python-peps/pep-0572.rst

PEP: 572
Title: Assignment Expressions
Author: Chris Angelico <rosuav@gmail.com>
Status: Draft
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created: 28-Feb-2018
Python-Version: 3.8
Post-History: 28-Feb-2018, 02-Mar-2018, 23-Mar-2018, 04-Apr-2018, 17-Apr-2018,
              25-Apr-2018


Abstract
========

This is a proposal for creating a way to assign to variables within an
expression. Additionally, the precise scope of comprehensions is adjusted, to
maintain consistency and follow expectations.


Rationale
=========

Naming the result of an expression is an important part of programming,
allowing a descriptive name to be used in place of a longer expression,
and permitting reuse.  Currently, this feature is available only in
statement form, making it unavailable in list comprehensions and other
expression contexts.  Merely introducing a way to assign as an expression
would create bizarre edge cases around comprehensions, though, and to avoid
the worst of the confusions, we change the definition of comprehensions,
causing some edge cases to be interpreted differently, but maintaining the
existing behaviour in the majority of situations.

Additionally, naming sub-parts of a large expression can assist an interactive
debugger, providing useful display hooks and partial results. Without a way to
capture sub-expressions inline, this would require refactoring of the original
code; with assignment expressions, this merely requires the insertion of a few
``name :=`` markers. Removing the need to refactor reduces the likelihood that
the code be inadvertently changed as part of debugging (a common cause of
Heisenbugs), and is easier to dictate to another programmer.


Syntax and semantics
====================

In any context where arbitrary Python expressions can be used, a **named
expression** can appear. This is of the form ``name := expr`` where
``expr`` is any valid Python expression, and ``name`` is an identifier.

The value of such a named expression is the same as the incorporated
expression, with the additional side-effect that the target is assigned
that value::

    # Handle a matched regex
    if (match := pattern.search(data)) is not None:
        ...

    # A more explicit alternative to the 2-arg form of iter() invocation
    while (value := read_next_item()) is not None:
        ...

    # Share a subexpression between a comprehension filter clause and its output
    filtered_data = [y for x in data if (y := f(x)) is not None]


Differences from regular assignment statements
----------------------------------------------

Most importantly, since ``:=`` is an expression, it can be used in contexts
where statements are illegal, including lambda functions and comprehensions.

An assignment statement can assign to multiple targets, left-to-right::

    x = y = z = 0

The equivalent assignment expression is parsed as separate binary operators,
and is therefore processed right-to-left, as if it were spelled thus::

    assert 0 == (x := (y := (z := 0)))

Statement assignment can include annotations. This would be syntactically
noisy in expressions, and is of minor importance. An annotation can be
given separately from the assignment if needed::

    x:str = "" # works
    (x:str := "") # SyntaxError
    x:str # possibly before a loop
    (x := "") # fine

Augmented assignment is not supported in expression form::

    >>> x +:= 1
      File "<stdin>", line 1
        x +:= 1
            ^
    SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Statement assignment is able to set attributes and subscripts, but
expression assignment is restricted to names. (This restriction may be
relaxed in a future version of Python.)

Otherwise, the semantics of assignment are identical in statement and
expression forms.


Alterations to comprehensions
-----------------------------

The current behaviour of list/set/dict comprehensions and generator
expressions has some edge cases that would behave strangely if an assignment
expression were to be used. Therefore the proposed semantics are changed,
removing the current edge cases, and instead altering their behaviour *only*
in a class scope.

As of Python 3.7, the outermost iterable of any comprehension is evaluated
in the surrounding context, and then passed as an argument to the implicit
function that evaluates the comprehension.

Under this proposal, the entire body of the comprehension is evaluated in
its implicit function. Names not assigned to within the comprehension are
located in the surrounding scopes, as with normal lookups. As one special
case, a comprehension at class scope will **eagerly bind** any name which
is already defined in the class scope.

A list comprehension can be unrolled into an equivalent function. With
Python 3.7 semantics::

    numbers = [x + y for x in range(3) for y in range(4)]
    # Is approximately equivalent to
    def <listcomp>(iterator):
        result = []
        for x in iterator:
            for y in range(4):
                result.append(x + y)
        return result
    numbers = <listcomp>(iter(range(3)))

Under the new semantics, this would instead be equivalent to::

    def <listcomp>():
        result = []
        for x in range(3):
            for y in range(4):
                result.append(x + y)
        return result
    numbers = <listcomp>()

When a class scope is involved, a naive transformation into a function would
prevent name lookups (as the function would behave like a method)::

    class X:
        names = ["Fred", "Barney", "Joe"]
        prefix = "> "
        prefixed_names = [prefix + name for name in names]

With Python 3.7 semantics, this will evaluate the outermost iterable at class
scope, which will succeed; but it will evaluate everything else in a function::

    class X:
        names = ["Fred", "Barney", "Joe"]
        prefix = "> "
        def <listcomp>(iterator):
            result = []
            for name in iterator:
                result.append(prefix + name)
            return result
        prefixed_names = <listcomp>(iter(names))

The name ``prefix`` is thus searched for at global scope, ignoring the class
name. Under the proposed semantics, this name will be eagerly bound; and the
same early binding then handles the outermost iterable as well. The list
comprehension is thus approximately equivalent to::

    class X:
        names = ["Fred", "Barney", "Joe"]
        prefix = "> "
        def <listcomp>(names=names, prefix=prefix):
            result = []
            for name in names:
                result.append(prefix + name)
            return result
        prefixed_names = <listcomp>()

With list comprehensions, this is unlikely to cause any confusion. With
generator expressions, this has the potential to affect behaviour, as the
eager binding means that the name could be rebound between the creation of
the genexp and the first call to ``next()``. It is, however, more closely
aligned to normal expectations.  The effect is ONLY seen with names that
are looked up from class scope; global names (eg ``range()``) will still
be late-bound as usual.

One consequence of this change is that certain bugs in genexps will not
be detected until the first call to ``next()``, where today they would be
caught upon creation of the generator.


Recommended use-cases
=====================

Simplifying list comprehensions
-------------------------------

A list comprehension can map and filter efficiently by capturing
the condition::

    results = [(x, y, x/y) for x in input_data if (y := f(x)) > 0]

Similarly, a subexpression can be reused within the main expression, by
giving it a name on first use::

    stuff = [[y := f(x), x/y] for x in range(5)]

    # There are a number of less obvious ways to spell this in current
    # versions of Python, such as:

    # Inline helper function
    stuff = [(lambda y: [y,x/y])(f(x)) for x in range(5)]

    # Extra 'for' loop - potentially could be optimized internally
    stuff = [[y, x/y] for x in range(5) for y in [f(x)]]

    # Using a mutable cache object (various forms possible)
    c = {}
    stuff = [[c.update(y=f(x)) or c['y'], x/c['y']] for x in range(5)]

In all cases, the name is local to the comprehension; like iteration variables,
it cannot leak out into the surrounding context.


Capturing condition values
--------------------------

Assignment expressions can be used to good effect in the header of
an ``if`` or ``while`` statement::

    # Proposed syntax
    while (command := input("> ")) != "quit":
        print("You entered:", command)

    # Capturing regular expression match objects
    # See, for instance, Lib/pydoc.py, which uses a multiline spelling
    # of this effect
    if match := re.search(pat, text):
        print("Found:", match.group(0))
    # The same syntax chains nicely into 'elif' statements, unlike the
    # equivalent using assignment statements.
    elif match := re.search(otherpat, text):
        print("Alternate found:", match.group(0))
    elif match := re.search(third, text):
        print("Fallback found:", match.group(0))

    # Reading socket data until an empty string is returned
    while data := sock.read():
        print("Received data:", data)

    # Equivalent in current Python, not caring about function return value
    while input("> ") != "quit":
        print("You entered a command.")

    # To capture the return value in current Python demands a four-line
    # loop header.
    while True:
        command = input("> ");
        if command == "quit":
            break
        print("You entered:", command)

Particularly with the ``while`` loop, this can remove the need to have an
infinite loop, an assignment, and a condition. It also creates a smooth
parallel between a loop which simply uses a function call as its condition,
and one which uses that as its condition but also uses the actual value.


Rejected alternative proposals
==============================

Proposals broadly similar to this one have come up frequently on python-ideas.
Below are a number of alternative syntaxes, some of them specific to
comprehensions, which have been rejected in favour of the one given above.


Alternative spellings
---------------------

Broadly the same semantics as the current proposal, but spelled differently.

1. ``EXPR as NAME``::

       stuff = [[f(x) as y, x/y] for x in range(5)]

   Since ``EXPR as NAME`` already has meaning in ``except`` and ``with``
   statements (with different semantics), this would create unnecessary
   confusion or require special-casing (eg to forbid assignment within the
   headers of these statements).

2. ``EXPR -> NAME``::

       stuff = [[f(x) -> y, x/y] for x in range(5)]

   This syntax is inspired by languages such as R and Haskell, and some
   programmable calculators. (Note that a left-facing arrow ``y <- f(x)`` is
   not possible in Python, as it would be interpreted as less-than and unary
   minus.) This syntax has a slight advantage over 'as' in that it does not
   conflict with ``with`` and ``except`` statements, but otherwise is
   equivalent.

3. Adorning statement-local names with a leading dot::

       stuff = [[(f(x) as .y), x/.y] for x in range(5)] # with "as"
       stuff = [[(.y := f(x)), x/.y] for x in range(5)] # with ":="

   This has the advantage that leaked usage can be readily detected, removing
   some forms of syntactic ambiguity.  However, this would be the only place
   in Python where a variable's scope is encoded into its name, making
   refactoring harder.

4. Adding a ``where:`` to any statement to create local name bindings::

       value = x**2 + 2*x where:
           x = spam(1, 4, 7, q)

   Execution order is inverted (the indented body is performed first, followed
   by the "header").  This requires a new keyword, unless an existing keyword
   is repurposed (most likely ``with:``).  See PEP 3150 for prior discussion
   on this subject (with the proposed keyword being ``given:``).

5. ``TARGET from EXPR``::

       stuff = [[y from f(x), x/y] for x in range(5)]

   This syntax has fewer conflicts than ``as`` does (conflicting only with the
   ``raise Exc from Exc`` notation), but is otherwise comparable to it. Instead
   of paralleling ``with expr as target:`` (which can be useful but can also be
   confusing), this has no parallels, but is evocative.


Special-casing conditional statements
-------------------------------------

One of the most popular use-cases is ``if`` and ``while`` statements.  Instead
of a more general solution, this proposal enhances the syntax of these two
statements to add a means of capturing the compared value::

    if re.search(pat, text) as match:
        print("Found:", match.group(0))

This works beautifully if and ONLY if the desired condition is based on the
truthiness of the captured value.  It is thus effective for specific
use-cases (regex matches, socket reads that return `''` when done), and
completely useless in more complicated cases (eg where the condition is
``f(x) < 0`` and you want to capture the value of ``f(x)``).  It also has
no benefit to list comprehensions.

Advantages: No syntactic ambiguities. Disadvantages: Answers only a fraction
of possible use-cases, even in ``if``/``while`` statements.


Special-casing comprehensions
-----------------------------

Another common use-case is comprehensions (list/set/dict, and genexps). As
above, proposals have been made for comprehension-specific solutions.

1. ``where``, ``let``, or ``given``::

       stuff = [(y, x/y) where y = f(x) for x in range(5)]
       stuff = [(y, x/y) let y = f(x) for x in range(5)]
       stuff = [(y, x/y) given y = f(x) for x in range(5)]

   This brings the subexpression to a location in between the 'for' loop and
   the expression. It introduces an additional language keyword, which creates
   conflicts. Of the three, ``where`` reads the most cleanly, but also has the
   greatest potential for conflict (eg SQLAlchemy and numpy have ``where``
   methods, as does ``tkinter.dnd.Icon`` in the standard library).

2. ``with NAME = EXPR``::

       stuff = [(y, x/y) with y = f(x) for x in range(5)]

   As above, but reusing the `with` keyword. Doesn't read too badly, and needs
   no additional language keyword. Is restricted to comprehensions, though,
   and cannot as easily be transformed into "longhand" for-loop syntax. Has
   the C problem that an equals sign in an expression can now create a name
   binding, rather than performing a comparison. Would raise the question of
   why "with NAME = EXPR:" cannot be used as a statement on its own.

3. ``with EXPR as NAME``::

       stuff = [(y, x/y) with f(x) as y for x in range(5)]

   As per option 2, but using ``as`` rather than an equals sign. Aligns
   syntactically with other uses of ``as`` for name binding, but a simple
   transformation to for-loop longhand would create drastically different
   semantics; the meaning of ``with`` inside a comprehension would be
   completely different from the meaning as a stand-alone statement, while
   retaining identical syntax.

Regardless of the spelling chosen, this introduces a stark difference between
comprehensions and the equivalent unrolled long-hand form of the loop.  It is
no longer possible to unwrap the loop into statement form without reworking
any name bindings.  The only keyword that can be repurposed to this task is
``with``, thus giving it sneakily different semantics in a comprehension than
in a statement; alternatively, a new keyword is needed, with all the costs
therein.


Lowering operator precedence
----------------------------

There are two logical precedences for the ``:=`` operator. Either it should
bind as loosely as possible, as does statement-assignment; or it should bind
more tightly than comparison operators. Placing its precedence between the
comparison and arithmetic operators (to be precise: just lower than bitwise
OR) allows most uses inside ``while`` and ``if`` conditions to be spelled
without parentheses, as it is most likely that you wish to capture the value
of something, then perform a comparison on it::

    pos = -1
    while pos := buffer.find(search_term, pos + 1) >= 0:
        ...

Once find() returns -1, the loop terminates. If ``:=`` binds as loosely as
``=`` does, this would capture the result of the comparison (generally either
``True`` or ``False``), which is less useful.

While this behaviour would be convenient in many situations, it is also harder
to explain than "the := operator behaves just like the assignment statement",
and as such, the precedence for ``:=`` has been made as close as possible to
that of ``=``.


Migration path
==============

The semantic changes to list/set/dict comprehensions, and more so to generator
expressions, may potentially require migration of code. In many cases, the
changes simply make legal what used to raise an exception, but there are some
edge cases that were previously legal and now are not, and a few corner cases
with altered semantics.


The Outermost Iterable
----------------------

As of Python 3.7, the outermost iterable in a comprehension is special: it is
evaluated in the surrounding context, instead of inside the comprehension.
Thus it is permitted to contain a ``yield`` expression, to use a name also
used elsewhere, and to reference names from class scope. Also, in a genexp,
the outermost iterable is pre-evaluated, but the rest of the code is not
touched until the genexp is first iterated over. Class scope is now handled
more generally (see above), but if other changes require the old behaviour,
the iterable must be explicitly elevated from the comprehension::

    # Python 3.7
    def f(x):
        return [x for x in x if x]
    def g():
        return [x for x in [(yield 1)]]
    # With PEP 572
    def f(x):
        return [y for y in x if y]
    def g():
        sent_item = (yield 1)
        return [x for x in [sent_item]]

This more clearly shows that it is g(), not the comprehension, which is able
to yield values (and is thus a generator function). The entire comprehension
is consistently in a single scope.

The following expressions would, in Python 3.7, raise exceptions immediately.
With the removal of the outermost iterable's special casing, they are now
equivalent to the most obvious longhand form::

    gen = (x for x in rage(10)) # NameError
    gen = (x for x in 10) # TypeError (not iterable)
    gen = (x for x in range(1/0)) # ZeroDivisionError

    def <genexp>():
        for x in rage(10):
            yield x
    gen = <genexp>() # No exception yet
    tng = next(gen) # NameError


Open questions
==============

Importing names into comprehensions
-----------------------------------

A list comprehension can use and update local names, and they will retain
their values from one iteration to another. It would be convenient to use
this feature to create rolling or self-effecting data streams::

    progressive_sums = [total := total + value for value in data]

This will fail with UnboundLocalError due to ``total`` not being initalized.
Simply initializing it outside of the comprehension is insufficient - unless
the comprehension is in class scope::

    class X:
        total = 0
        progressive_sums = [total := total + value for value in data]

At other scopes, it may be beneficial to have a way to fetch a value from the
surrounding scope. Should this be automatic? Should it be controlled with a
keyword? Hypothetically (and using no new keywords), this could be written::

    total = 0
    progressive_sums = [total := total + value
        import nonlocal total
        for value in data]

Translated into longhand, this would become::

    total = 0
    def <listcomp>(total=total):
        result = []
        for value in data:
            result.append(total := total + value)
        return result
    progressive_sums = <listcomp>()

ie utilizing the same early-binding technique that is used at class scope.


Frequently Raised Objections
============================

Why not just turn existing assignment into an expression?
---------------------------------------------------------

C and its derivatives define the ``=`` operator as an expression, rather than
a statement as is Python's way.  This allows assignments in more contexts,
including contexts where comparisons are more common.  The syntactic similarity
between ``if (x == y)`` and ``if (x = y)`` belies their drastically different
semantics.  Thus this proposal uses ``:=`` to clarify the distinction.


This could be used to create ugly code!
---------------------------------------

So can anything else.  This is a tool, and it is up to the programmer to use it
where it makes sense, and not use it where superior constructs can be used.


With assignment expressions, why bother with assignment statements?
-------------------------------------------------------------------

The two forms have different flexibilities.  The ``:=`` operator can be used
inside a larger expression; the ``=`` statement can be augmented to ``+=`` and
its friends, can be chained, and can assign to attributes and subscripts.


Why not use a sublocal scope and prevent namespace pollution?
-------------------------------------------------------------

Previous revisions of this proposal involved sublocal scope (restricted to a
single statement), preventing name leakage and namespace pollution.  While a
definite advantage in a number of situations, this increases complexity in
many others, and the costs are not justified by the benefits. In the interests
of language simplicity, the name bindings created here are exactly equivalent
to any other name bindings, including that usage at class or module scope will
create externally-visible names.  This is no different from ``for`` loops or
other constructs, and can be solved the same way: ``del`` the name once it is
no longer needed, or prefix it with an underscore.

Names bound within a comprehension are local to that comprehension, even in
the outermost iterable, and can thus be used freely without polluting the
surrounding namespace.

(The author wishes to thank Guido van Rossum and Christoph Groth for their
suggestions to move the proposal in this direction. [2]_)


Style guide recommendations
===========================

As expression assignments can sometimes be used equivalently to statement
assignments, the question of which should be preferred will arise. For the
benefit of style guides such as PEP 8, two recommendations are suggested.

1. If either assignment statements or assignment expressions can be
   used, prefer statements; they are a clear declaration of intent.

2. If using assignment expressions would lead to ambiguity about
   execution order, restructure it to use statements instead.


Acknowledgements
================

The author wishes to thank Guido van Rossum and Nick Coghlan for their
considerable contributions to this proposal, and to members of the
core-mentorship mailing list for assistance with implementation.


References
==========

.. [1] Proof of concept / reference implementation
   (https://github.com/Rosuav/cpython/tree/assignment-expressions)
.. [2] Pivotal post regarding inline assignment semantics
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2018-March/049409.html)


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.



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