有完成，则返回 `false`。
`whenStable`	Returns a promise that resolves when the fixture is stable. 返回一个承诺，在 fixture 稳定时解析。 To resume testing after completion of asynchronous activity or asynchronous change detection, hook that promise. See [above](#when-stable). 要想在完成了异步活动或异步变更检测之后再继续测试，可以对那个承诺对象进行挂钩。参见 [前面](#when-stable)。
`destroy`	Trigger component destruction. 触发组件的销毁。

Member 成员	Description 说明
`nativeElement`	The corresponding DOM element in the browser (null for WebWorkers). 与浏览器中 DOM 元素对应（WebWorkers 时，值为 null）。
`query`	Calling `query(predicate: Predicate)` returns the first `DebugElement` that matches the [predicate](#query-predicate) at any depth in the subtree. 调用 `query(predicate: Predicate)` 会在子树的任意深度中查找并返回能和[谓词函数](#query-predicate)匹配的第一个 `DebugElement`。
`queryAll`	Calling `queryAll(predicate: Predicate)` returns all `DebugElements` that matches the [predicate](#query-predicate) at any depth in subtree. 调用 `queryAll(predicate: Predicate)` 会在子树的任意深度中查找能和[谓词函数](#query-predicate)匹配的所有 `DebugElement`。
`injector`	The host dependency injector. For example, the root element's component instance injector. 宿主依赖注入器。比如，根元素的组件实例注入器。
`componentInstance`	The element's own component instance, if it has one. 元素自己的组件实例（如果有）。
`context`	An object that provides parent context for this element. Often an ancestor component instance that governs this element. 为元素提供父级上下文的对象。通常是控制该元素的祖级组件实例。 When an element is repeated within `ngFor`, the context is an `NgForRow` whose `$implicit` property is the value of the row instance value. For example, the `hero` in `ngFor="let hero of heroes"`. 当一个元素被 `ngFor` 重复，它的上下文为 `NgForRow`，它的 `$implicit` 属性值是该行的实例值。比如，`ngFor="let hero of heroes"` 里的 `hero`。
`children`	The immediate `DebugElement` children. Walk the tree by descending through `children`. `DebugElement` 的直接子元素。可以通过继续深入 `children` 来遍历这棵树。 `DebugElement` also has `childNodes`, a list of `DebugNode` objects. `DebugElement` derives from `DebugNode` objects and there are often more nodes than elements. Testers can usually ignore plain nodes. `DebugElement` 还有 `childNodes`，即 `DebugNode` 对象列表。 `DebugElement` 从 `DebugNode` 对象衍生，而且通常节点（node）比元素多。测试者通常忽略赤裸节点。
`parent`	The `DebugElement` parent. Null if this is the root element. `DebugElement` 的父级。如果 `DebugElement` 是根元素，`parent` 为 null。
`name`	The element tag name, if it is an element. 元素的标签名字，如果它是一个元素的话。
`triggerEventHandler`	Triggers the event by its name if there is a corresponding listener in the element's `listeners` collection. The second parameter is the _event object_ expected by the handler. See [above](#trigger-event-handler). 如果在该元素的 `listeners` 集合中有相应的监听器，就根据名字触发这个事件。第二个参数是该处理器函数所需的事件对象。参见[前面](#trigger-event-handler)。 If the event lacks a listener or there's some other problem, consider calling `nativeElement.dispatchEvent(eventObject)`. 如果事件缺乏监听器，或者有其它问题，考虑调用 `nativeElement.dispatchEvent(eventObject)`。
`listeners`	The callbacks attached to the component's `@Output` properties and/or the element's event properties. 元素的 `@Output` 属性以及/或者元素的事件属性所附带的回调函数。
`providerTokens`	This component's injector lookup tokens. Includes the component itself plus the tokens that the component lists in its `providers` metadata. 组件注入器的查询令牌。包括组件自己的令牌和组件的 `providers` 元数据中列出来的令牌。
`source`	Where to find this element in the source component template. source 是在源组件模板中查询这个元素的处所。
`references`	Dictionary of objects associated with template local variables (e.g. `#foo`), keyed by the local variable name. 与模板本地变量（比如 `#foo`）关联的词典对象，关键字与本地变量名字配对。

` You'll write a sequence of tests that inspect the value of the `

` element that wraps the _title_ property interpolation binding. 你将会写一系列测试来探查 `

` like this: 你的第一个测试希望看到屏幕显示出了默认的 `title`。你本能的写出如下测试来立即审查这个 `

` have the expected title. 你必须通过调用 `fixture.detectChanges()` 来要求 `TestBed` 执行数据绑定。然后 `

` elements that _do not_ have the directive. `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive. `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` 里的`:not` 伪类（pseudo-class）帮助查找不带该指令的 `

` to get its `HighlightDirective` instance and its `defaultColor`. Angular 将指令添加到它的元素的注入器中。默认颜色的测试程序使用第二个 `

Properties 属性	Description 说明
`componentInstance`	The instance of the component class created by `TestBed.createComponent`. 被 `TestBed.createComponent` 创建的组件类实例。
`debugElement`	The `DebugElement` associated with the root element of the component. 与组件根元素关联的 `DebugElement`。 The `debugElement` provides insight into the component and its DOM element during test and debugging. It's a critical property for testers. The most interesting members are covered [below](#debug-element-details). `debugElement` 提供了在测试和调试期间深入探查组件及其 DOM 元素的功能。它对于测试者是一个极其重要的属性。它的大多数主要成员在[后面](#debug-element-details)都有讲解。
`nativeElement`	The native DOM element at the root of the component. 组件的原生根 DOM 元素。
`changeDetectorRef`	The `ChangeDetectorRef` for the component. 组件的 `ChangeDetectorRef`。 The `ChangeDetectorRef` is most valuable when testing a component that has the `ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush` method or the component's change detection is under your programmatic control. 在测试一个拥有 `ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush` 的组件，或者在组件的变化测试在你的程序控制下时，`ChangeDetectorRef` 是最重要的。

` You'll write a sequence of tests that inspect the value of the `

` element that wraps the _title_ property interpolation binding. 你将会写一系列测试来探查 `

` like this: 你的第一个测试希望看到屏幕显示出了默认的 `title`。 你本能的写出如下测试来立即审查这个 `

` have the expected title. 你必须通过调用 `fixture.detectChanges()` 来要求 `TestBed` 执行数据绑定。 然后 `

` elements that _do not_ have the directive. `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive. `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` 里的`:not` 伪类（pseudo-class）帮助查找**不带**该指令的 `

` to get its `HighlightDirective` instance and its `defaultColor`. Angular 将指令添加到它的元素的注入器中。默认颜色的测试程序使用第二个 `

` like this: 你的第一个测试希望看到屏幕显示出了默认的 `title`。你本能的写出如下测试来立即审查这个 `

` have the expected title. 你必须通过调用 `fixture.detectChanges()` 来要求 `TestBed` 执行数据绑定。然后 `

` elements that _do not_ have the directive. `By.css('*:not([highlight])')` finds _any_ element that does not have the directive. `By.css('h2:not([highlight])')` 里的`:not` 伪类（pseudo-class）帮助查找不带该指令的 `