python-peps/pep-0101.txt

PEP: 101
Title: Doing Python Releases 101
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: barry@python.org (Barry A. Warsaw), guido@python.org (Guido van Rossum)
Status: Active
Type: Informational
Created: 22-Aug-2001
Post-History:


Abstract

    Making a Python release is an arduous process that takes a
    minimum of half a day's work even for an experienced releaser.
    Until recently, most -- if not all -- of that burden was borne by
    Guido himself.  But several recent releases have been performed by
    other folks, so this PEP attempts to collect, in one place, all
    the steps needed to make a Python release.  It is organized as a
    recipe and you can actually print this out and check items off as
    you complete them.


How to Make A Release

    Here are the steps taken to make a Python release.  Some steps are
    more fuzzy than others because there's little that can be
    automated (e.g. writing the NEWS entries).  Where a step is
    usually performed by An Expert, the role of that expert is given.
    Otherwise, assume the step is done by the Release Manager (RM),
    the designated person performing the release.  The roles and their
    current experts are:  

        * WE = Windows: Martin von Loewis
        * ME = Mac: Ronald Oussoren
        * DE = Documentation: Fred Drake

    XXX: We should include a dependency graph to illustrate the steps
    that can be taken in parallel, or those that depend on other
    steps.

    We use the following conventions in the examples below.  Where a
    release number is given, it is of the form X.YaZ, e.g. 2.6a3 for
    Python 2.6 alpha 3, where "a" == alpha, "b" == beta, "c" ==
    release candidate.

    Final releases are named "releaseXY".  The branch tag is
    "releaseXY-maint" because this will point to the long lived
    maintenance branch.  The fork tag on the trunk is
    "releaseXY-fork".  If a micro release number is used, then we'll
    say X.Y.MaZ.

    Note: This document has been updated to reflect the more
    streamlined procedures used to release Python 2.6 (including the
    alphas and betas).

    We recommend that you use the welease tool, from

    http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/trunk/welease/

    It helps verifying that certain (not yet all) mechanic editing
    has not been forgotten, and invokes svn and tar commands
    automatically. This guide will indicate which steps are supported
    by welease.

  ___ Impose a check-in freeze.  Send a message to
      python-dev@python.org telling people not to make any check-ins
      on the tree until further notice.

      At this point, nobody except the RM or his duly assigned agents
      should make any commits to the branch.  The assigned agents are
      either from the list above or by coordination as necessary.  If
      a checkin needs to made, make sure to state in the checkin
      comment that the change was approved.  If the RM screwed up and
      some desperate last minute change to the branch is necessary, it
      can mean extra work for others.  So try to avoid this!

  ___ Log into irc.freenode.net and join the #python-dev channel.

      You probably need to coordinate with other people around the
      world.  This IRC channel is where we've arranged to meet.

  ___ The most important thing to do is to update the Misc/NEWS file.
      This step can be pretty tedious, so it's best to get to it
      immediately after making the branch, or even before you've made
      the branch.

      Add high level items new to this release.  E.g. if we're releasing
      2.6a3, there must be a section at the top of the file explaining
      "What's new in Python 2.6 alpha 3".  It will be followed by a
      section entitled "What's new in Python 2.6 alpha 2".

      Note that you /hope/ that as developers add new features to the
      trunk, they've updated the NEWS file accordingly.  You can't be
      positive, so double check.  It helps to verify with the Windows
      and Mac experts.

      This command should help you:

      % svn log -r '{YYYY-MM-DD}:HEAD' > /tmp/news.txt

      IOW, you're printing out all the svn log entries from the
      previous release date until now.  You can then troll through the
      news.txt file looking for interesting things to add to NEWS.

  ___ For major releases (e.g. 2.6 final), move any historical "what's
      new" entries from Misc/NEWS to Misc/HISTORY.

  ___ Check with the IDLE maintainer to be sure that
      Lib/idlelib/NEWS.txt has been similarly updated.

  ___ Make sure the release date is fully spelled out in
      Doc/commontex/boilerplate.tex (welease).  BROKEN

  ___ Tag and/or branch the tree for release X.YaZ (welease does tagging)

      If you're releasing an alpha/beta/release candidate, you will
      just tag the tree, AFTER you made the edits below.  If you are
      releasing a final release, you will both tag the trunk and
      create the long-lived maintenance branch.

      All Python development happens on the trunk.  While it's
      sometimes challenging to keep people from checking things in
      while you're making a release, it's still preferred to creating
      a short-lived release branch.

      Practically speaking, we tag and branch just before making the
      release.  Branching too early causes too much merging work.

      When making a major release (e.g., for 2.6), you should branch.
      To create a _branch_ (e.g., release26-maint), do the following:

    ___ svn copy \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/release26-maint

      When making a minor release (e.g., for 2.6a1 or 2.6.1), you should tag.
      To create a _tag_ (e.g., r26a1), do the following:

      DO NOT TAG UNTIL YOU"VE MADE THE NECESSARY EDITS BELOW

    ___ svn copy \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/release26-maint \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/tags/r26a1

    ___ Check out a clean version of the branch into a new directory.
        You'll be doing a lot of work in this directory and you want
        to keep it straight from your trunk working directory.  E.g.

        % svn co \
            svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/release26-maint

    ___ cd release26-maint  # cd into the branch directory.

  ___ Change Include/patchlevel.h in two places, to
      reflect the new version number you've just created.  You'll want
      to change the PY_VERSION macro, and one or several of the
      version subpart macros just above PY_VERSION, as appropriate.
      (checked by welease)

  ___ IDLE maintains its own versioning and NEWS file (Lib/idlelib/NEWS.txt).
      There should be a number of entries reflecting new development, under a
      temporary header.  Update that header to reflect IDLE's new version and
      release date.  Then update Lib/idlelib/idlever.py to show a matching
      version. (checked by welease)

  ___ distutils also maintains its own versioning file
      (Lib/distutils/__init__.py).  Update this file with the Python version.

  ___ Change the "%define version" line of Misc/RPM/python-X.Y.spec to
      the same string as PY_VERSION was changed to above.  E.g.

       %define version 2.6a1

       The following line, "%define libvers", should reflect the
       major/minor number as one would usually see in the
       "/usr/lib/python<libvers>" directory name.  E.g.

       %define libvers 2.6

       You also probably want to reset the %define release line
       to '1pydotorg' if it's not already that.

       If the new release uses a major/minor version which is
       different than is in the name of the current
       "Misc/RPM/python-*.spec" file, rename the file:

       % svn rename python-2.5.spec python-2.6.spec
       % svn commit

  ___ If this is a release candidate, mail Sean <jafo@tummy.com>
      noting the impending release, so that RPMs can be built and
      tested.

  ___ Update the README file, which has a big banner at the top
      proclaiming its identity.

  ___ If the major (first) or minor (middle) digit of the version
      number changes, also update the LICENSE file.

    ___ There's a copy of the license in
        Doc/commontex/license.tex; the DE usually takes care of that.  BROKEN

  ___ If the minor (middle) digit of the version number changes, update:

    ___ Doc/tut/tut.tex (4 references to [Pp]ython26)  BROKEN

  ___ Check the years on the copyright notice.  If the last release
      was some time last year, add the current year to the copyright
      notice in several places:

    ___ README

    ___ LICENSE (make sure to change on trunk and the branch)

    ___ Python/getcopyright.c

    ___ Doc/README (at the end)

    ___ Doc/commontex/copyright.tex BROKEN

    ___ Doc/commontex/license.tex BROKEN

    ___ PC/python_nt.rc sets up the DLL version resource for Windows
        (displayed when you right-click on the DLL and select
        Properties).

    ___ The license.ht file for the distribution on the website
        contains what purports to be an HTML-ized copy of the LICENSE
        file from the distribution.  BROKEN

  ___ For a final release, edit the first paragraph of
      Doc/whatsnew/whatsnewXX.tex to include the actual release date;
      e.g. "Python 2.5 was released on August 1, 2003."
      There's no need to edit this for alpha or beta releases.  Note
      that Andrew Kuchling often takes care of this.

  ___ At this point, the DE will create the formatted versions of the
      documentation and push the appropriate files out to their FTP
      locations on www.python.org.  The HTML format is used to build
      the HTML Help format for the Windows installer, but the RM
      doesn't need this to build the source distribution.  The HTML
      Help format will typically be generated by whoever builds the
      Windows installer.

      Once the DE is done, there can be no further checkins on the
      branch in the Doc/ directory -- not even by the RM.

      Building the documentation is done using the Makefile in the
      Doc/ directory.  Once all the external tools are installed (see
      the "Documenting Python" manual for information on the required
      tools), use these commands to build the formatted documentation
      packages::

        $ make clobber
        ...
        $ make PAPER=a4 paperdist
        ...
        $ make distfiles
        ...

      The packages can be installed on the FTP server using commands
      like these:

        $ VERSION=`tools/getversioninfo`
        $ TARGET=/data/python-releases/doc/$VERSION
        $ rm *-$VERSION.tar
        $ ssh dinsdale.python.org mkdir $TARGET
        $ scp *-$VERSION.* dinsdale.python.org:$TARGET

  ___ For final releases, publish the documentation on python.org.
      This must be done by someone with write access to the pydotorg
      repository.

      Start by creating a new directory and filling it with the
      standard boilerplate.  $VERSION is the same as for uploading the
      documentation, above; $OLDVERSION is the most recently published
      version on the site.

        $ cd .../pydotorg/doc/
        $ svn mkdir $VERSION $VERSION/download
        $ cd $OLDVERSION
        $ svn cp content.{html,rst,yml} index.yml nav.yml ../$VERSION
        $ cd download
        $ svn cp content.{html,rst,yml} index.yml nav.yml ../$VERSION/download
        $ cd ../../$VERSION

      In $VERSION/content.rst and $VERSION/download/content.rst, change:

      - in the header at the top of the page, update to reflect
        the version number and release date
      - if the minor release number changed (for example, from 2.5
        to 2.6), the title and link to the "What's New" document
        (search for "whatsnew")
      - make sure all the documents included in the package are listed

      In $VERSION/index.yml and $VERSION/download/index.yml, change
      the version number in the title.

      In versions/content.rst, add an entry for the new version near
      the top.

      Use the "rst2html" command (commonly installed with docutils) to
      ensure that the .rst files can be formatted without errors.

      Log into dinsdale.python.org using SSH and unpack a copy of the
      documentation into place:

        # on dinsdale:
        $ cd /data/ftp.python.org/pub/www.python.org/doc
        $ bzip2 -dc /data/python-releases/doc/$VERSION/html-$VERSION.tar.bz2 \
          | tar xf -
        $ mv Python-Docs-$VERSION $VERSION
        $ find $VERSION -type d | xargs chmod g+s

      Now head back to your pydotorg checkout and commit the changes
      so the site will be updated:

        $ svn commit -m \
          "Add website content for Python $VERSION documentation."

      Point your browser at this URL and check it out:

        http://www.python.org/doc/$VERSION/

      There is one more change that may need to happen in the
      top-level doc/ directory of the website content.  This should
      happen as soon as the release announcement has been made.  The
      required actions are described in a separate step of this
      checklist.

  ___ Ping Neal Norwitz (or anyone else with access to the PSF box
      which runs the automated builds) to fix conflicts that arise
      in the checked out working areas.

  ___ The WE grabs the HTML to build the Windows helpfile.
      The HTML files are unpacked into a new src/html directory, and
      runs this command to create the project files for MS HTML
      Workshop:

      % python ..\Doc\tools\prechm.py -v 2.6 python26

      HTML Workshop is then fired up on the created python25.hhp file,
      finally resulting in an python26.chm file.  He then copies the
      file into the Doc directories of the build trees (once for
      each target architecture).

  ___ The WE then generates Windows installer files for each Windows
      target architecture (for Python 2.6, this means x86 
      and AMD64). He has one checkout tree per target architecture,
      and builds the pcbuild.sln project for the appropriate 
      architecture. He then edits Tools/msi/config.py to update
      full_current_version, and runs msi.py with ActivePython 2.5.
      For that to work, the following prerequisites must be met:

      - PC\icons.mak must have been run with nmake.

      - The cmd.exe window in which this is run must have Cygwin/bin
        in its path (atleast for x86).

      - The cmd.exe window must have MS compiler tools for the target
        architecture in its path (VS 2003 for x86, the platform
        SDK for AMD64).

      The WE checksums the files (*.msi and *.chm), uploads them to
      some place in the net, and emails you the location and md5sums.

  ___ Sean Reifschneider grabs the HTML and uses this to build the
      Linux RPMs.  Sean performs his Red Hat magic, generating a set
      of RPMs.  He uploads these files to python.org.  He then sends
      the RM a notice which includes the location and MD5 checksum of
      the RPMs.

  ___ Time to build the source tarball.  If you created a branch, be
      sure to cd to your working directory for the branch.  E.g.
      % cd .../python-26a3
      (supported by welease)

  ___ Do a "svn update ; svn status" in this directory.

      You should not see any files.  I.e. you better not have any
      uncommitted changes in your working directory, but you may pick
      up some of the expert's last minute changes.
      (checked by welease)

  ___ If you've seen updates to existing files, update the svn tag:

      % svn copy \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/tags/r26a3

      If you created a maintenance branch and you've changed any files
      since you branched, tag the tree -- in the branch -- now with
      something like

      % svn copy \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk \
          svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/tags/r26

      This is the tag you will use below.
      (supported by welease)

  ___ Change to a neutral directory, i.e. one in which you can do a
      fresh, virgin, svn export of the branch.  You will be creating a
      new directory at this location, to be named "Python-X.YaZ".  Export
      the tagged branch.

      % cd ~
      % svn export svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/tags/r26a1 Python-2.6c2
      (supported by welease)

  ___ Generate the tarballs.  Note that we're not using the `z' option
      on the tar command because 1) that's only supported by GNU tar
      as far as we know, and 2) we're going to max out the compression
      level, which isn't a supported option.

      % tar cf - Python-2.6c2 | gzip -9 > Python-2.6c2.tgz
      % tar cf - Python-2.6c2 | bzip2 -9 > Python-2.6c2.tar.bz2
      (supported by welease)

  ___ Calculate the MD5 checksums of the files you just created

      % md5sum Python-2.6c2.tgz
      % md5sum Python-2.6c2.tar.bz2

      Note that if you don't have the md5sum program, there is a
      Python replacement in the Tools/scripts/md5sum.py file.

  ___ Now you want to perform the very important step of checking the
      tarball you just created, to make sure a completely clean,
      virgin build passes the regression test.  Here are the best
      steps to take:

      % cd /tmp
      % tar zxvf ~/Python-2.6c2.tgz  # tar xjvf ~/Python-2.6c2.tar.bz2
      % cd Python-2.6c2
      % ls
      (Do things look reasonable?)
      % ./configure
      (Loads of configure output)
      % make test
      (Do all the expected tests pass?)

      If you're feeling lucky and have some time to kill, run the full
      test suite:

      % make TESTOPTS='-u all' test

      If the tests pass, then you can feel good that the tarball is
      fine.  If some of the tests fail, or anything else about the
      freshly unpacked directory looks weird, you better stop now and
      figure out what the problem is.

  ___ Upload the tar files to dinsdale.python.org using scp.

  # XXX(nnorwitz): this entire section dealing with the website is outdated.
  # The website uses SVN and the build process has changed.
  ___ While you're waiting, you can start twiddling the web pages to
      include the announcement.

    ___ If necessary, and if you have the right permissions (the
        python.org sysadmins must set this up for you), check out the
        web site tree by doing:

        % cvs -d :ext:<you>@dinsdale.python.org:/usr/local/cvsroot co pydotorg

        XXX: what's the svn equivalent?

    ___ In the python.org web site SVN tree, cd to the X.Y
        subdirectory, and copy index.ht to new-index.ht.  Be sure to
        do a "svn update" first!

        % cd .../pydotorg
        % svn up
        % cd 2.6
        % cp index.ht new-index.ht

    ___ Edit the file for content: usually you can globally replace
        X.Ya(Z-1) with X.YaZ.  However, you'll need to think about the
        "What's New?" section.

    ___ Copy the Misc/NEWS file to NEWS.txt in the X.Y directory for
        python.org; this contains the "full scoop" of changes to
        Python since the previous release for this version of Python.

    ___ Also, update the MD5 checksums.

    ___ Preview the web page by doing a "make" -- NOT a "make install".
        View the page via a file: url.

    ___ Similarly, edit the ../index.ht file, i.e. the python.org home
        page.  In the Big Blue Announcement Block, move the paragraph
        for the new version up to the top and boldify the phrase
        "Python X.YaZ is out".  Edit for content, and preview as
        above.  Do NOT do a "make install" yet!

    ___ Also on the ../index.ht file (still the python.org home page),
        update the link information so that the release status is
        correct.  Update the links in the left-hand navigation
        sidebar.  Still do NOT do a "make install"!

  ___ Now we're waiting for the scp to dinsdale to finish.  Da de da,
      da de dum, hmm, hmm, dum de dum.

  ___ Now you need to go to dinsdale.python.org and move all the files
      in place over there.  Our policy is that every Python version
      gets its own directory, but each directory may contain several
      releases.  We keep all old releases, moving them into a "prev"
      subdirectory when we have a new release.

      So, there's a directory called "2.6" which contains
      Python-2.5a2.exe and Python-2.6a2.tgz, along with a "prev"
      subdirectory containing Python-2.6a1.msi, Python-2.6a1.tgz,
      Python-2.6a1.tar.bz2, etc.

      So...

    ___ On dinsdale, cd /data/ftp.python.org/pub/python/X.Y[.Z]
        creating it if necessary.

    ___ Move the previous release files to a directory called "prev"
        creating the directory if necessary (make sure the directory
        has g+ws bits on).  If this is the first alpha release of a
        new Python version, skip this step.

    ___ Move the .tgz, tar.bz2, and .msi files to this directory.  Make
        sure they are world readable.  They should also be group
        writable, and group-owned by webmaster.

    ___ md5sum the files and make sure they got uploaded intact.


  ___ Update the X.Y/bugs.ht file if necessary.

  ___ Now preview the new-index.ht file once more.  IMPORTANT: follow
      every link on the page to make sure it goes where you expect it
      to go, and that what you expect to be there is there.

  ___ If everything looks good, move new-index.ht to index.ht and do a
      "make install" in this directory.  Go up to the parent directory
      (i.e. the root of the web page hierarchy) and do a "make
      install" there too.  You're release is now live!

  ___ Now it's time to write the announcement for the mailing lists.
      This is the fuzzy bit because not much can be automated.  You
      can use an earlier announcement as a template, but edit it for content!

      Once the announcement is ready, send it to the following
      addresses:

      python-list@python.org
      python-announce@python.org
      python-dev@python.org

  ___ Mention the release as the most recent stable one in
      pydotorg:doc/faq/general.ht (section "How stable is
      Python?")

  ___ Make the last change to the documentation area on
      python.org.  (Remember those from the documentation items above?
      It's time now.)

      The "current" symlink needs to be updated if this release is the
      highest-versioned release.  Log in to dinsdale.python.org, and
      update a symlink in the doc/ tree:

        # on dinsdale:
        $ cd /data/ftp.python.org/pub/www.python.org/doc/
        $ rm current && ln -s $VERSION current

    Now it's time to do some cleaning up.  These steps are very important!

  ___ If you made a non-maintenance branch, be sure to merge it into
      the trunk!  Now that we've released this branch, we don't need
      it any more.  We've already tagged it so we can always reproduce
      it.  Note that merging branches is a bit of a black art, but
      here's what's worked for us.

      NOTE: If this was an X.Y major release, we will be using this as
      the maintenance branch for a long time to come.

    ___ Check out a completely clean, virgin working directory of the
        trunk, by doing this in the directory that is the parent of
        your branch working directory python-XYaZ:
        % svn co \
            svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk python-clean

    ___ Run a diff against your branch by doing this in the common
        parent directory containing both python-clean and python-XYaZ:
        % diff -r python-clean python-26a2 | grep ^diff | grep -v /.svn/ \
            > /tmp/diffcmd.sh

    ___ Edit diffcmd.sh to get rid of files that you know don't have
        important changes.  You're looking for files that have updates
        in the branch that haven't made it to the trunk.

        Generally you can ignore any changes to the Doc or Mac
        subdirectories, or any changes to Windows related files.  The
        sub-RMs for those parts will take care of any necessary merges
        from the branch to the trunk.

        If you've been diligent about merging changes from the trunk
        into the branch, there shouldn't be many of these files.

    ___ Edit /tmp/diffcmd.sh, changing all the -r's into -u's.  Run
        the /tmp/diffcmd.sh command like so:
        % sh /tmp/diffcmd.sh > /tmp/pydiff.txt

    ___ Attempt to patch your python-clean working directory.  Do this
        first, noting that --dry-run does not actually apply any
        patches, it just makes sure that the patch command runs
        successfully to completion:
        % patch -p1 --dry-run < /tmp/pydiff.txt

    ___ If this goes well, run it again, taking out the --dry-run
        option.  If this fails, or if it prompts you for a file to
        patch, try using -p0 instead of -p1.  Otherwise, your diff
        command was messed up, so try again.

    ___ cd to python-clean and do a "svn commit".  Use as your log
        message something like "Merging the rXYaZ-maint tag back into
        the trunk".

    ___ Edit the file Include/patchlevel.h so that the PY_VERSION
        string says something like "X.YaZ+".  Note the trailing `+'
        indicating that the trunk is going to be moving forward with
        development.  E.g. the line should look like:

        #define PY_VERSION              "2.6a2+"

        Make sure that the other PY_ version macros contain the
        correct values.  Commit this change.

    ___ For the extra paranoid, do a completely clean test of the
        release.  This includes downloading the tarball from
        www.python.org.

    ___ Make sure the md5 checksums match.  Then unpack the tarball,
        and do a clean make test.

        % make distclean
        % ./configure
        % make test

        To ensure that the regression test suite passes.  If not, you
        screwed up somewhere!

    Step 5 ...

    Verify!  This can be interleaved with Step 4.  Pretend you're a
    user: download the files from python.org, and make Python from it.
    This step is too easy to overlook, and on several occasions we've
    had useless release files.  Once a general server problem caused
    mysterious corruption of all files; once the source tarball got
    built incorrectly; more than once the file upload process on SF
    truncated files; and so on.


What Next?

    Rejoice.  Drink.  Be Merry.  Write a PEP like this one.  Or be
    like unto Guido and take A Vacation.

    You've just made a Python release!


Final Release Notes

    The Final release of any major release, e.g. Python 2.5 final, has
    special requirements, specifically because it will be one of the
    longest lived releases (i.e. betas don't last more than a couple
    of weeks, but final releases can last for years!).

    For this reason we want to have a higher coordination between the
    three major releases: Windows, Mac, and source.  So we add this
    extra step to the release process for a final release:

    ___ Hold up the final release until the WE and ME approve, or until we
        lose patience <wink>.


Windows Notes

    Windows has a MSI installer, various flavors of Windows have
    "special limitations", and the Windows installer also packs
    precompiled "foreign" binaries (Tcl/Tk, expat, etc).  So Windows
    testing is tiresome but very necessary.

    Concurrent with uploading the installer, the WE installs Python
    from it twice: once into the default directory suggested by the
    installer, and later into a directory with embedded spaces in its
    name.  For each installation, he runs the full regression suite
    from a DOS box, and both with and without -0. For maintenance
    release, he also tests whether upgrade installations succeed.

    He also tries *every* shortcut created under Start -> Menu -> the
    Python group.  When trying IDLE this way, you need to verify that
    Help -> Python Documentation works.  When trying pydoc this way
    (the "Module Docs" Start menu entry), make sure the "Start
    Browser" button works, and make sure you can search for a random
    module (like "random" <wink>) and then that the "go to selected"
    button works.

    It's amazing how much can go wrong here -- and even more amazing
    how often last-second checkins break one of these things.  If
    you're "the Windows geek", keep in mind that you're likely the
    only person routinely testing on Windows, and that Windows is
    simply a mess.

    Repeat the testing for each target architecture.  On XP/2003, try
    both an Admin and a plain User (not Power User) account. If you
    can, also test the installer on Windows 9x.

    WRT Step 5 above (verify the release media), since by the time
    release files are ready to download the WE has generally run many
    Windows tests on the installer he uploaded, he usually doesn't do
    anything for Step 5 except a full byte-comparison ("fc /b" if
    using a Windows shell) of the downloaded file against the file he
    uploaded.


Copyright

    This document has been placed in the public domain.



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