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<h1 class="page-title">PEP 692 – Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing</h1>
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<dl class="rfc2822 field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">Franek Magiera <framagie at gmail.com></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Sponsor<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">Jelle Zijlstra <jelle.zijlstra at gmail.com></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Discussions-To<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><a class="reference external" href="https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing/17314">Discourse thread</a></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Status<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><abbr title="Accepted and implementation complete, or no longer active">Final</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><abbr title="Normative PEP with a new feature for Python, implementation change for CPython or interoperability standard for the ecosystem">Standards Track</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Topic<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><a class="reference external" href="../topic/typing/">Typing</a></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Created<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">29-May-2022</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Python-Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">3.12</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Post-History<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/thread/U42MJE6QZYWPVIFHJIGIT7OE52ZGIQV3/" title="Typing-SIG thread">29-May-2022</a>,
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<a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/PLCNW2XR4OOKAKHEZQM7R2AYVYUXPZGW/" title="Python-Dev thread">12-Jul-2022</a>,
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<a class="reference external" href="https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing/17314" title="Discourse thread">12-Jul-2022</a></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Resolution<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><a class="reference external" href="https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing/17314/81">Discourse message</a></dd>
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</dl>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<section id="contents">
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<details><summary>Table of Contents</summary><ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-calls-with-standard-dictionaries">Function calls with standard dictionaries</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-collisions">Keyword collisions</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#required-and-non-required-keys">Required and non-required keys</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assignment">Assignment</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-and-destination-contain-kwargs">Source and destination contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-kwargs-and-destination-doesn-t">Source contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> and destination doesn’t</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-untyped-kwargs">Source contains untyped <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-traditionally-typed-kwargs-t">Source contains traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-kwargs-inside-a-function-to-another-function">Passing kwargs inside a function to another function</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-unpack-with-types-other-than-typeddict">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> with types other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-to-unpack">Changes to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#intended-usage">Intended Usage</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-teach-this">How to Teach This</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rejected-ideas">Rejected Ideas</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#typeddict-unions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> unions</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changing-the-meaning-of-kwargs-annotations">Changing the meaning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> annotations</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introducing-a-new-syntax">Introducing a new syntax</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
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</ul>
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</details></section>
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<div class="pep-banner canonical-typing-spec sticky-banner admonition attention">
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<p class="admonition-title">Attention</p>
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<p>This PEP is a historical document: see <a class="reference external" href="https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/callables.html#unpack-kwargs" title="(in typing)"><span>Unpack for keyword arguments</span></a> for up-to-date specs and documentation. Canonical typing specs are maintained at the <a class="reference external" href="https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/">typing specs site</a>; runtime typing behaviour is described in the CPython documentation.</p>
|
|||
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<p class="close-button">×</p>
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|||
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<p>See the <a class="reference external" href="https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/meta.html">typing specification update process</a> for how to propose changes to the typing spec.</p>
|
|||
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</div>
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|||
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<section id="abstract">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#abstract" role="doc-backlink">Abstract</a></h2>
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<p>Currently <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> can be type hinted as long as all of the keyword
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arguments specified by them are of the same type. However, that behaviour can
|
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be very limiting. Therefore, in this PEP we propose a new way to enable more
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precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing. The new approach revolves around using
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> to type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> that comprise keyword arguments of different
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types.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="motivation">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#motivation" role="doc-backlink">Motivation</a></h2>
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<p>Currently annotating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> with a type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T</span></code> means that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code>
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type is in fact <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict[str,</span> <span class="pre">T]</span></code>. For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>means that all keyword arguments in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> are strings (i.e., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> is
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of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict[str,</span> <span class="pre">str]</span></code>). This behaviour limits the ability to type
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annotate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> only to the cases where all of them are of the same type.
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However, it is often the case that keyword arguments conveyed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>
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have different types that are dependent on the keyword’s name. In those cases
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type annotating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> is not possible. This is especially a problem for
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already existing codebases where the need of refactoring the code in order to
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introduce proper type annotations may be considered not worth the effort. This
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in turn prevents the project from getting all of the benefits that type hinting
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can provide.</p>
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<p>Moreover, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> can be used to reduce the amount of code needed in
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cases when there is a top-level function that is a part of a public API and it
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calls a bunch of helper functions, all of which expect the same keyword
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arguments. Unfortunately, if those helper functions were to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>,
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there is no way to properly type hint them if the keyword arguments they expect
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are of different types. In addition, even if the keyword arguments are of the
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same type, there is no way to check whether the function is being called with
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keyword names that it actually expects.</p>
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<p>As described in the <a class="reference internal" href="#intended-usage">Intended Usage</a> section,
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using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> is not always the best tool for the job. Despite that, it is
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still a widely used pattern. As a consequence, there has been a lot of
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discussion around supporting more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing and it became a
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feature that would be valuable for a large part of the Python community. This
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is best illustrated by the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4441">mypy GitHub issue 4441</a> which
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contains a lot of real world cases that could benefit from this propsal.</p>
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<p>One more use case worth mentioning for which <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> are also convenient,
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is when a function should accommodate optional keyword-only arguments that
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don’t have default values. A need for a pattern like that can arise when values
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that are usually used as defaults to indicate no user input, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
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can be passed in by a user and should result in a valid, non-default behavior.
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For example, this issue <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/1384">came up</a> in the popular <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">httpx</span></code> library.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="rationale">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#rationale" role="doc-backlink">Rationale</a></h2>
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<p><a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0589/" title="PEP 589 – TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys">PEP 589</a> introduced the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> type constructor that supports dictionary
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types consisting of string keys and values of potentially different types. A
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function’s keyword arguments represented by a formal parameter that begins with
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double asterisk, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>, are received as a dictionary.
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Additionally, such functions are often called using unpacked dictionaries to
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provide keyword arguments. This makes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> a perfect candidate to be
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|
|
used for more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing. In addition, with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
keyword names can be taken into account during static type analysis. However,
|
|||
|
|
specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> type with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> means, as mentioned earlier,
|
|||
|
|
that each keyword argument specified by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> itself.
|
|||
|
|
For instance:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Movie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">year</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>means that each keyword argument in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> is itself a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Movie</span></code> dictionary
|
|||
|
|
that has a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> key with a string type value and a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">year</span></code> key with an
|
|||
|
|
integer type value. Therefore, in order to support specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> type
|
|||
|
|
as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> without breaking current behaviour, a new construct has to
|
|||
|
|
be introduced.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To support this use case, we propose reusing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> which
|
|||
|
|
was initially introduced in <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0646/" title="PEP 646 – Variadic Generics">PEP 646</a>. There are several reasons for doing so:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li>Its name is quite suitable and intuitive for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing use case
|
|||
|
|
as our intention is to “unpack” the keywords arguments from the supplied
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>.</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>The current way of typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code> would be extended to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
and those are supposed to behave similarly.</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>There would be no need to introduce any new special forms.</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> for the purposes described in this PEP does not
|
|||
|
|
interfere with the use cases described in <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0646/" title="PEP 646 – Variadic Generics">PEP 646</a>.</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="specification">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#specification" role="doc-backlink">Specification</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> we introduce a new way of annotating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>.
|
|||
|
|
Continuing the previous example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>would mean that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> comprise two keyword arguments specified by
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Movie</span></code> (i.e. a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> keyword of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code> and a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">year</span></code> keyword of
|
|||
|
|
type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>). This indicates that the function should be called as follows:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Movie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Life of Brian"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"year"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1979</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"The Meaning of Life"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1983</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> is used, type checkers treat <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> inside the
|
|||
|
|
function body as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">assert_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Using the new annotation will not have any runtime effect - it should only be
|
|||
|
|
taken into account by type checkers. Any mention of errors in the following
|
|||
|
|
sections relates to type checker errors.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="function-calls-with-standard-dictionaries">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#function-calls-with-standard-dictionaries" role="doc-backlink">Function calls with standard dictionaries</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Passing a dictionary of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict[str,</span> <span class="pre">object]</span></code> as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> argument
|
|||
|
|
to a function that has <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> annotated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> must generate a
|
|||
|
|
type checker error. On the other hand, the behaviour for functions using
|
|||
|
|
standard, untyped dictionaries can depend on the type checker. For example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">movie</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Life of Brian"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"year"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1979</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">movie</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! Movie is of type dict[str, object]</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">typed_movie</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Movie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"The Meaning of Life"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"year"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1983</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">typed_movie</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">another_movie</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Life of Brian"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"year"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1979</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">another_movie</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Depends on the type checker.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="keyword-collisions">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#keyword-collisions" role="doc-backlink">Keyword collisions</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> that is used to type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> could potentially contain
|
|||
|
|
keys that are already defined in the function’s signature. If the duplicate
|
|||
|
|
name is a standard parameter, an error should be reported by type checkers.
|
|||
|
|
If the duplicate name is a positional-only parameter, no errors should be
|
|||
|
|
generated. For example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! "name" will</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># always bind to the</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># first parameter.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># OK! "name" is a</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># positional-only parameter,</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># so **kwargs can contain</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># a "name" keyword.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="required-and-non-required-keys">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#required-and-non-required-keys" role="doc-backlink">Required and non-required keys</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>By default all keys in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> are required. This behaviour can be
|
|||
|
|
overridden by setting the dictionary’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">total</span></code> parameter as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.
|
|||
|
|
Moreover, <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0655/" title="PEP 655 – Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing">PEP 655</a> introduced new type qualifiers - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.Required</span></code> and
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.NotRequired</span></code> - that enable specifying whether a particular key is
|
|||
|
|
required or not:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Movie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">year</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">NotRequired</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>When using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> to type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> all of the required and
|
|||
|
|
non-required keys should correspond to required and non-required function
|
|||
|
|
keyword parameters. Therefore, if a required key is not supported by the
|
|||
|
|
caller, then an error must be reported by type checkers.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="assignment">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#assignment" role="doc-backlink">Assignment</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Assignments of a function typed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[Movie]</span></code> and
|
|||
|
|
another callable type should pass type checking only if they are compatible.
|
|||
|
|
This can happen for the scenarios described below.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="source-and-destination-contain-kwargs">
|
|||
|
|
<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#source-and-destination-contain-kwargs" role="doc-backlink">Source and destination contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Both destination and source functions have a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
parameter and the destination function’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> is assignable to the
|
|||
|
|
source function’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> and the rest of the parameters are
|
|||
|
|
compatible:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Animal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Dog</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">breed</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">accept_animal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">accept_dog</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Dog</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">accept_dog</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">accept_animal</span> <span class="c1"># OK! Expression of type Dog can be</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># assigned to a variable of type Animal.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">accept_animal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">accept_dog</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! Expression of type Animal</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># cannot be assigned to a variable of type Dog.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="source-contains-kwargs-and-destination-doesn-t">
|
|||
|
|
<span id="pep-692-assignment-dest-no-kwargs"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#source-contains-kwargs-and-destination-doesn-t" role="doc-backlink">Source contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> and destination doesn’t</a></h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The destination callable doesn’t contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>, the source callable
|
|||
|
|
contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code> and the destination function’s keyword
|
|||
|
|
arguments are assignable to the corresponding keys in source function’s
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>. Moreover, not required keys should correspond to optional
|
|||
|
|
function arguments, whereas required keys should correspond to required
|
|||
|
|
function arguments. Again, the rest of the parameters have to be compatible.
|
|||
|
|
Continuing the previous example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Animal</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">string</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">NotRequired</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">src</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Example</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dog</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>It is worth pointing out that the destination function’s parameters that are to
|
|||
|
|
be compatible with the keys and values from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> must be keyword
|
|||
|
|
only:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dog</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dog</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Daisy"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"breed"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"labrador"</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"some string"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="c1"># Type checker error!</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"some string"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># The same call fails at</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># runtime now because 'src' expects</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># keyword arguments.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The reverse situation where the destination callable contains
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code> and the source callable doesn’t contain
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> should be disallowed. This is because, we cannot be sure that
|
|||
|
|
additional keyword arguments are not being passed in when an instance of a
|
|||
|
|
subclass had been assigned to a variable with a base class type and then
|
|||
|
|
unpacked in the destination callable invocation:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">src</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dog</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Daisy"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"breed"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Labrador"</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Animal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dog</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG!</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Fails at runtime.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Similar situation can happen even without inheritance as compatibility
|
|||
|
|
between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>s is based on structural subtyping.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="source-contains-untyped-kwargs">
|
|||
|
|
<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#source-contains-untyped-kwargs" role="doc-backlink">Source contains untyped <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The destination callable contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code> and the
|
|||
|
|
source callable contains untyped <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">src</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="source-contains-traditionally-typed-kwargs-t">
|
|||
|
|
<h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#source-contains-traditionally-typed-kwargs-t" role="doc-backlink">Source contains traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code></a></h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The destination callable contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code>, the source
|
|||
|
|
callable contains traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> and each of the
|
|||
|
|
destination function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>’s fields is assignable to a variable of
|
|||
|
|
type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T</span></code>:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Vehicle</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Car</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vehicle</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Motorcycle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Vehicle</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Vehicles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">car</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Car</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">moto</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Motorcycle</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Vehicles</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">src</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Vehicle</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="c1"># OK!</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>On the other hand, if the destination callable contains either untyped or
|
|||
|
|
traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code> and the source callable is typed using
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">Unpack[TypedDict]</span></code> then an error should be generated, because
|
|||
|
|
traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> aren’t checked for keyword names.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To summarize, function parameters should behave contravariantly and function
|
|||
|
|
return types should behave covariantly.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="passing-kwargs-inside-a-function-to-another-function">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#passing-kwargs-inside-a-function-to-another-function" role="doc-backlink">Passing kwargs inside a function to another function</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><a class="reference external" href="PEP692assignmentdestnokwargs">A previous point</a>
|
|||
|
|
mentions the problem of possibly passing additional keyword arguments by
|
|||
|
|
assigning a subclass instance to a variable that has a base class type. Let’s
|
|||
|
|
consider the following example:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Animal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Dog</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">breed</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">takes_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">dog</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dog</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Daisy"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"breed"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Labrador"</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Animal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dog</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">capitalize</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">takes_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">baz</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">takes_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">spam</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">baz</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OK! foo only expects and uses keywords of 'Animal'.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! This will fail at runtime because 'breed' keyword</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># will be passed to 'takes_name' as well.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">animal</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! Again, 'breed' keyword will be eventually passed</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># to 'takes_name'.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In the example above, the call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> will not cause any issues at
|
|||
|
|
runtime. Even though <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> expects <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Animal</span></code> it doesn’t
|
|||
|
|
matter if it receives additional arguments because it only reads and uses what
|
|||
|
|
it needs completely ignoring any additional values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The calls to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bar</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spam</span></code> will fail because an unexpected keyword
|
|||
|
|
argument will be passed to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">takes_name</span></code> function.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Therefore, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code> hinted with an unpacked <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> can only be passed
|
|||
|
|
to another function if the function to which unpacked kwargs are being passed
|
|||
|
|
to has <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> in its signature as well, because then additional keywords
|
|||
|
|
would not cause errors at runtime during function invocation. Otherwise, the
|
|||
|
|
type checker should generate an error.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In cases similar to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bar</span></code> function above the problem could be worked
|
|||
|
|
around by explicitly dereferencing desired fields and using them as arguments
|
|||
|
|
to perform the function call:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="p">]):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">takes_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="using-unpack-with-types-other-than-typeddict">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#using-unpack-with-types-other-than-typeddict" role="doc-backlink">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> with types other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code></a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>As described in the <a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a> section,
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> is the most natural candidate for typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>.
|
|||
|
|
Therefore, in the context of typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>, using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> with types
|
|||
|
|
other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> should not be allowed and type checkers should
|
|||
|
|
generate errors in such cases.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="changes-to-unpack">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#changes-to-unpack" role="doc-backlink">Changes to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code></a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Currently using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> in the context of
|
|||
|
|
typing is interchangeable with using the asterisk syntax:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="go">*<class '__main__.Movie'></span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Therefore, in order to be compatible with the new use case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code>’s
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> should be changed to simply <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack[T]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="intended-usage">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#intended-usage" role="doc-backlink">Intended Usage</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The intended use cases for this proposal are described in the
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="#motivation">Motivation</a> section. In summary, more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing
|
|||
|
|
can bring benefits to already existing codebases that decided to use
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> initially, but now are mature enough to use a stricter contract
|
|||
|
|
via type hints. Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> can also help in reducing code duplication
|
|||
|
|
and the amount of copy-pasting needed when there is a bunch of functions that
|
|||
|
|
require the same set of keyword arguments. Finally, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> are useful for
|
|||
|
|
cases when a function needs to facilitate optional keyword arguments that don’t
|
|||
|
|
have obvious default values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>However, it has to be pointed out that in some cases there are better tools
|
|||
|
|
for the job than using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> to type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> as proposed in this
|
|||
|
|
PEP. For example, when writing new code if all the keyword arguments are
|
|||
|
|
required or have default values then writing everything explicitly is better
|
|||
|
|
than using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> and a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># Preferred way.</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Similarly, when type hinting third party libraries via stubs it is again better
|
|||
|
|
to state the function signature explicitly - this is the only way to type such
|
|||
|
|
a function if it has default arguments. Another issue that may arise in this
|
|||
|
|
case when trying to type hint the function with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> is that some
|
|||
|
|
standard function parameters may be treated as keyword only:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># Function in a third party library.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># Function signature in a stub file.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Life of Brian"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1979</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># This would be now failing type</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># checking but is fine.</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Life of Brian"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1979</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># This would be the only way to call</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># the function now that passes type</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># checking.</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Therefore, in this case it is again preferred to type hint such function
|
|||
|
|
explicitly as:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Also, for the benefit of IDEs and documentation pages, functions that are part
|
|||
|
|
of the public API should prefer explicit keyword parameters whenever possible.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="how-to-teach-this">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#how-to-teach-this" role="doc-backlink">How to Teach This</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This PEP could be linked in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> module’s documentation. Moreover, a
|
|||
|
|
new section on using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> could be added to the aforementioned docs.
|
|||
|
|
Similar sections could be also added to the
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference external" href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/">mypy documentation</a> and the
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference external" href="https://typing.readthedocs.io/">typing RTD documentation</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="reference-implementation">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#reference-implementation" role="doc-backlink">Reference Implementation</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/mypy">mypy type checker</a> already
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/13471">supports</a> more precise
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/pyright">Pyright type checker</a> also
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/commit/5bee749eb171979e3f526cd8e5bf66b00593378a">provides provisional support</a>
|
|||
|
|
for <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3002">this feature</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="rejected-ideas">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#rejected-ideas" role="doc-backlink">Rejected Ideas</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="typeddict-unions">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#typeddict-unions" role="doc-backlink"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> unions</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>It is possible to create unions of typed dictionaries. However, supporting
|
|||
|
|
typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> with a union of typed dicts would greatly increase the
|
|||
|
|
complexity of the implementation of this PEP and there seems to be no
|
|||
|
|
compelling use case to justify the support for this. Therefore, using unions of
|
|||
|
|
typed dictionaries to type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> as described in the context of this PEP
|
|||
|
|
can result in an error:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Book</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TypedDict</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">genre</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">pages</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">TypedDictUnion</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Movie</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Book</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TypedDictUnion</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># WRONG! Unsupported use</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># of a union of</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># TypedDicts to type</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># **kwargs</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Instead, a function that expects a union of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code>s can be
|
|||
|
|
overloaded:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@overload</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nd">@overload</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="changing-the-meaning-of-kwargs-annotations">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#changing-the-meaning-of-kwargs-annotations" role="doc-backlink">Changing the meaning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> annotations</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>One way to achieve the purpose of this PEP would be to change the
|
|||
|
|
meaning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> annotations, so that the annotations would
|
|||
|
|
apply to the entire <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> dict, not to individual elements.
|
|||
|
|
For consistency, we would have to make an analogous change to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
annotations.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This idea was discussed in a meeting of the typing community, and the
|
|||
|
|
consensus was that the change would not be worth the cost. There is no
|
|||
|
|
clear migration path, the current meaning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
annotations is well-established in the ecosystem, and type checkers
|
|||
|
|
would have to introduce new errors for code that is currently legal.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="introducing-a-new-syntax">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#introducing-a-new-syntax" role="doc-backlink">Introducing a new syntax</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In the previous versions of this PEP, using a double asterisk syntax was
|
|||
|
|
proposed to support more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing. Using this syntax,
|
|||
|
|
functions could be annotated as follows:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Which would have the same meaning as:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Unpack</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Movie</span><span class="p">]):</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This greatly increased the scope of the PEP, as it would require a grammar
|
|||
|
|
change and adding a new dunder for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> special form. At the same
|
|||
|
|
the justification for introducing a new syntax was not strong enough and
|
|||
|
|
became a blocker for the whole PEP. Therefore, we decided to abandon the idea
|
|||
|
|
of introducing a new syntax as a part of this PEP and may propose it again in a
|
|||
|
|
separate one.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="copyright">
|
|||
|
|
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#copyright" role="doc-backlink">Copyright</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This document is placed in the public domain or under the
|
|||
|
|
CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<hr class="docutils" />
|
|||
|
|
<p>Source: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0692.rst">https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0692.rst</a></p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Last modified: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/commits/main/peps/pep-0692.rst">2024-02-16 16:12:21 GMT</a></p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</article>
|
|||
|
|
<nav id="pep-sidebar">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-calls-with-standard-dictionaries">Function calls with standard dictionaries</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-collisions">Keyword collisions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#required-and-non-required-keys">Required and non-required keys</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assignment">Assignment</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-and-destination-contain-kwargs">Source and destination contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-kwargs-and-destination-doesn-t">Source contains <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> and destination doesn’t</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-untyped-kwargs">Source contains untyped <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-contains-traditionally-typed-kwargs-t">Source contains traditionally typed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs:</span> <span class="pre">T</span></code></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-kwargs-inside-a-function-to-another-function">Passing kwargs inside a function to another function</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-unpack-with-types-other-than-typeddict">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code> with types other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-to-unpack">Changes to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span></code></a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#intended-usage">Intended Usage</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-teach-this">How to Teach This</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference-implementation">Reference Implementation</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rejected-ideas">Rejected Ideas</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#typeddict-unions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> unions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changing-the-meaning-of-kwargs-annotations">Changing the meaning of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> annotations</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introducing-a-new-syntax">Introducing a new syntax</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<br>
|
|||
|
|
<a id="source" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0692.rst">Page Source (GitHub)</a>
|
|||
|
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<script src="../_static/colour_scheme.js"></script>
|
|||
|
|
<script src="../_static/wrap_tables.js"></script>
|
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<script src="../_static/sticky_banner.js"></script>
|
|||
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</body>
|
|||
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</html>
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