PEP-654: Add example of subgroup callback with side effects (#1852)

pep-0654.rst

@@ -335,9 +335,9 @@ typically either query to check if it has leaf exceptions for which some
 condition holds (using ``subgroup`` or ``split``) or format the exception
 (using the ``traceback`` module's methods).
 
-It is unlikely to be useful to inspect the individual leaf exceptions. To see
+It is less likely to be useful to iterate over the individual leaf exceptions.
-why, suppose that an application caught an ``ExceptionGroup`` raised in an
+To see why, suppose that an application caught an ``ExceptionGroup`` raised in
-``asyncio.gather()`` call. At this stage, the context for each specific
+an ``asyncio.gather()`` call. At this stage, the context for each specific
 exception is lost. Any recovery for this exception should have been performed
 before it was grouped with other exceptions into the ``ExceptionGroup`` [10]_.
 Furthermore, the application is likely to react in the same way to any number
@@ -345,27 +345,101 @@ of instances of a certain exception type, so it is more likely that we will
 want to know whether ``eg.subgroup(T)`` is None or not, than we are to be
 interested in the number of ``Ts`` in ``eg``.
 
-If it does turn out to be necessary for an application to iterate over the
+However, there are situations where it is necessary to inspect the
-individual exceptions of an ``ExceptionGroup`` ``eg``, this can be done by
+individual leaf exceptions. For example, suppose that we have an
-calling ``traverse(eg)``, where ``traverse`` is defined as follows:
+``ExceptionGroup`` ``eg`` and we want to log the ``OSErrors`` that have a
+specific error code and reraise everything else. We can do this by passing
+a function with side effects to ``subgroup``, as follows:
 
 .. code-block::
 
-    def traverse(exc, tbs=None):
+    def log_and_ignore_ENOENT(err):
+        if isinstance(err, OSError) and err.errno == ENOENT:
+            log(err)
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    try:
+        . . .
+    except ExceptionGroup as eg:
+        eg = eg.subgroup(log_and_ignore_ENOENT)
+        if eg is not None:
+            raise eg
+
+
+In the previous example, when ``log_and_ignore_ENOENT`` is invoked on a leaf
+exception, only part of this exception's traceback is accessible -- the part
+referenced from its ``__traceback__`` field. If we need the full traceback,
+we need to look at the concatenation of the tracebacks of the exceptions on
+the path from the root to this leaf. We can get that with direct iteration,
+recursively, as follows:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    def leaf_generator(exc, tbs=None):
         if tbs is None:
             tbs = []
 
         tbs.append(exc.__traceback__)
         if isinstance(exc, ExceptionGroup):
             for e in exc.errors:
-                traverse(e, tbs)
+                yield from leaf_generator(e, tbs)
         else:
             # exc is a leaf exception and its traceback
-            # is the concatenation of the traceback in tbs
+            # is the concatenation of the traceback
-            process_leaf(exc, tbs)
+            # segments in tbs
+            yield exc, tbs
         tbs.pop()
 
 
+We can then process the full tracebacks of the leaf exceptions:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    >>> import traceback
+    >>>
+    >>> def g(v):
+    ...     try:
+    ...         raise ValueError(v)
+    ...     except Exception as e:
+    ...         return e
+    ...
+    >>> def f():
+    ...     raise ExceptionGroup("eg", [g(1), g(2)])
+    ...
+    >>> try:
+    ...     f()
+    ... except BaseException as e:
+    ...     eg = e
+    ...
+    >>> for (i, (exc, tbs)) in enumerate(leaf_generator(eg)):
+    ...     print(f"\n>>> Exception #{i+1}:")
+    ...     traceback.print_exception(exc)
+    ...     print(f"The complete traceback for Exception #{i+1}:")
+    ...     for tb in tbs:
+    ...         traceback.print_tb(tb)
+    ...
+
+    >>> Exception #1:
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 3, in g
+    ValueError: 1
+    The complete traceback for Exception #1
+      File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
+      File "<stdin>", line 2, in f
+      File "<stdin>", line 3, in g
+
+    >>> Exception #2:
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 3, in g
+    ValueError: 2
+    The complete traceback for Exception #2:
+      File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
+      File "<stdin>", line 2, in f
+      File "<stdin>", line 3, in g
+    >>>
+
 except*
 -------
 
@@ -416,7 +490,7 @@ Exceptions are matched using a subclass check. For example:
 
    try:
        low_level_os_operation()
-   except *OSerror as eg:
+   except *OSError as eg:
        for e in eg.errors:
            print(type(e).__name__)
 
@@ -864,7 +938,7 @@ while letting all other exceptions propagate.
 
    try:
        low_level_os_operation()
-   except *OSerror as errors:
+   except *OSError as errors:
        raise errors.subgroup(lambda e: e.errno != errno.EPIPE) from None