python-peps/pep-0461.txt

PEP: 461
Title: Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: Ethan Furman <ethan@stoneleaf.us>
Status: Draft
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created: 2014-01-13
Python-Version: 3.5
Post-History: 2014-01-14, 2014-01-15, 2014-01-17, 2014-02-22, 2014-03-25
Resolution:


Abstract
========

This PEP proposes adding % formatting operations similar to Python 2's ``str``
type to ``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` [1]_ [2]_.


Rationale
=========

While interpolation is usually thought of as a string operation, there are
cases where interpolation on ``bytes`` or ``bytearrays`` make sense, and the
work needed to make up for this missing functionality detracts from the overall
readability of the code.


Motivation
==========

With Python 3 and the split between ``str`` and ``bytes``, one small but
important area of programming became slightly more difficult, and much more
painful -- wire format protocols [3]_.

This area of programming is characterized by a mixture of binary data and
ASCII compatible segments of text (aka ASCII-encoded text).  Bringing back a
restricted %-interpolation for ``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` will aid both in
writing new wire format code, and in porting Python 2 wire format code.

Common use-cases include ``dbf`` and ``pdf`` file formats, ``email``
formats, and ``FTP`` and ``HTTP`` communications, among many others.


Proposed semantics for ``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` formatting
=============================================================

%-interpolation
---------------

All the numeric formatting codes (``d``, ``i``, ``o``, ``u``, ``x``, ``X``,
``e``, ``E'', ``f``, ``F``, ``g``, ``G``, and any that are subsequently added
to Python 3) will be supported, and will work as they do for str, including
the padding, justification and other related modifiers (currently ``#``, ``0``,
``-``, `` `` (space), and ``+`` (plus any added to Python 3)).  The only
non-numeric codes allowed are ``c``, ``s``, and ``a``.

For the numeric codes, the only difference between ``str`` and ``bytes`` (or
``bytearray``) interpolation is that the results from these codes will be
ASCII-encoded text, not unicode.  In other words, for any numeric formatting
code `%x`::

   b"%x" % val

is equivalent to

   ("%x" % val).encode("ascii")

Examples::

   >>> b'%4x' % 10
   b'   a'

   >>> b'%#4x' % 10
   ' 0xa'

   >>> b'%04X' % 10
   '000A'

``%c`` will insert a single byte, either from an ``int`` in range(256), or from
a ``bytes`` argument of length 1, not from a ``str``.

Examples::

    >>> b'%c' % 48
    b'0'

    >>> b'%c' % b'a'
    b'a'

``%s`` is included for two reasons:  1) `b` is already a format code for
``format`` numerics (binary), and 2) it will make 2/3 code easier as Python 2.x
code uses ``%s``; however, it is restricted in what it will accept::

  - input type supports ``Py_buffer`` [6]_?
    use it to collect the necessary bytes

  - input type is something else?
    use its ``__bytes__`` method [7]_ ; if there isn't one, raise a ``TypeError``

In particular, ``%s`` will not accept numbers (use a numeric format code for
that), nor ``str`` (encode it to ``bytes``).

Examples::

    >>> b'%s' % b'abc'
    b'abc'

    >>> b'%s' % 'some string'.encode('utf8')
    b'some string'

    >>> b'%s' % 3.14
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    TypeError: b'%s' does not accept numbers, use a numeric code instead

    >>> b'%s' % 'hello world!'
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    TypeError: b'%s' does not accept 'str', it must be encoded to `bytes`


``%a`` will give the equivalent of
``repr(some_obj).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')`` on the interpolated
value.  Use cases include developing a new protocol and writing landmarks
into the stream; debugging data going into an existing protocol to see if
the problem is the protocol itself or bad data; a fall-back for a serialization
format; or any situation where defining ``__bytes__`` would not be appropriate
but a readable/informative representation is needed [8].

Examples::

    >>> b'%a' % 3.14
    b'3.14'

    >>> b'%a' % b'abc'
    b'abc'

    >>> b'%a' % 'def'
    b"'def'"


Unsupported codes
-----------------

``%r`` (which calls ``__repr__`` and returns a ``str``) is not supported.


Proposed variations
===================

It was suggested to let ``%s`` accept numbers, but since numbers have their own
format codes this idea was discarded.

It has been suggested to use ``%b`` for bytes as well as ``%s``.  This was
rejected as not adding any value either in clarity or simplicity.

It has been proposed to automatically use ``.encode('ascii','strict')`` for
``str`` arguments to ``%s``.

  - Rejected as this would lead to intermittent failures.  Better to have the
    operation always fail so the trouble-spot can be correctly fixed.

It has been proposed to have ``%s`` return the ascii-encoded repr when the
value is a ``str`` (b'%s' % 'abc'  --> b"'abc'").

  - Rejected as this would lead to hard to debug failures far from the problem
    site.  Better to have the operation always fail so the trouble-spot can be
    easily fixed.

Originally this PEP also proposed adding format-style formatting, but it was
decided that format and its related machinery were all strictly text (aka
``str``) based, and it was dropped.

Various new special methods were proposed, such as ``__ascii__``,
``__format_bytes__``, etc.; such methods are not needed at this time, but can
be visited again later if real-world use shows deficiencies with this solution.

A competing PEP, ``PEP 460 Add binary interpolation and formatting`` [9], also
exists.


Objections
==========

The objections raised against this PEP were mainly variations on two themes::

  - the ``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` types are for pure binary data, with no
    assumptions about encodings
  - offering %-interpolation that assumes an ASCII encoding will be an
    attractive nuisance and lead us back to the problems of the Python 2
    ``str``/``unicode`` text model

As was seen during the discussion, ``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` are also used
for mixed binary data and ASCII-compatible segments: file formats such as
``dbf`` and ``pdf``, network protocols such as ``ftp`` and ``email``, etc.

``bytes`` and ``bytearray`` already have several methods which assume an ASCII
compatible encoding.  ``upper()``, ``isalpha()``, and ``expandtabs()`` to name
just a few.  %-interpolation, with its very restricted mini-language, will not
be any more of a nuisance than the already existing methods.

Some have objected to allowing the full range of numeric formatting codes with
the claim that decimal alone would be sufficient.  However, at least two
formats (dbf and pdf) make use of non-decimal numbers.


Footnotes
=========

.. [1] http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting
.. [2] neither string.Template, format, nor str.format are under consideration
.. [3] https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-January/131518.html
.. [4] to use a str object in a bytes interpolation, encode it first
.. [5] %c is not an exception as neither of its possible arguments are str
.. [6] http://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html
       examples:  ``memoryview``, ``array.array``, ``bytearray``, ``bytes``
.. [7] http://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__bytes__
.. [8] https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-February/132750.html
.. [9] http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0460/


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.


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