packer-cn/website/source/docs/builders/azure.html.md

---
description: 'Packer supports building VHDs in Azure Resource manager.'
layout: docs
page_title: 'Azure - Builders'
sidebar_current: 'docs-builders-azure'
---

# Azure Resource Manager Builder

Type: `azure-arm`

Packer supports building VHDs in [Azure Resource Manager](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/resource-group-overview/). Azure provides new users a [$200 credit for the first 30 days](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/free/); after which you will incur costs for VMs built and stored using Packer.

Unlike most Packer builders, the artifact produced by the ARM builder is a VHD (virtual hard disk), not a full virtual machine image. This means you will need to [perform some additional steps](https://github.com/Azure/packer-azure/issues/201) in order to launch a VM from your build artifact.

Azure uses a combination of OAuth and Active Directory to authorize requests to the ARM API. Learn how to [authorize access to ARM](/docs/builders/azure-setup.html).

The documentation below references command output from the [Azure CLI](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/xplat-cli-install/).

## Configuration Reference

The following configuration options are available for building Azure images. In addition to the options listed here, a
[communicator](/docs/templates/communicator.html) can be configured for this
builder.

### Required:

-   `client_id` (string) The Active Directory service principal associated with your builder.

-   `client_secret` (string) The password or secret for your service principal.

-   `subscription_id` (string) Subscription under which the build will be performed. **The service principal specified in `client_id` must have full access to this subscription.**
-   `capture_container_name` (string) Destination container name. Essentially the "directory" where your VHD will be organized in Azure.  The captured VHD's URL will be https://<storage_account>.blob.core.windows.net/system/Microsoft.Compute/Images/<capture_container_name>/<capture_name_prefix>.xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx.vhd.

-   `image_publisher` (string) PublisherName for your base image. See [documentation](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/resource-groups-vm-searching/) for details.

    CLI example `azure vm image list-publishers -l westus`

-   `image_offer` (string) Offer for your base image. See [documentation](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/resource-groups-vm-searching/) for details.

    CLI example `azure vm image list-offers -l westus -p Canonical`

-   `image_sku` (string) SKU for your base image. See [documentation](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/resource-groups-vm-searching/) for details.

    CLI example `azure vm image list-skus -l westus -p Canonical -o UbuntuServer`

-   `location` (string) Azure datacenter in which your VM will build.

    CLI example `azure location list`
    
#### VHD or Managed Image

The Azure builder can create either a VHD, or a managed image. When creating a VHD the following two options are required.

-   `capture_container_name` (string) Destination container name. Essentially the "directory" where your VHD will be 
    organized in Azure.  The captured VHD's URL will be https://<storage_account>.blob.core.windows.net/system/Microsoft.Compute/Images/<capture_container_name>/<capture_name_prefix>.xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx.vhd.
    
-   `capture_name_prefix` (string) VHD prefix. The final artifacts will be named `PREFIX-osDisk.UUID` and 
    `PREFIX-vmTemplate.UUID`.

-   `resource_group_name` (string) Resource group under which the final artifact will be stored.

-   `storage_account` (string) Storage account under which the final artifact will be stored.

When creating a managed image the following two options are required.

-   `managed_image_name` (string) Specify the managed image name where the result of the Packer build will be saved. The
     image name must not exist ahead of time, and will not be overwritten. If this value is set, the value 
     `managed_image_resource_group_name` must also be set. See [documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/storage-managed-disks-overview#images) 
     to learn more about managed images.
     
-   `managed_image_resource_group_name` (string) Specify the managed image resource group name where the result of the Packer build will be 
     saved.  The resource group must already exist. If this value is set, the value `managed_image_name` must also be 
     set. See [documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/storage-managed-disks-overview#images) to 
     learn more about managed images.

### Optional:

-   `azure_tags` (object of name/value strings) - the user can define up to 15 tags. Tag names cannot exceed 512
    characters, and tag values cannot exceed 256 characters. Tags are applied to every resource deployed by a Packer
    build, i.e. Resource Group, VM, NIC, VNET, Public IP, KeyVault, etc.

-   `cloud_environment_name` (string) One of `Public`, `China`, `Germany`, or
    `USGovernment`. Defaults to `Public`. Long forms such as
    `USGovernmentCloud` and `AzureUSGovernmentCloud` are also supported.
    
-   `custom_data_file` (string) Specify a file containing custom data to inject into the cloud-init process. The contents
    of the file are read, base64 encoded, and injected into the ARM template. The custom data will be passed to 
    cloud-init for processing at the time of provisioning. See [documentation](http://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/examples.html)
    to learn more about custom data, and how it can be used to influence the provisioning process.

-   `custom_managed_image_name` (string) Specify the source managed image's name to use.  If this value is set, do not set
    image_publisher, image_offer, image_sku, or image_version. If this value is set, the value
    `custom_managed_image_resource_group_name` must also be set. See [documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/storage-managed-disks-overview#images)
    to learn more about managed images.

-   `custom_managed_image_resource_group_name` (string) Specify the source managed image's resource group used to use.  If this
    value is set, do not set image_publisher, image_offer, image_sku, or image_version. If this value is set, the
    value `custom_managed_image_name` must also be set. See [documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/storage-managed-disks-overview#images)
    to learn more about managed images.

-   `image_version` (string) Specify a specific version of an OS to boot from. Defaults to `latest`. There may be a
    difference in versions available across regions due to image synchronization latency. To ensure a consistent
    version across regions set this value to one that is available in all regions where you are deploying.

    CLI example `azure vm image list -l westus -p Canonical -o UbuntuServer -k 16.04.0-LTS`

-   `image_url` (string) Specify a custom VHD to use. If this value is set, do not set image\_publisher, image\_offer,
    image\_sku, or image\_version.
                
-   `object_id` (string) Specify an OAuth Object ID to protect WinRM certificates
    created at runtime. This variable is required when creating images based on
    Windows; this variable is not used by non-Windows builds. See `Windows`
    behavior for `os_type`, below.

-   `os_disk_size_gb` (int32) Specify the size of the OS disk in GB (gigabytes).  Values of zero or less than zero are
    ignored.

-   `os_type` (string) If either `Linux` or `Windows` is specified Packer will
    automatically configure authentication credentials for the provisioned machine. For
    `Linux` this configures an SSH authorized key. For `Windows` this
    configures a WinRM certificate.

-   `temp_compute_name` (string) temporary name assigned to the VM.  If this value is not set, a random value will be 
    assigned.  Knowing the resource group and VM name allows one to execute commands to update the VM during a Packer 
    build, e.g. attach a resource disk to the VM.

-   `temp_resource_group_name` (string) temporary name assigned to the resource group.  If this value is not set, a random
    value will be assigned.

-   `tenant_id` (string) The account identifier with which your `client_id` and `subscription_id` are associated. If not
    specified, `tenant_id` will be looked up using `subscription_id`.

-   `virtual_network_name` (string) Use a pre-existing virtual network for the VM. This option enables private
    communication with the VM, no public IP address is **used** or **provisioned**. This value should only be set if
    Packer is executed from a host on the same subnet / virtual network.

-   `virtual_network_resource_group_name` (string) If virtual\_network\_name is set, this value **may** also be set. If
    virtual\_network\_name is set, and this value is not set the builder attempts to determine the resource group
    containing the virtual network. If the resource group cannot be found, or it cannot be disambiguated, this value
    should be set.

-   `virtual_network_subnet_name` (string) If virtual\_network\_name is set, this value **may** also be set. If
    virtual\_network\_name is set, and this value is not set the builder attempts to determine the subnet to use with
    the virtual network. If the subnet cannot be found, or it cannot be disambiguated, this value should be set.

-   `vm_size` (string) Size of the VM used for building. This can be changed
    when you deploy a VM from your VHD. See
    [pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/) information. Defaults to `Standard_A1`.

    CLI example `azure vm sizes -l westus`

## Basic Example

Here is a basic example for Azure.

``` json
{
    "type": "azure-arm",

    "client_id": "fe354398-d7sf-4dc9-87fd-c432cd8a7e09",
    "client_secret": "keepitsecret&#*$",
    "resource_group_name": "packerdemo",
    "storage_account": "virtualmachines",
    "subscription_id": "44cae533-4247-4093-42cf-897ded6e7823",
    "tenant_id": "de39842a-caba-497e-a798-7896aea43218",

    "capture_container_name": "images",
    "capture_name_prefix": "packer",

    "os_type": "Linux",
    "image_publisher": "Canonical",
    "image_offer": "UbuntuServer",
    "image_sku": "14.04.4-LTS",

    "azure_tags": {
      "dept": "engineering"
    },

    "location": "West US",
    "vm_size": "Standard_A2"
}
```

## Deprovision

Azure VMs should be deprovisioned at the end of every build. For Windows this means executing sysprep, and for Linux this means executing the waagent deprovision process.

Please refer to the Azure [examples](https://github.com/hashicorp/packer/tree/master/examples/azure) for complete examples showing the deprovision process.

### Windows

The following provisioner snippet shows how to sysprep a Windows VM. Deprovision should be the last operation executed by a build.

``` json
{
  "provisioners": [
    {
      "type": "powershell",
      "inline": [
        "if( Test-Path $Env:SystemRoot\\windows\\system32\\Sysprep\\unattend.xml ){ rm $Env:SystemRoot\\windows\\system32\\Sysprep\\unattend.xml -Force}",
        "& $Env:SystemRoot\\System32\\Sysprep\\Sysprep.exe /oobe /generalize /shutdown /quiet"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
```

### Linux

The following provisioner snippet shows how to deprovision a Linux VM. Deprovision should be the last operation executed by a build.

``` json
{
 "provisioners": [
   {
     "execute_command": "chmod +x {{ .Path }}; {{ .Vars }} sudo -E sh '{{ .Path }}'",
     "inline": [
       "/usr/sbin/waagent -force -deprovision+user && export HISTSIZE=0 && sync"
     ],
     "inline_shebang": "/bin/sh -x",
     "type": "shell"
   }
 ]
}
```

To learn more about the Linux deprovision process please see WALinuxAgent's [README](https://github.com/Azure/WALinuxAgent/blob/master/README.md).

#### skip\_clean

Customers have reported issues with the deprovision process where the builder hangs. The error message is similar to the following.

    Build 'azure-arm' errored: Retryable error: Error removing temporary script at /tmp/script_9899.sh: ssh: handshake failed: EOF

One solution is to set skip\_clean to true in the provisioner. This prevents Packer from cleaning up any helper scripts uploaded to the VM during the build.

## Defaults

The Azure builder attempts to pick default values that provide for a just works experience. These values can be changed by the user to more suitable values.

-   The default user name is packer not root as in other builders. Most distros on Azure do not allow root to SSH to a VM hence the need for a non-root default user. Set the ssh\_username option to override the default value.
-   The default VM size is Standard\_A1. Set the vm\_size option to override the default value.
-   The default image version is latest. Set the image\_version option to override the default value.

## Implementation

~&gt; **Warning!** This is an advanced topic. You do not need to understand the implementation to use the Azure
builder.

The Azure builder uses ARM
[templates](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/resource-group-authoring-templates/) to deploy
resources. ARM templates allow you to express the what without having to express the how.

The Azure builder works under the assumption that it creates everything it needs to execute a build. When the build has
completed it simply deletes the resource group to cleanup any runtime resources. Resource groups are named using the
form `packer-Resource-Group-<random>`. The value `<random>` is a random value that is generated at every invocation of
packer. The `<random>` value is re-used as much as possible when naming resources, so users can better identify and
group these transient resources when seen in their subscription.

> The VHD is created on a user specified storage account, not a random one created at runtime. When a virtual machine
> is captured the resulting VHD is stored on the same storage account as the source VHD. The VHD created by Packer must
> persist after a build is complete, which is why the storage account is set by the user.

The basic steps for a build are:

1.  Create a resource group.
2.  Validate and deploy a VM template.
3.  Execute provision - defined by the user; typically shell commands.
4.  Power off and capture the VM.
5.  Delete the resource group.
6.  Delete the temporary VM's OS disk.

The templates used for a build are currently fixed in the code. There is a template for Linux, Windows, and KeyVault.
The templates are themselves templated with place holders for names, passwords, SSH keys, certificates, etc.

### What's Randomized?

The Azure builder creates the following random values at runtime.

-   Administrator Password: a random 32-character value using the *password alphabet*.
-   Certificate: a 2,048-bit certificate used to secure WinRM communication. The certificate is valid for 24-hours, which starts roughly at invocation time.
-   Certificate Password: a random 32-character value using the *password alphabet* used to protect the private key of the certificate.
-   Compute Name: a random 15-character name prefixed with pkrvm; the name of the VM.
-   Deployment Name: a random 15-character name prefixed with pkfdp; the name of the deployment.
-   KeyVault Name: a random 15-character name prefixed with pkrkv.
-   OS Disk Name: a random 15-character name prefixed with pkros.
-   Resource Group Name: a random 33-character name prefixed with packer-Resource-Group-.
-   SSH Key Pair: a 2,048-bit asymmetric key pair; can be overriden by the user.

The default alphabet used for random values is **0123456789bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz**. The alphabet was reduced (no
vowels) to prevent running afoul of Azure decency controls.

The password alphabet used for random values is **0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ**.

### Windows

The Windows implementation is very similar to the Linux build, with the exception that it deploys a template to
configure KeyVault. Packer communicates with a Windows VM using the WinRM protocol. Windows VMs on Azure default to
using both password and certificate based authentication for WinRM. The password is easily set via the VM ARM template,
but the certificate requires an intermediary. The intermediary for Azure is KeyVault. The certificate is uploaded to a
new KeyVault provisioned in the same resource group as the VM. When the Windows VM is deployed, it links to the
certificate in KeyVault, and Azure will ensure the certificate is injected as part of deployment.

The basic steps for a Windows build are:

1.  Create a resource group.
2.  Validate and deploy a KeyVault template.
3.  Validate and deploy a VM template.
4.  Execute provision - defined by the user; typically shell commands.
5.  Power off and capture the VM.
6.  Delete the resource group.
7.  Delete the temporary VM's OS disk.

A Windows build requires two templates and two deployments. Unfortunately, the KeyVault and VM cannot be deployed at
the same time hence the need for two templates and deployments. The time required to deploy a KeyVault template is
minimal, so overall impact is small.

> The KeyVault certificate is protected using the object\_id of the SPN. This is why Windows builds require object\_id,
> and an SPN. The KeyVault is deleted when the resource group is deleted.

See the [examples/azure](https://github.com/hashicorp/packer/tree/master/examples/azure) folder in the packer project
for more examples.