--- description: | The PowerShell Packer provisioner runs PowerShell scripts on Windows machines. It assumes that the communicator in use is WinRM. page_title: PowerShell - Provisioners sidebar_title: PowerShell --- # PowerShell Provisioner Type: `powershell` The PowerShell Packer provisioner runs PowerShell scripts on Windows machines. It assumes that the communicator in use is WinRM. However, the provisioner can work equally well (with a few caveats) when combined with the SSH communicator. See the [section below](/docs/provisioners/powershell#combining-the-powershell-provisioner-with-the-ssh-communicator) for details. ## Basic Example The example below is fully functional. ```json { "type": "powershell", "inline": ["dir c:\\"] } ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { inline = ["dir c:\\"] } ``` ## Configuration Reference @include 'provisioners/shell-config.mdx' - `debug_mode` - If set, sets PowerShell's [PSDebug mode](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/set-psdebug?view=powershell-7) in order to make script debugging easier. For instance, setting the value to 1 results in adding this to the execute command: ```powershell Set-PSDebug -Trace 1 ``` - `elevated_execute_command` (string) - The command to use to execute the elevated script. By default this is as follows: ```powershell powershell -executionpolicy bypass "& { if (Test-Path variable:global:ProgressPreference){$ProgressPreference='SilentlyContinue'};. {{.Vars}}; &'{{.Path}}'; exit $LastExitCode }" ``` This is a [template engine](/docs/templates/engine). Therefore, you may use user variables and template functions in this field. In addition, you may use two extra variables: - `Path`: The path to the script to run - `Vars`: The location of a temp file containing the list of `environment_vars`, if configured. - `environment_vars` (array of strings) - An array of key/value pairs to inject prior to the execute_command. The format should be `key=value`. Packer injects some environmental variables by default into the environment, as well, which are covered in the section below. This is a [template engine](/docs/templates/engine). Therefore, you may use user variables and template functions in this field. If you are running on AWS, Azure, Google Compute, or OpenStack and would like to access the autogenerated password that Packer uses to connect to the instance via WinRM, you can use the `build` template engine to inject it using `{{ build `Password`}}`. In HCL templates, you can do the same thing by accessing the `build` variables For example: ```json { "type": "powershell", "environment_vars": ["WINRMPASS={{ build `Password`}}"], "inline": ["Write-Host \"Automatically generated aws password is: $Env:WINRMPASS\""] }, ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { environment_vars = ["WINRMPASS=${build.Password}"] inline = ["Write-Host \"Automatically generated aws password is: $Env:WINRMPASS\""] } ``` - `execute_command` (string) - The command to use to execute the script. By default this is as follows: ```powershell powershell -executionpolicy bypass "& { if (Test-Path variable:global:ProgressPreference){$ProgressPreference='SilentlyContinue'};. {{.Vars}}; &'{{.Path}}'; exit $LastExitCode }" ``` This is a [template engine](/docs/templates/engine). Therefore, you may use user variables and template functions in this field. In addition, you may use two extra variables: - `Path`: The path to the script to run - `Vars`: The location of a temp file containing the list of `environment_vars`, if configured. The value of both `Path` and `Vars` can be manually configured by setting the values for `remote_path` and `remote_env_var_path` respectively. If you use the SSH communicator and have changed your default shell, you may need to modify your `execute_command` to make sure that the command is valid and properly escaped; the default assumes that you have not changed the default shell away from cmd. - `elevated_user` and `elevated_password` (string) - If specified, the PowerShell script will be run with elevated privileges using the given Windows user. This is a [template engine](/docs/templates/engine). Therefore, you may use user variables and template functions in this field. If you are running on AWS, Azure, Google Compute, or OpenStack and would like to access the autogenerated password that Packer uses to connect to the instance via WinRM, you can use the `build` template engine to inject it using `{{ build `Password`}}`. In HCL templates, you can do the same thing by accessing the `build` variables For example: ```json { "type": "powershell", "elevated_user": "Administrator", "elevated_password": "{{ build `Password`}}", ... }, ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { elevated_user = "Administrator" elevated_password = build.Password } ``` If you specify an empty `elevated_password` value then the PowerShell script is run as a service account. For example: ```json { "type": "powershell", "elevated_user": "SYSTEM", "elevated_password": "", ... }, ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { elevated_user = "SYSTEM" elevated_password = "" } ``` - `execution_policy` - To run ps scripts on windows packer defaults this to "bypass" and wraps the command to run. Setting this to "none" will prevent wrapping, allowing to see exit codes on docker for windows. Possible values are "bypass", "allsigned", "default", "remotesigned", "restricted", "undefined", "unrestricted", "none". - `remote_path` (string) - The path where the PowerShell script will be uploaded to within the target build machine. This defaults to `C:/Windows/Temp/script-UUID.ps1` where UUID is replaced with a dynamically generated string that uniquely identifies the script. This setting allows users to override the default upload location. The value must be a writable location and any parent directories must already exist. - `remote_env_var_path` (string) - Environment variables required within the remote environment are uploaded within a PowerShell script and then enabled by 'dot sourcing' the script immediately prior to execution of the main command or script. The path the environment variables script will be uploaded to defaults to `C:/Windows/Temp/packer-ps-env-vars-UUID.ps1` where UUID is replaced with a dynamically generated string that uniquely identifies the script. This setting allows users to override the location the environment variable script is uploaded to. The value must be a writable location and any parent directories must already exist. - `skip_clean` (bool) - Whether to clean scripts up after executing the provisioner. Defaults to false. When true any script created by a non-elevated Powershell provisioner will be removed from the remote machine. Elevated scripts, along with the scheduled tasks, will always be removed regardless of the value set for `skip_clean`. - `start_retry_timeout` (string) - The amount of time to attempt to _start_ the remote process. By default this is "5m" or 5 minutes. This setting exists in order to deal with times when SSH may restart, such as a system reboot. Set this to a higher value if reboots take a longer amount of time. @include 'provisioners/common-config.mdx' ## Default Environmental Variables In addition to being able to specify custom environmental variables using the `environment_vars` configuration, the provisioner automatically defines certain commonly useful environmental variables: - `PACKER_BUILD_NAME` is set to the [name of the build](/docs/templates/builders#named-builds) that Packer is running. This is most useful when Packer is making multiple builds and you want to distinguish them slightly from a common provisioning script. - `PACKER_BUILDER_TYPE` is the type of the builder that was used to create the machine that the script is running on. This is useful if you want to run only certain parts of the script on systems built with certain builders. - `PACKER_HTTP_ADDR` If using a builder that provides an http server for file transfer (such as hyperv, parallels, qemu, virtualbox, and vmware), this will be set to the address. You can use this address in your provisioner to download large files over http. This may be useful if you're experiencing slower speeds using the default file provisioner. A file provisioner using the `winrm` communicator may experience these types of difficulties. ## Combining the PowerShell Provisioner with the SSH Communicator The good news first. If you are using the [Microsoft port of OpenSSH](https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki) then the provisioner should just work as expected - no extra configuration effort is required. Now the caveats. If you are using an alternative configuration, and your SSH connection lands you in a \*nix shell on the remote host, then you will most likely need to manually set the `execute_command`; The default `execute_command` used by Packer will not work for you. When configuring the command you will need to ensure that any dollar signs or other characters that may be incorrectly interpreted by the remote shell are escaped accordingly. The following example shows how the standard `execute_command` can be reconfigured to work on a remote system with [Cygwin/OpenSSH](https://cygwin.com/) installed. The `execute_command` has each dollar sign backslash escaped so that it is not interpreted by the remote Bash shell - Bash being the default shell for Cygwin environments. ```json "provisioners": [ { "type": "powershell", "execute_command": "powershell -executionpolicy bypass \"& { if (Test-Path variable:global:ProgressPreference){\\$ProgressPreference='SilentlyContinue'};. {{.Vars}}; &'{{.Path}}'; exit \\$LastExitCode }\"", "inline": ["Write-Host \"Hello from PowerShell\""] } ] ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { execute_command = "powershell -executionpolicy bypass \"& { if (Test-Path variable:global:ProgressPreference){\\$ProgressPreference='SilentlyContinue'};. {{.Vars}}; &'{{.Path}}'; exit \\$LastExitCode }\"" inline = [ "Write-Host \"Hello from PowerShell\""] } ``` ## Packer's Handling of Characters Special to PowerShell The escape character in PowerShell is the `backtick`, also sometimes referred to as the `grave accent`. When, and when not, to escape characters special to PowerShell is probably best demonstrated with a series of examples. ### When To Escape... Users need to deal with escaping characters special to PowerShell when they appear _directly_ in commands used in the `inline` PowerShell provisioner and when they appear _directly_ in the users own scripts. Note that where double quotes appear within double quotes, the addition of a backslash escape is required for the JSON template to be parsed correctly. ```json "provisioners": [ { "type": "powershell", "inline": [ "Write-Host \"A literal dollar `$ must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"A literal backtick `` must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"Here `\"double quotes`\" must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"Here `'single quotes`' don`'t really need to be\"", "Write-Host \"escaped... but it doesn`'t hurt to do so.\"" ] } ] ``` ```hcl provisioner "powershell" { inline = [ "Write-Host \"A literal dollar `$ must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"A literal backtick `` must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"Here `\"double quotes`\" must be escaped\"", "Write-Host \"Here `'single quotes`' don`'t really need to be\"", "Write-Host \"escaped... but it doesn`'t hurt to do so.\"", ] } ``` The above snippet should result in the following output on the Packer console: ```shell-session ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with Powershell... ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with powershell script: /var/folders/15/d0f7gdg13rnd1cxp7tgmr55c0000gn/T/packer-powershell-provisioner508190439 amazon-ebs: A literal dollar $ must be escaped amazon-ebs: A literal backtick ` must be escaped amazon-ebs: Here "double quotes" must be escaped amazon-ebs: Here 'single quotes' don't really need to be amazon-ebs: escaped... but it doesn't hurt to do so. ``` ### When Not To Escape... Special characters appearing in user environment variable values and in the `elevated_user` and `elevated_password` fields will be automatically dealt with for the user. There is no need to use escapes in these instances. ```json { "variables": { "psvar": "My$tring" }, ... "provisioners": [ { "type": "powershell", "elevated_user": "Administrator", "elevated_password": "Super$3cr3t!", "inline": "Write-Output \"The dollar in the elevated_password is interpreted correctly\"" }, { "type": "powershell", "environment_vars": [ "VAR1=A$Dollar", "VAR2=A`Backtick", "VAR3=A'SingleQuote", "VAR4=A\"DoubleQuote", "VAR5={{user `psvar`}}" ], "inline": [ "Write-Output \"In the following examples the special character is interpreted correctly:\"", "Write-Output \"The dollar in VAR1: $Env:VAR1\"", "Write-Output \"The backtick in VAR2: $Env:VAR2\"", "Write-Output \"The single quote in VAR3: $Env:VAR3\"", "Write-Output \"The double quote in VAR4: $Env:VAR4\"", "Write-Output \"The dollar in VAR5 (expanded from a user var): $Env:VAR5\"" ] } ] ... } ``` ```hcl variable "psvar" { type = string default = "My$tring" } build { sources = ["source.amazon-ebs.example"] provisioner "powershell" { elevated_user = "Administrator" elevated_password = "Super$3cr3t!" inline = ["Write-Output \"The dollar in the elevated_password is interpreted correctly\""] } provisioner "powershell" { environment_vars = [ "VAR1=A$Dollar", "VAR2=A`Backtick", "VAR3=A'SingleQuote", "VAR4=A\"DoubleQuote", "VAR5=${var.psvar}", ] inline = [ "Write-Output \"In the following examples the special character is interpreted correctly:\"", "Write-Output \"The dollar in VAR1: $Env:VAR1\"", "Write-Output \"The backtick in VAR2: $Env:VAR2\"", "Write-Output \"The single quote in VAR3: $Env:VAR3\"", "Write-Output \"The double quote in VAR4: $Env:VAR4\"", "Write-Output \"The dollar in VAR5 (expanded from a user var): $Env:VAR5\"", ] } } ``` The above snippet should result in the following output on the Packer console: ```shell-session ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with Powershell... ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with powershell script: /var/folders/15/d0f7gdg13rnd1cxp7tgmr55c0000gn/T/packer-powershell-provisioner961728919 amazon-ebs: The dollar in the elevated_password is interpreted correctly ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with Powershell... ==> amazon-ebs: Provisioning with powershell script: /var/folders/15/d0f7gdg13rnd1cxp7tgmr55c0000gn/T/packer-powershell-provisioner142826554 amazon-ebs: In the following examples the special character is interpreted correctly: amazon-ebs: The dollar in VAR1: A$Dollar amazon-ebs: The backtick in VAR2: A`Backtick amazon-ebs: The single quote in VAR3: A'SingleQuote amazon-ebs: The double quote in VAR4: A"DoubleQuote amazon-ebs: The dollar in VAR5 (expanded from a user var): My$tring ```