angular-docs-cn/public/docs/ts/latest/guide/displaying-data.jade

include ../_util-fns

<!-- http://plnkr.co/edit/x9JYbC -->

:marked
  We typically display data in Angular by binding controls in an HTML template
  to properties of an Angular component.

  In this chapter, we'll create a component with a list of heroes. Each hero has a name.
  We'll display the list of hero names and
  conditionally show a selected hero in a detail area below the list.

  The final UI looks like this:

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/final.png" alt="Final UI")

:marked
  [Run the live example](/resources/live-examples/displaying-data/ts/plnkr.html)

<a id="interpolation"></a>
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Showing component properties with interpolation
  The easiest way to display a component property
  is to bind the property name through interpolation.
  With interpolation, we put the property name in the view template, enclosed in double curly braces: `{{myHero}}`.

  Let's build a small illustrative example together.

  Create a new project folder (`displaying-data`) and follow the steps in the [QuickStart](../quickstart.html).

include ../_quickstart_repo
:marked
  Then modify the `app.component.ts` file by changing the template and the body of the component.
  When we're done, it should look like this:

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.1.ts', null, 'app/app.component.ts')

:marked
  We added two properties to the formerly empty component: `title` and `myHero`.

  Our revised template displays the two component properties using double curly brace
  interpolation:

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.1.ts', 'template')(format=".")
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    The template is a multi-line string within ECMAScript 2015 backticks (\`).
    The backtick (\`) &mdash; which is *not* the same character as a single
    quote (') &mdash; has many nice features. The feature we're exploiting here
    is the ability to compose the string over several lines, which makes for
    much more readable HTML.

:marked
  Angular automatically pulls the value of the `title` and `myHero` properties from the component and
  inserts those values into the browser. Angular updates the display
  when these properties change.
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    More precisely, the redisplay occurs after some kind of asynchronous event related to
    the view such as a keystroke, a timer completion, or an async `XHR` response.
    We don't have those in this sample.
    But then the properties aren't changing on their own either. For the moment we must operate on faith.
:marked
  Notice that we haven't called **new** to create an instance of the `AppComponent` class.
  Angular is creating an instance for us. How?

  Notice the CSS `selector` in the `@Component` decorator that specifies an element named "my-app".
  Remember back in QuickStart that we added the `<my-app>` element to the body of our `index.html`
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/index.html', 'my-app')(format=".")

:marked
  When we bootstrap with the `AppComponent` class (see `main.ts`), Angular looks for a `<my-app>`
  in the `index.html`, finds it, instantiates an instance of `AppComponent`, and renders it
  inside the `<my-app>` tag.

  We're ready to see changes in a running app by firing up the npm script that both compiles and serves our applications
  while watching for changes.
code-example(format="").
  npm start
:marked
  We should see the title and hero name:
figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/title-and-hero.png" alt="Title and Hero")
:marked
  Let's review some of the choices we made and consider alternatives.

  ## Template inline or template file?

  We can store our component's template in one of two places.
  We can define it *inline* using the `template` property, as we do here.
  Or we can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in
  the component metadata using the `@Component` decorator's `templateUrl` property.

  The choice between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste,
  circumstances, and organization policy.
  Here we're using inline HTML because the template is small, and the demo
  is simpler without the HTML file.

  In either style, the template data bindings have the same access to the component's properties.

  ## Constructor or variable initialization?

  We initialized our component properties using variable assignment.
  This is a wonderfully concise and compact technique.

  Some folks prefer to declare the properties and initialize them within a constructor like this:
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app-ctor.component.ts', 'app-ctor')(format=".")

:marked
  That's fine too. The choice is a matter of taste and organization policy.
  We'll adopt the more terse "variable assignment" style in this chapter simply because
  there will be less code to read.

<a id="ngFor"></a>
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:marked
  ## Showing an array property with NgFor

  We want to display a list of heroes. We begin by adding a mock heroes name array to the component,
  just above `myHero`, and redefine `myHero` to be the first name in the array.
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'mock-heroes', 'app/app.component.ts (class)')(format=".")

:marked
  Now we use the Angular `NgFor` "repeater" directive in the template to display
  each item in the `heroes` list.

+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'template','app/app.component.ts (template)')(format=".")

:marked
  Our presentation is the familiar HTML unordered list with `<ul>` and `<li>` tags. Let's focus on the `<li>` tag.
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.2.ts', 'li-repeater')(format=".")

:marked
  We added a somewhat mysterious `*ngFor` to the `<li>` element.
  That's the Angular "repeater" directive.
  Its presence on the `<li>` tag marks that `<li>` element (and its children) as the "repeater template".

.alert.is-important
  :marked
    Don't forget the leading asterisk (\*) in `*ngFor`. It is an essential part of the syntax.
    Learn more about this and `NgFor` in the [Template Syntax](./template-syntax.html#ngFor) chapter.

:marked
  Notice the `#hero` in the `NgFor` double-quoted instruction.
  The `#hero` is a [local template variable](./template-syntax.html#local-vars) declaration.
  The `#` prefix declares a local variable name named `hero`.

  Angular duplicates the `<li>` for each item in the list, setting the `hero` variable
  to the item (the hero) in the current iteration. Angular uses that variable as the
  context for the interpolation in the double curly braces.

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    We happened to give `NgFor` an array to display.
    In fact, `NgFor` can repeat items for any [iterable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols)
    object.
:marked
  Assuming we're still running under the `npm start` command,
  we should see heroes appearing in an unordered list.

figure.image-display
  img(src="/resources/images/devguide/displaying-data/hero-names-list.png" alt="After ngfor")

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:marked
  ## Creating a class for the data

  We are defining our data directly inside our component.
  That's fine for a demo but certainly isn't a best practice. It's not even a good practice.
  Although we won't do anything about that in this chapter, we'll make a mental note to fix this down the road.

  At the moment, we're binding to an array of strings. We do that occasionally in real applications, but
  most of the time we're displaying objects &mdash; potentially instances of classes.

  Let's turn our array of hero names into an array of `Hero` objects. For that we'll need a `Hero` class.

  Create a new file in the `app/` folder called `hero.ts` with the following short bit of code.
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts', null, 'app/hero.ts')(format = ".")

:marked
  We've defined a class with a constructor and two properties: `id` and `name`.

  It might not look like we have properties, but we do. We're taking
  advantage of a TypeScript shortcut in our declaration of the constructor parameters.

  Consider the first parameter:
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts', 'id-parameter')

:marked
  That brief syntax does a lot:
  * declares a constructor parameter and its type
  * declares a public property of the same name
  * initializes that property with the corresponding argument when we "new" an instance of the class

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Using the Hero class
  Let's redefine the `heroes` property in our component to return an array of these Hero objects
  and also set the `myHero` property with the first of these mock heroes.
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.3.ts', 'heroes', 'app.component.ts (excerpt)')(format=".")

:marked
  We'll have to update the template.
  At the moment it displays the entire `hero` object, which used to be a string value.
  Let's fix that so we interpolate the `hero.name` property.
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.3.ts', 'template','app.component.ts (template)')(format=".")

:marked
  Our display looks the same, but now we know much better what a hero really is.

<a id="ngIf"></a>
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:marked
  ## Conditional display with NgIf

  Sometimes the app should display a view or a portion of a view only under specific circumstances.

  In our example, we'd like to display a message if we have a large number of heroes &mdash; say, more than 3.

  The Angular `NgIf` directive inserts or removes an element based on a truthy/falsey condition.
  We can see it in action by adding the following paragraph at the bottom of the template:
+makeExample('displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.ts', 'message')
.alert.is-important
  :marked
    Don't forget the leading asterisk (\*) in `*ngIf`. It is an essential part of the syntax.
    Learn more about this and `NgIf` in the [Template Syntax](./template-syntax.html#ngIf) chapter.

:marked
  The [template expression](./template-syntax.html#template-expressions) inside the double quotes
  looks much like JavaScript and it _is_ much like JavaScript.
  When the component's list of heroes has more than 3 items, Angular adds the paragraph to the DOM and the message appears.
  If there are 3 or fewer items, Angular omits the paragraph, so no message appears.

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing the paragraph element from the DOM.
    That hardly matters here. It would matter a great deal from a performance perspective if
    we were conditionally including or excluding a big chunk of HTML with many data bindings.

:marked
  Try it out. Because the array has four items, the message should appear.
  Go back into `app.component.ts` and delete or comment out one of the elements from the hero array.
  The browser should refresh automatically and the message should disappear.

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Summary
  Now we know how to use:
  - **interpolation** with double curly braces to display a component property
  - **`NgFor`** to display a list of items
  - a TypeScript class to shape the **model data** for our component and display properties of that model
  - **`NgIf`** to conditionally display a chunk of HTML based on a boolean expression

  Here's our final code:

+makeTabs(`displaying-data/ts/app/app.component.ts,
           displaying-data/ts/app/hero.ts,
           displaying-data/ts/app/main.ts`,
           'final,,',
           'app/app.component.ts, app/hero.ts, main.ts')