python-peps/peps/pep-0479.rst

PEP: 479
Title: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: Chris Angelico <rosuav@gmail.com>, Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created: 15-Nov-2014
Python-Version: 3.5
Post-History: 15-Nov-2014, 19-Nov-2014, 05-Dec-2014


Abstract
========

This PEP proposes a change to generators: when ``StopIteration`` is
raised inside a generator, it is replaced with ``RuntimeError``.
(More precisely, this happens when the exception is about to bubble
out of the generator's stack frame.)  Because the change is backwards
incompatible, the feature is initially introduced using a
``__future__`` statement.


Acceptance
==========

This PEP was accepted by the BDFL on November 22.  Because of the
exceptionally short period from first draft to acceptance, the main
objections brought up after acceptance were carefully considered and
have been reflected in the "Alternate proposals" section below.
However, none of the discussion changed the BDFL's mind and the PEP's
acceptance is now final.  (Suggestions for clarifying edits are still
welcome -- unlike IETF RFCs, the text of a PEP is not cast in stone
after its acceptance, although the core design/plan/specification
should not change after acceptance.)


Rationale
=========

The interaction of generators and ``StopIteration`` is currently
somewhat surprising, and can conceal obscure bugs.  An unexpected
exception should not result in subtly altered behaviour, but should
cause a noisy and easily-debugged traceback.  Currently,
``StopIteration`` raised accidentally inside a generator function will
be interpreted as the end of the iteration by the loop construct
driving the generator.

The main goal of the proposal is to ease debugging in the situation
where an unguarded ``next()`` call (perhaps several stack frames deep)
raises ``StopIteration`` and causes the iteration controlled by the
generator to terminate silently.  (Whereas, when some other exception
is raised, a traceback is printed pinpointing the cause of the
problem.)

This is particularly pernicious in combination with the ``yield from``
construct of :pep:`380`, as it breaks the abstraction that a
subgenerator may be factored out of a generator.  That PEP notes this
limitation, but notes that "use cases for these [are] rare to
non-existent".  Unfortunately while intentional use is rare, it is
easy to stumble on these cases by accident::

    import contextlib

    @contextlib.contextmanager
    def transaction():
        print('begin')
        try:
            yield from do_it()
        except:
            print('rollback')
            raise
        else:
            print('commit')

    def do_it():
        print('Refactored initial setup')
        yield # Body of with-statement is executed here
        print('Refactored finalization of successful transaction')

    def gene():
        for i in range(2):
            with transaction():
                yield i
                # return
                raise StopIteration  # This is wrong
            print('Should not be reached')

    for i in gene():
        print('main: i =', i)

Here factoring out ``do_it`` into a subgenerator has introduced a
subtle bug: if the wrapped block raises ``StopIteration``, under the
current behavior this exception will be swallowed by the context
manager; and, worse, the finalization is silently skipped!  Similarly
problematic behavior occurs when an ``asyncio`` coroutine raises
``StopIteration``, causing it to terminate silently, or when ``next``
is used to take the first result from an iterator that unexpectedly
turns out to be empty, for example::

    # using the same context manager as above
    import pathlib

    with transaction():
        print('commit file {}'.format(
            # I can never remember what the README extension is
            next(pathlib.Path('/some/dir').glob('README*'))))

In both cases, the refactoring abstraction of ``yield from`` breaks
in the presence of bugs in client code.

Additionally, the proposal reduces the difference between list
comprehensions and generator expressions, preventing surprises such as
the one that started this discussion [2]_.  Henceforth, the following
statements will produce the same result if either produces a result at
all::

    a = list(F(x) for x in xs if P(x))
    a = [F(x) for x in xs if P(x)]

With the current state of affairs, it is possible to write a function
``F(x)`` or a predicate ``P(x)`` that causes the first form to produce
a (truncated) result, while the second form raises an exception
(namely, ``StopIteration``).  With the proposed change, both forms
will raise an exception at this point (albeit ``RuntimeError`` in the
first case and ``StopIteration`` in the second).

Finally, the proposal also clears up the confusion about how to
terminate a generator: the proper way is ``return``, not
``raise StopIteration``.

As an added bonus, the above changes bring generator functions much
more in line with regular functions.  If you wish to take a piece of
code presented as a generator and turn it into something else, you
can usually do this fairly simply, by replacing every ``yield`` with
a call to ``print()`` or ``list.append()``; however, if there are any
bare ``next()`` calls in the code, you have to be aware of them.  If
the code was originally written without relying on ``StopIteration``
terminating the function, the transformation would be that much
easier.


Background information
======================

When a generator frame is (re)started as a result of a ``__next__()``
(or ``send()`` or ``throw()``) call, one of three outcomes can occur:

* A yield point is reached, and the yielded value is returned.
* The frame is returned from; ``StopIteration`` is raised.
* An exception is raised, which bubbles out.

In the latter two cases the frame is abandoned (and the generator
object's ``gi_frame`` attribute is set to None).


Proposal
========

If a ``StopIteration`` is about to bubble out of a generator frame, it
is replaced with ``RuntimeError``, which causes the ``next()`` call
(which invoked the generator) to fail, passing that exception out.
From then on it's just like any old exception. [3]_

This affects the third outcome listed above, without altering any
other effects.  Furthermore, it only affects this outcome when the
exception raised is ``StopIteration`` (or a subclass thereof).

Note that the proposed replacement happens at the point where the
exception is about to bubble out of the frame, i.e. after any
``except`` or ``finally`` blocks that could affect it have been
exited.  The ``StopIteration`` raised by returning from the frame is
not affected (the point being that ``StopIteration`` means that the
generator terminated "normally", i.e. it did not raise an exception).

A subtle issue is what will happen if the caller, having caught the
``RuntimeError``, calls the generator object's ``__next__()`` method
again.  The answer is that from this point on it will raise
``StopIteration`` -- the behavior is the same as when any other
exception was raised by the generator.

Another logical consequence of the proposal: if someone uses
``g.throw(StopIteration)`` to throw a ``StopIteration`` exception into
a generator, if the generator doesn't catch it (which it could do
using a ``try/except`` around the ``yield``), it will be transformed
into ``RuntimeError``.

During the transition phase, the new feature must be enabled
per-module using::

    from __future__ import generator_stop

Any generator function constructed under the influence of this
directive will have the ``REPLACE_STOPITERATION`` flag set on its code
object, and generators with the flag set will behave according to this
proposal.  Once the feature becomes standard, the flag may be dropped;
code should not inspect generators for it.

A proof-of-concept patch has been created to facilitate testing. [4]_


Consequences for existing code
==============================

This change will affect existing code that depends on
``StopIteration`` bubbling up.  The pure Python reference
implementation of ``groupby`` [5]_ currently has comments "Exit on
``StopIteration``" where it is expected that the exception will
propagate and then be handled.  This will be unusual, but not unknown,
and such constructs will fail.  Other examples abound, e.g. [6]_, [7]_.

(Alyssa Coghlan comments: """If you wanted to factor out a helper
function that terminated the generator you'd have to do "return
yield from helper()" rather than just "helper()".""")

There are also examples of generator expressions floating around that
rely on a ``StopIteration`` raised by the expression, the target or the
predicate (rather than by the ``__next__()`` call implied in the ``for``
loop proper).

Writing backwards and forwards compatible code
----------------------------------------------

With the exception of hacks that raise ``StopIteration`` to exit a
generator expression, it is easy to write code that works equally well
under older Python versions as under the new semantics.

This is done by enclosing those places in the generator body where a
``StopIteration`` is expected (e.g. bare ``next()`` calls or in some
cases helper functions that are expected to raise ``StopIteration``)
in a ``try/except`` construct that returns when ``StopIteration`` is
raised.  The ``try/except`` construct should appear directly in the
generator function; doing this in a helper function that is not itself
a generator does not work.  If ``raise StopIteration`` occurs directly
in a generator, simply replace it with ``return``.


Examples of breakage
--------------------

Generators which explicitly raise ``StopIteration`` can generally be
changed to simply return instead.  This will be compatible with all
existing Python versions, and will not be affected by ``__future__``.
Here are some illustrations from the standard library.

Lib/ipaddress.py::

    if other == self:
        raise StopIteration

Becomes::

    if other == self:
        return

In some cases, this can be combined with ``yield from`` to simplify
the code, such as Lib/difflib.py::

    if context is None:
        while True:
            yield next(line_pair_iterator)

Becomes::

    if context is None:
        yield from line_pair_iterator
        return

(The ``return`` is necessary for a strictly-equivalent translation,
though in this particular file, there is no further code, and the
``return`` can be omitted.) For compatibility with pre-3.3 versions
of Python, this could be written with an explicit ``for`` loop::

    if context is None:
        for line in line_pair_iterator:
            yield line
        return

More complicated iteration patterns will need explicit ``try/except``
constructs.  For example, a hypothetical parser like this::

    def parser(f):
        while True:
            data = next(f)
            while True:
                line = next(f)
                if line == "- end -": break
                data += line
            yield data

would need to be rewritten as::

    def parser(f):
        while True:
            try:
                data = next(f)
                while True:
                    line = next(f)
                    if line == "- end -": break
                    data += line
                yield data
            except StopIteration:
                return

or possibly::

    def parser(f):
        for data in f:
            while True:
                line = next(f)
                if line == "- end -": break
                data += line
            yield data

The latter form obscures the iteration by purporting to iterate over
the file with a ``for`` loop, but then also fetches more data from
the same iterator during the loop body.  It does, however, clearly
differentiate between a "normal" termination (``StopIteration``
instead of the initial line) and an "abnormal" termination (failing
to find the end marker in the inner loop, which will now raise
``RuntimeError``).

This effect of ``StopIteration`` has been used to cut a generator
expression short, creating a form of ``takewhile``::

    def stop():
        raise StopIteration
    print(list(x for x in range(10) if x < 5 or stop()))
    # prints [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Under the current proposal, this form of non-local flow control is
not supported, and would have to be rewritten in statement form::

    def gen():
        for x in range(10):
            if x >= 5: return
            yield x
    print(list(gen()))
    # prints [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

While this is a small loss of functionality, it is functionality that
often comes at the cost of readability, and just as ``lambda`` has
restrictions compared to ``def``, so does a generator expression have
restrictions compared to a generator function. In many cases, the
transformation to full generator function will be trivially easy, and
may improve structural clarity.


Explanation of generators, iterators, and StopIteration
=======================================================

The proposal does not change the relationship between generators and
iterators: a generator object is still an iterator, and not all
iterators are generators.  Generators have additional methods that
iterators don't have, like ``send`` and ``throw``.  All this is
unchanged.  Nothing changes for generator users -- only authors of
generator functions may have to learn something new.  (This includes
authors of generator expressions that depend on early termination of
the iteration by a ``StopIteration`` raised in a condition.)

An iterator is an object with a ``__next__`` method.  Like many other
special methods, it may either return a value, or raise a specific
exception - in this case, ``StopIteration`` - to signal that it has
no value to return.  In this, it is similar to ``__getattr__`` (can
raise ``AttributeError``), ``__getitem__`` (can raise ``KeyError``),
and so on.  A helper function for an iterator can be written to
follow the same protocol; for example::

    def helper(x, y):
        if x > y: return 1 / (x - y)
        raise StopIteration

    def __next__(self):
        if self.a: return helper(self.b, self.c)
        return helper(self.d, self.e)

Both forms of signalling are carried through: a returned value is
returned, an exception bubbles up.  The helper is written to match
the protocol of the calling function.

A generator function is one which contains a ``yield`` expression.
Each time it is (re)started, it may either yield a value, or return
(including "falling off the end").  A helper function for a generator
can also be written, but it must also follow generator protocol::

    def helper(x, y):
        if x > y: yield 1 / (x - y)

    def gen(self):
        if self.a: return (yield from helper(self.b, self.c))
        return (yield from helper(self.d, self.e))

In both cases, any unexpected exception will bubble up. Due to the
nature of generators and iterators, an unexpected ``StopIteration``
inside a generator will be converted into ``RuntimeError``, but
beyond that, all exceptions will propagate normally.


Transition plan
===============

- Python 3.5: Enable new semantics under ``__future__`` import; silent
  deprecation warning if ``StopIteration`` bubbles out of a generator
  not under ``__future__`` import.

- Python 3.6: Non-silent deprecation warning.

- Python 3.7: Enable new semantics everywhere.


Alternate proposals
===================

Raising something other than RuntimeError
-----------------------------------------

Rather than the generic ``RuntimeError``, it might make sense to raise
a new exception type ``UnexpectedStopIteration``.  This has the
downside of implicitly encouraging that it be caught; the correct
action is to catch the original ``StopIteration``, not the chained
exception.


Supplying a specific exception to raise on return
-------------------------------------------------

Alyssa (Nick) Coghlan suggested a means of providing a specific
``StopIteration`` instance to the generator; if any other instance of
``StopIteration`` is raised, it is an error, but if that particular
one is raised, the generator has properly completed.  This subproposal
has been withdrawn in favour of better options, but is retained for
reference.


Making return-triggered StopIterations obvious
----------------------------------------------

For certain situations, a simpler and fully backward-compatible
solution may be sufficient: when a generator returns, instead of
raising ``StopIteration``, it raises a specific subclass of
``StopIteration`` (``GeneratorReturn``) which can then be detected.
If it is not that subclass, it is an escaping exception rather than a
return statement.

The inspiration for this alternative proposal was Alyssa's observation
[8]_ that if an ``asyncio`` coroutine [9]_ accidentally raises
``StopIteration``, it currently terminates silently, which may present
a hard-to-debug mystery to the developer.  The main proposal turns
such accidents into clearly distinguishable ``RuntimeError`` exceptions,
but if that is rejected, this alternate proposal would enable
``asyncio`` to distinguish between a ``return`` statement and an
accidentally-raised ``StopIteration`` exception.

Of the three outcomes listed above, two change:

* If a yield point is reached, the value, obviously, would still be
  returned.
* If the frame is returned from, ``GeneratorReturn`` (rather than
  ``StopIteration``) is raised.
* If an instance of ``GeneratorReturn`` would be raised, instead an
  instance of ``StopIteration`` would be raised. Any other exception
  bubbles up normally.

In the third case, the ``StopIteration`` would have the ``value`` of
the original ``GeneratorReturn``, and would reference the original
exception in its ``__cause__``.  If uncaught, this would clearly show
the chaining of exceptions.

This alternative does *not* affect the discrepancy between generator
expressions and list comprehensions, but allows generator-aware code
(such as the ``contextlib`` and ``asyncio`` modules) to reliably
differentiate between the second and third outcomes listed above.

However, once code exists that depends on this distinction between
``GeneratorReturn`` and ``StopIteration``, a generator that invokes
another generator and relies on the latter's ``StopIteration`` to
bubble out would still be potentially wrong, depending on the use made
of the distinction between the two exception types.


Converting the exception inside next()
--------------------------------------

Mark Shannon suggested [10]_ that the problem could be solved in
``next()`` rather than at the boundary of generator functions.  By
having ``next()`` catch ``StopIteration`` and raise instead
``ValueError``, all unexpected ``StopIteration`` bubbling would be
prevented; however, the backward-incompatibility concerns are far
more serious than for the current proposal, as every ``next()`` call
now needs to be rewritten to guard against ``ValueError`` instead of
``StopIteration`` - not to mention that there is no way to write one
block of code which reliably works on multiple versions of Python.
(Using a dedicated exception type, perhaps subclassing ``ValueError``,
would help this; however, all code would still need to be rewritten.)

Note that calling ``next(it, default)`` catches ``StopIteration`` and
substitutes the given default value; this feature is often useful to
avoid a ``try/except`` block.


Sub-proposal: decorator to explicitly request current behaviour
---------------------------------------------------------------

Alyssa Coghlan suggested [11]_ that the situations where the current
behaviour is desired could be supported by means of a decorator::

    from itertools import allow_implicit_stop

    @allow_implicit_stop
    def my_generator():
        ...
        yield next(it)
        ...

Which would be semantically equivalent to::

    def my_generator():
        try:
            ...
            yield next(it)
            ...
        except StopIteration
            return

but be faster, as it could be implemented by simply permitting the
``StopIteration`` to bubble up directly.

Single-source Python 2/3 code would also benefit in a 3.7+ world,
since libraries like six and python-future could just define their own
version of "allow_implicit_stop" that referred to the new builtin in
3.5+, and was implemented as an identity function in other versions.

However, due to the implementation complexities required, the ongoing
compatibility issues created, the subtlety of the decorator's effect,
and the fact that it would encourage the "quick-fix" solution of just
slapping the decorator onto all generators instead of properly fixing
the code in question, this sub-proposal has been rejected. [12]_


Criticism
=========

Unofficial and apocryphal statistics suggest that this is seldom, if
ever, a problem. [13]_  Code does exist which relies on the current
behaviour (e.g. [3]_, [6]_, [7]_), and there is the concern that this
would be unnecessary code churn to achieve little or no gain.

Steven D'Aprano started an informal survey on comp.lang.python [14]_;
at the time of writing only two responses have been received: one was
in favor of changing list comprehensions to match generator
expressions (!), the other was in favor of this PEP's main proposal.

The existing model has been compared to the perfectly-acceptable
issues inherent to every other case where an exception has special
meaning.  For instance, an unexpected ``KeyError`` inside a
``__getitem__`` method will be interpreted as failure, rather than
permitted to bubble up.  However, there is a difference.  Special
methods use ``return`` to indicate normality, and ``raise`` to signal
abnormality; generators ``yield`` to indicate data, and ``return`` to
signal the abnormal state.  This makes explicitly raising
``StopIteration`` entirely redundant, and potentially surprising.  If
other special methods had dedicated keywords to distinguish between
their return paths, they too could turn unexpected exceptions into
``RuntimeError``; the fact that they cannot should not preclude
generators from doing so.

Why not fix all __next__() methods?
-----------------------------------

When implementing a regular ``__next__()`` method, the only way to
indicate the end of the iteration is to raise ``StopIteration``.  So
catching ``StopIteration`` here and converting it to ``RuntimeError``
would defeat the purpose.  This is a reminder of the special status of
generator functions: in a generator function, raising
``StopIteration`` is redundant since the iteration can be terminated
by a simple ``return``.


References
==========

.. [2] Initial mailing list comment
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2014-November/029906.html)

.. [3] Proposal by GvR
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2014-November/029953.html)

.. [4] Tracker issue with Proof-of-Concept patch
   (http://bugs.python.org/issue22906)

.. [5] Pure Python implementation of groupby
   (https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html#itertools.groupby)

.. [6] Split a sequence or generator using a predicate
   (http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578416-split-a-sequence-or-generator-using-a-predicate/)

.. [7] wrap unbounded generator to restrict its output
   (http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66427-wrap-unbounded-generator-to-restrict-its-output/)

.. [8] Post from Alyssa (Nick) Coghlan mentioning asyncio
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2014-November/029961.html)

.. [9] Coroutines in asyncio
   (https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines)

.. [10] Post from Mark Shannon with alternate proposal
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-November/137129.html)

.. [11] Idea from Alyssa Coghlan
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-November/137201.html)

.. [12] Rejection of above idea by GvR
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-November/137243.html)

.. [13] Response by Steven D'Aprano
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2014-November/029994.html)

.. [14] Thread on comp.lang.python started by Steven D'Aprano
   (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2014-November/680757.html)

Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.



..
   Local Variables:
   mode: indented-text
   indent-tabs-mode: nil
   sentence-end-double-space: t
   fill-column: 70
   coding: utf-8
   End: