{
"type": "virtualbox-iso",
"guest_os_type": "Ubuntu_64",
"iso_url": "http://releases.ubuntu.com/12.04/ubuntu-12.04.5-server-amd64.iso",
"iso_checksum": "769474248a3897f4865817446f9a4a53",
"iso_checksum_type": "md5",
"ssh_username": "packer",
"ssh_password": "packer",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "30s",
"shutdown_command": "echo 'packer' | sudo -S shutdown -P now"
}
It is important to add a `shutdown_command`. By default Packer halts the
virtual machine and the file system may not be sync'd. Thus, changes made in a
provisioner might not be saved.
## Configuration Reference
There are many configuration options available for the VirtualBox builder.
They are organized below into two categories: required and optional. Within
each category, the available options are alphabetized and described.
### Required:
* `iso_checksum` (string) - The checksum for the OS ISO file. Because ISO
files are so large, this is required and Packer will verify it prior
to booting a virtual machine with the ISO attached. The type of the
checksum is specified with `iso_checksum_type`, documented below.
* `iso_checksum_type` (string) - The type of the checksum specified in
`iso_checksum`. Valid values are "none", "md5", "sha1", "sha256", or
"sha512" currently. While "none" will skip checksumming, this is not
recommended since ISO files are generally large and corruption does happen
from time to time.
* `iso_url` (string) - A URL to the ISO containing the installation image.
This URL can be either an HTTP URL or a file URL (or path to a file).
If this is an HTTP URL, Packer will download it and cache it between
runs.
* `ssh_username` (string) - The username to use to SSH into the machine
once the OS is installed.
### Optional:
* `boot_command` (array of strings) - This is an array of commands to type
when the virtual machine is first booted. The goal of these commands should
be to type just enough to initialize the operating system installer. Special
keys can be typed as well, and are covered in the section below on the boot
command. If this is not specified, it is assumed the installer will start
itself.
* `boot_wait` (string) - The time to wait after booting the initial virtual
machine before typing the `boot_command`. The value of this should be
a duration. Examples are "5s" and "1m30s" which will cause Packer to wait
five seconds and one minute 30 seconds, respectively. If this isn't specified,
the default is 10 seconds.
* `disk_size` (integer) - The size, in megabytes, of the hard disk to create
for the VM. By default, this is 40000 (about 40 GB).
* `export_opts` (array of strings) - Additional options to pass to the `VBoxManage export`.
This can be useful for passing product information to include in the resulting
appliance file.
* `floppy_files` (array of strings) - A list of files to place onto a floppy
disk that is attached when the VM is booted. This is most useful
for unattended Windows installs, which look for an `Autounattend.xml` file
on removable media. By default, no floppy will be attached. All files
listed in this setting get placed into the root directory of the floppy
and the floppy is attached as the first floppy device. Currently, no
support exists for creating sub-directories on the floppy. Wildcard
characters (*, ?, and []) are allowed. Directory names are also allowed,
which will add all the files found in the directory to the floppy.
* `format` (string) - Either "ovf" or "ova", this specifies the output
format of the exported virtual machine. This defaults to "ovf".
* `guest_additions_mode` (string) - The method by which guest additions
are made available to the guest for installation. Valid options are
"upload", "attach", or "disable". The functions of each of these should be
self-explanatory. The default value is "upload". If "disable" is used,
guest additions won't be downloaded, either.
* `guest_additions_path` (string) - The path on the guest virtual machine
where the VirtualBox guest additions ISO will be uploaded. By default this
is "VBoxGuestAdditions.iso" which should upload into the login directory
of the user. This is a [configuration template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html)
where the `Version` variable is replaced with the VirtualBox version.
* `guest_additions_sha256` (string) - The SHA256 checksum of the guest
additions ISO that will be uploaded to the guest VM. By default the
checksums will be downloaded from the VirtualBox website, so this only
needs to be set if you want to be explicit about the checksum.
* `guest_additions_url` (string) - The URL to the guest additions ISO
to upload. This can also be a file URL if the ISO is at a local path.
By default, the VirtualBox builder will attempt to find the guest additions
ISO on the local file system. If it is not available locally, the builder
will download the proper guest additions ISO from the internet.
* `guest_os_type` (string) - The guest OS type being installed. By default
this is "other", but you can get _dramatic_ performance improvements by
setting this to the proper value. To view all available values for this
run `VBoxManage list ostypes`. Setting the correct value hints to VirtualBox
how to optimize the virtual hardware to work best with that operating
system.
* `hard_drive_interface` (string) - The type of controller that the primary
hard drive is attached to, defaults to "ide". When set to "sata", the
drive is attached to an AHCI SATA controller.
* `headless` (boolean) - Packer defaults to building VirtualBox
virtual machines by launching a GUI that shows the console of the
machine being built. When this value is set to true, the machine will
start without a console.
* `http_directory` (string) - Path to a directory to serve using an HTTP
server. The files in this directory will be available over HTTP that will
be requestable from the virtual machine. This is useful for hosting
kickstart files and so on. By default this is "", which means no HTTP
server will be started. The address and port of the HTTP server will be
available as variables in `boot_command`. This is covered in more detail
below.
* `http_port_min` and `http_port_max` (integer) - These are the minimum and
maximum port to use for the HTTP server started to serve the `http_directory`.
Because Packer often runs in parallel, Packer will choose a randomly available
port in this range to run the HTTP server. If you want to force the HTTP
server to be on one port, make this minimum and maximum port the same.
By default the values are 8000 and 9000, respectively.
* `iso_interface` (string) - The type of controller that the ISO is attached
to, defaults to "ide". When set to "sata", the drive is attached to an
AHCI SATA controller.
* `iso_urls` (array of strings) - Multiple URLs for the ISO to download.
Packer will try these in order. If anything goes wrong attempting to download
or while downloading a single URL, it will move on to the next. All URLs
must point to the same file (same checksum). By default this is empty
and `iso_url` is used. Only one of `iso_url` or `iso_urls` can be specified.
* `output_directory` (string) - This is the path to the directory where the
resulting virtual machine will be created. This may be relative or absolute.
If relative, the path is relative to the working directory when `packer`
is executed. This directory must not exist or be empty prior to running the builder.
By default this is "output-BUILDNAME" where "BUILDNAME" is the name
of the build.
* `shutdown_command` (string) - The command to use to gracefully shut down
the machine once all the provisioning is done. By default this is an empty
string, which tells Packer to just forcefully shut down the machine.
* `shutdown_timeout` (string) - The amount of time to wait after executing
the `shutdown_command` for the virtual machine to actually shut down.
If it doesn't shut down in this time, it is an error. By default, the timeout
is "5m", or five minutes.
* `ssh_host_port_min` and `ssh_host_port_max` (integer) - The minimum and
maximum port to use for the SSH port on the host machine which is forwarded
to the SSH port on the guest machine. Because Packer often runs in parallel,
Packer will choose a randomly available port in this range to use as the
host port.
* `ssh_key_path` (string) - Path to a private key to use for authenticating
with SSH. By default this is not set (key-based auth won't be used).
The associated public key is expected to already be configured on the
VM being prepared by some other process (kickstart, etc.).
* `ssh_password` (string) - The password for `ssh_username` to use to
authenticate with SSH. By default this is the empty string.
* `ssh_port` (integer) - The port that SSH will be listening on in the guest
virtual machine. By default this is 22.
* `ssh_wait_timeout` (string) - The duration to wait for SSH to become
available. By default this is "20m", or 20 minutes. Note that this should
be quite long since the timer begins as soon as the virtual machine is booted.
* `vboxmanage` (array of array of strings) - Custom `VBoxManage` commands to
execute in order to further customize the virtual machine being created.
The value of this is an array of commands to execute. The commands are executed
in the order defined in the template. For each command, the command is
defined itself as an array of strings, where each string represents a single
argument on the command-line to `VBoxManage` (but excluding `VBoxManage`
itself). Each arg is treated as a [configuration template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html),
where the `Name` variable is replaced with the VM name. More details on how
to use `VBoxManage` are below.
* `vboxmanage_post` (array of array of strings) - Identical to `vboxmanage`,
except that it is run after the virtual machine is shutdown, and before the
virtual machine is exported.
* `virtualbox_version_file` (string) - The path within the virtual machine
to upload a file that contains the VirtualBox version that was used to
create the machine. This information can be useful for provisioning.
By default this is ".vbox_version", which will generally be upload it into
the home directory.
* `vm_name` (string) - This is the name of the OVF file for the new virtual
machine, without the file extension. By default this is "packer-BUILDNAME",
where "BUILDNAME" is the name of the build.
## Boot Command
The `boot_command` configuration is very important: it specifies the keys
to type when the virtual machine is first booted in order to start the
OS installer. This command is typed after `boot_wait`, which gives the
virtual machine some time to actually load the ISO.
As documented above, the `boot_command` is an array of strings. The
strings are all typed in sequence. It is an array only to improve readability
within the template.
The boot command is "typed" character for character over a VNC connection
to the machine, simulating a human actually typing the keyboard. There are
a set of special keys available. If these are in your boot command, they
will be replaced by the proper key:
* `
[
"<esc><esc><enter><wait>",
"/install/vmlinuz noapic ",
"preseed/url=http://{{ .HTTPIP }}:{{ .HTTPPort }}/preseed.cfg ",
"debian-installer=en_US auto locale=en_US kbd-chooser/method=us ",
"hostname={{ .Name }} ",
"fb=false debconf/frontend=noninteractive ",
"keyboard-configuration/modelcode=SKIP keyboard-configuration/layout=USA ",
"keyboard-configuration/variant=USA console-setup/ask_detect=false ",
"initrd=/install/initrd.gz -- <enter>"
]
## Guest Additions
Packer will automatically download the proper guest additions for the
version of VirtualBox that is running and upload those guest additions into
the virtual machine so that provisioners can easily install them.
Packer downloads the guest additions from the official VirtualBox website,
and verifies the file with the official checksums released by VirtualBox.
After the virtual machine is up and the operating system is installed,
Packer uploads the guest additions into the virtual machine. The path where
they are uploaded is controllable by `guest_additions_path`, and defaults
to "VBoxGuestAdditions.iso". Without an absolute path, it is uploaded to the
home directory of the SSH user.
## VBoxManage Commands
In order to perform extra customization of the virtual machine, a template
can define extra calls to `VBoxManage` to perform. [VBoxManage](http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html)
is the command-line interface to VirtualBox where you can completely control
VirtualBox. It can be used to do things such as set RAM, CPUs, etc.
Extra VBoxManage commands are defined in the template in the `vboxmanage` section.
An example is shown below that sets the memory and number of CPUs within the
virtual machine:
{
"vboxmanage": [
["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--memory", "1024"],
["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--cpus", "2"]
]
}
The value of `vboxmanage` is an array of commands to execute. These commands
are executed in the order defined. So in the above example, the memory will be
set followed by the CPUs.
Each command itself is an array of strings, where each string is an argument
to `VBoxManage`. Each argument is treated as a
[configuration template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html).
The only available variable is `Name` which is replaced with the unique
name of the VM, which is required for many VBoxManage calls.