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Add PEP 502: Migrating from hg.python.org to GitHub

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PEP: 512
Title: Migrating from hg.python.org to GitHub
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
Status: Active
Type: Process
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created:
Post-History: 17-Jan-2015
Abstract
========
This PEP outlines the steps required to migrate Python's development
process from Mercurial [#hg]_ as hosted at
hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_ to Git [#git]_ on GitHub [#GitHub]_. Meeting
the minimum goals of this PEP should allow for the development
process of Python to be as productive as it currently is, and meeting
its extended goals should improve it.
Rationale
=========
In 2014, it became obvious that Python's custom development
process was becoming a hindrance. As an example, for an external
contributor to submit a fix for a bug that eventually was committed,
the basic steps were:
1. Open an issue for the bug at bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_.
2. Checkout out the CPython source code from hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_.
3. Make the fix.
4. Upload a patch.
5. Have a core developer review the patch using our fork of the
Rietveld code review tool [#rietveld]_.
6. Download the patch to make sure it still applies cleanly.
7. Run the test suite manually.
8. Commit the change manually.
9. If the change was for a bugfix release, merge into the
in-development branch.
10. Run the test suite manually again.
11. Commit the merge.
12. Push the changes.
This is a very heavy, manual process for core developers. Even in the
simple case, you could only possibly skip the code review step, as you
would still need to build the documentation. This led to patches
languishing on the issue tracker due to core developers not being
able to work through the backlog fast enough to keep up with
submissions. In turn, that led to a side-effect issue of discouraging
outside contribution due to frustration from lack of attention, which
is dangerous problem for an open source project as it runs counter to
having a viable future for the project. Simply accepting patches
uploaded to bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ is potentially simple for an
external contributor, it is as slow and burdensome as it gets for
a core developer to work with.
Hence the decision was made in late 2014 that a move to a new
development process was needed. A request for PEPs
proposing new workflows was made, in the end leading to two:
PEP 481 and PEP 507 proposing GitHub [#github]_ and
GitLab [#gitlab]_, respectively.
The year 2015 was spent off-and-on working on those proposals and
trying to tease out details of what made them different from each
other on the core-workflow mailing list [#core-workflow]_.
PyCon US 2015 also showed that the community was a bit frustrated
with our process due to both cognitive overhead for new contributors
and how long it was taking for core developers to
look at a patch (see the end of Guido van Rossum's
keynote at PyCon US 2015 [#guido-keynote]_ as an example of the
frustration).
On January 1, 2016, the decision was made by Brett Cannon to move the
development process to GitHub. The key reasons for choosing GitHub
were [#reasons]_:
* Maintaining custom infrastructure has been a burden on volunteers
(e.g., a custom fork of Rietveld [#rietveld]_
that is not being maintained is currently being used).
* The custom workflow is very time-consuming for core developers
(not enough automated tooling built to help support it).
* The custom workflow is a hindrance to external contributors
(acts as a barrier of entry due to time required to ramp up on
development process).
* There is no feature differentiating GitLab from GitHub beyond
GitLab being open source.
* Familiarity with GitHub is far higher amongst core developers and
external contributors than with GitLab.
* Our BDFL prefers GitHub (who would be the first person to tell
you that his opinion shouldn't matter, but the person making the
decision felt it was important that the BDFL feel comfortable with
the workflow of his own programming language to encourage his
continued participation).
There's even already an unofficial image to use to represent the
migration to GitHub [#pythocat]_.
The overarching goal of this migration is to improve the development
process to the extent that a core developer can go from external
contribution submission through all the steps leading to committing
said contribution all from within a browser on a tablet with WiFi.
All of this will be done in such a way that if an external
contributor chooses not to use GitHub then they will continue to have
that option.
Repositories to Migrate
=======================
While hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_ hosts many repositories, there are only
six key repositories that must move:
1. devinabox [#devinabox-repo]_
2. benchmarks [#benchmarks-repo]_
3. tracker [#tracker-repo]_
4. peps [#peps-repo]_
5. devguide [#devguide-repo]_
6. cpython [#cpython-repo]_
The devinabox, benchmarksm and tracker repositories are code-only.
The peps and devguide repositories involve the generation of webpages.
And the cpython repository has special requirements for integration
with bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_.
Migration Plan
==============
The migration plan is separated into sections based on what is
required to migrate the repositories listed in the
`Repositories to Migrate`_ section. Completion of requirements
outlined in each section should unblock the migration of the related
repositories. The sections are expected to be completed in order, but
not necessarily the requirements within a section.
Requirements for Code-Only Repositories
---------------------------------------
Completion of the requirements in this section will allow the
devinabox, benchmarks, and tracker repositories to move to
GitHub. While devinabox has a sufficiently descriptive name, the
benchmarks repository does not; therefore, it will be named
"python-benchmark-suite". The tracker repo also has a misleading name
and will be renamed "bugs.python.org".
Create a 'python-dev' team
''''''''''''''''''''''''''
To manage permissions, a 'python-dev' team will be created as part of
the python organization [#github-python-org]_. Any repository that is
moved will have the 'python-dev' team added to it with write
permissions [#github-org-perms]_. Anyone who previously had rights to
manage SSH keys on hg.python.org will become a team maintainer for the
'python-dev' team.
Define commands to move a Mercurial repository to Git
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Since moving to GitHub also entails moving to Git [#git]_, we must
decide what tools and commands we will run to translate a Mercurial
repository to Git. The exact tools and steps to use are an
open issue; see `Tools and commands to move from Mercurial to Git`_.
CLA enforcement
'''''''''''''''
A key part of any open source project is making sure that its source
code can be properly licensed. This requires making sure all people
making contributions have signed a contributor license agreement
(CLA) [#cla]_. Up until now, enforcement of CLA signing of
contributed code has been enforced by core developers checking
whether someone had an ``*`` by their username on
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. With this migration, the plan is to start
off with automated checking and enforcement of contributors signing
the CLA.
Adding GitHub username support to bugs.python.org
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
To keep tracking of CLA signing under the direct control of the PSF,
tracking who has signed the PSF CLA will be continued by marking that
fact as part of someone's bugs.python.org user profile. What this
means is that an association will be needed between a person's
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ account and their GitHub account, which
will be done through a new field in a user's profile.
A bot to enforce CLA signing
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
With an association between someone's GitHub account and their
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ account, which has the data as to whether
someone has signed the CLA, a bot can monitor pull requests on
GitHub and denote whether the contributor has signed the CLA.
If the user has signed the CLA, the bot will add a positive label to
the issue to denote the pull request has no CLA issues (e.g., a green
label stating, "CLA: ✓"). If the contributor has not signed a CLA,
a negative label will be added to the pull request will be blocked
using GitHub's status API (e.g., a red label stating, "CLA: ✗"). If a
contributor lacks a bugs.python.org account, that will lead to
another label (e.g., "CLA: ✗ (no account)"). Using a label for both
positive and negative cases provides a fallback notification if the
bot happens to fail, preventing potential false-positives or
false-negatives. It also allows for an easy way to trigger the bot
again by simply removing a CLA-related label.
Requirements for Web-Related Repositories
-----------------------------------------
Due to their use for generating webpages, the
devguide [#devguide-repo]_ and peps [#peps-repo]_ repositories need
their respective processes updated to pull from their new Git
repositories.
The devguide repository might also need to be named
``python-devguide`` to make sure the repository is not ambiguous
when viewed in isolation from the
python organization [#github-python-org]_.
Requirements for the cpython Repository
---------------------------------------
Obviously the most active and important repository currently hosted
at hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_ is the cpython
repository [#cpython-repo]_. Because of its importance and high-
frequency use, it requires more tooling before being moved to GitHub
compared to the other repositories mentioned in this PEP.
Document steps to commit a pull request
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
During the process of choosing a new development workflow, it was
decided that a linear history is desired. This means that the
convenient "Merge" button in GitHub pull requests is undesireable, as
it creates a merge commit along with all of the contributor's
individual commits (this does not affect the other repositories where
the desire for a linear history doesn't exist).
Luckily, Git [#git]_ does not require GitHub's workflow and so one can
be chosen which gives us a linear history by using Git's CLI. The
expectation is that all pull requests will be fast-forwarded and
rebased before being pushed to the master repository. This should
give proper attribution to the pull request author in the Git
history.
A second set of recommended commands will also be written for
committing a contribution from a patch file uploaded to
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. This will obviously help keep the linear
history, but it will need to be made to have attribution to the patch
author.
The exact sequence of commands that will be given as guidelines to
core developers is an open issue:
`Git CLI commands for committing a pull request to cpython`_.
Handling Misc/NEWS
''''''''''''''''''
Traditionally the ``Misc/NEWS`` file [#news-file]_ has been problematic
for changes which spanned Python releases. Often times there will be
merge conflicts when committing a change between e.g., 3.5 and 3.6
only in the ``Misc/NEWS`` file. It's so common, in fact, that the
example instructions in the devguide explicitly mention how to
resolve conflicts in the ``Misc/NEWS`` file
[#devguide-merge-across-branches]_. As part of our tool
modernization, working with the ``Misc/NEWS`` file will be
simplified.
There are currently two competing approaches to solving the
``Misc/NEWS`` problem which are discussed in an open issue:
`How to handle the Misc/NEWS file`_.
Handling Misc/ACKS
''''''''''''''''''
Traditionally the ``Misc/ACKS`` file [#acks-file]_ has been managed
by hand. But thanks to Git supporting an ``author`` value as well as
a ``committer`` value per commit, authorship of a commit can be part
of the history of the code itself.
As such, manual management of ``Misc/ACKS`` will become optional. A
script will be written that will collect all author and committer
names and merge them into ``Misc/ACKS`` with all of the names listed
prior to the move to Git. Running this script will become part of the
release process.
Linking pull requests to issues
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Historically, external contributions were attached to an issue on
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ thanks to the fact that all external
contributions were uploaded as a file. For changes committed by a
core developer who committed a change directly, the specifying of an
issue number in the commit message of the format ``Issue #`` at the
start of the message led to a comment being posted to the issue
linking to the commit.
Linking a pull request to an issue
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
An association between a pull request and an issue is needed to track
when a fix has been proposed. The association needs to be many-to-one
as there can take multiple pull requests to solve a single issue
(technically it should be a many-to-many association for when a
single fix solves multiple issues, but this is fairly rare and issues
can be merged into one using the ``Superceder`` field on the issue
tracker).
Association between a pull request and an issue will be done based on
detecting the regular expression``[Ii]ssue #(?P<bpo_id>\d+)``. If
this is specified in either the title or in the body of a message on
a pull request then connection will be made on
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. A label will also be added to the pull
request to signify that the connection was made successfully. This
could lead to incorrect associations if the wrong issue or
referencing another issue was done, but these are rare occasions.
Notify the issue if the pull request is committed
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Once a pull request is closed (merged or not), the issue should be
updated to reflect this fact.
Update linking service for mapping commit IDs to URLs
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Currently you can use https://hg.python.org/lookup/ with a revision
ID from either the Subversion or Mercurial copies of the
cpython repo [#cpython-repo]_ to get redirected to the URL for that
revision in the Mercurial repository. The URL rewriter will need to
be updated to redirect to the Git repository and to support the new
revision IDs created for the Git repository.
Create https://git.python.org
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Just as hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_ currently points to the Mercurial
repository for Python, git.python.org should do the equivalent for
the Git repository.
Backup of pull request data
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Since GitHub [#github]_ is going to be used for code hosting and code
review, those two things need to be backed up. In the case of code
hosting, the backup is implicit as all non-shallow Git [#git]_ clones
contain the full history of the repository, hence there will be many
backups of the repository.
The code review history does not have the same implicit backup
mechanism as the repository itself. That means a daily backup of code
review history should be done so that it is not lost in case of any
issues with GitHub. It also helps guarantee that a migration from
GitHub to some other code review system is feasible were GitHub to
disappear overnight.
Change ``sys._mercurial``
'''''''''''''''''''''''''
Once Python is no longer kept in Mercurial, the ``sys._mercurial``
attribute will need to be removed. An equivalent ``sys._git``
attribute will be needed to take its place.
Optional, Planned Features
--------------------------
Once the cpython repository [#cpython-repo]_ is migrated, all
repositories will have been moved to GitHub [#github]_ and the
development process should be on equal footing as before. But a key
reason for this migration is to improve the development process,
making it better than it has ever been. This section outlines some
plans on how to improve things.
It should be mentioned that overall feature planning for
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ -- which includes plans independent of this
migration -- are tracked on their own wiki page [#tracker-plans]_.
Bot to handle pull request merging
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
As stated in the section entitled
"`Document steps to commit a pull request`_", the desire is to
maintain a linear history for cpython. Unfortunately,
Github's [#github]_ web-based workflow does not support a linear
history. Because of this, a bot should be written to substitute for
GitHub's in-browser commit abilities.
To start, the bot should accept commands to commit a pull request
against a list of branches. This allows for committing a pull request
that fixes a bug in multiple versions of Python.
More advanced features such as a commit queue can come later. This
would linearly apply accepted pull requests and verify that the
commits did not interfere with each other by running the test suite
and backing out commits if the test run failed. To help facilitate
the speed of testing, all patches committed since the last test run
can be applied and run in a single test run as the optimistic
assumption is that the patches will work in tandem.
Inspiration or basis of the bot could be taken from pre-existig bots
such as Homu [#homu]_ or Zuul [#zuul]_.
The name given to this bot in order to give it commands is an open
issue: `Naming the commit bot`_.
Continuous integration per pull request
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
To help speed up pull request approvals, continuous integration
testing should be used. This helps mitigate the need for a core
developer to download a patch simply to run the test suite against
the patch.
Which free CI service to use is an open issue:
`Choosing a CI service`_.
Test coverage report
''''''''''''''''''''
Getting an up-to-date test coverage report for Python's standard
library would be extremely beneficial as generating such a report can
take quite a while to produce.
There are a couple pre-existing services that provide free test
coverage for open source projects. Which option is best is an open
issue: `Choosing a test coverage service`_.
Notifying issues of pull request comments
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
The current development process does not include notifying an issue
on bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ when a review comment is left on
Rietveld [#rietveld]_. It would be nice to fix this so that people
can subscribe only to comments at bugs.python.org and not
GitHub [#github]_ and yet still know when something occurs on GitHub
in terms of review comments on relevant pull requests. Current
thinking is to post a comment to bugs.python.org to the relevant
issue when at least one review comment has been made over a certain
period of time (e.g., 15 or 30 minutes). This keeps the email volume
down for those that receive both GitHub and bugs.python.org email
notifications while still making sure that those only following
bugs.python.org know when there might be a review comment to address.
Allow bugs.python.org to use GitHub as a login provider
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
As of right now, bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_ allows people to log in
using Google, Launchpad, or OpenID credentials. It would be good to
expand this to GitHub credentials.
Web hooks for re-generating web content
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
The content at https://docs.python.org/,
https://docs.python.org/devguide, and
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/ are all derived from files kept in
one of the repositories to be moved as part of this migration. As
such, it would be nice to set up appropriate webhooks to trigger
rebuilding the appropriate web content when the files they are based
on change instead of having to wait for, e.g., a cronjob to trigger.
Link web content back to files that it is generated from
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
It would be helpful for people who find issues with any of the
documentation that is generated from a file to have a link on each
page which points back to the file on GitHub [#github]_ that stores
the content of the page. That would allow for quick pull requests to
fix simple things such as spelling mistakes.
Splitting out parts of the documentation into their own repositories
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
While certain parts of the documentation at https://docs.python.org
change with the code, other parts are fairly static and are not
tightly bound to the CPython code itself. The following sections of
the documentation fit this category of slow-changing,
loosely-coupled:
* `Tutorial <https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html>`__
* `Python Setup and Usage <https://docs.python.org/3/using/index.html>`__
* `HOWTOs <https://docs.python.org/3/howto/index.html>`__
* `Installing Python Modules <https://docs.python.org/3/installing/index.html>`__
* `Distributing Python Modules <https://docs.python.org/3/distributing/index.html>`__
* `Extending and Embedding <https://docs.python.org/3/extending/index.html>`__
* `FAQs <https://docs.python.org/3/faq/index.html>`__
These parts of the documentation could be broken out into their own
repositories to simplify their maintenance and to expand who has
commit rights to them to ease in their maintenance.
Status
======
XXX list all sections (w/ backlinks) stating the status
Open Issues
===========
For this PEP, open issues are ones where a decision needs to be made
to how to approach or solve a problem. Open issues do not entail
coordination issues such as who is going to write a certain bit of
code.
The fate of hg.python.org
-------------------------
With the code repositories moving over to Git [#git]_, there is no
technical need to keep hg.python.org [#h.p.o]_ running. Having said
that, some in the community would like to have it stay functioning as
a Mercurial [#hg]_ mirror of the Git repositories. Others have said
that they still want a mirror, but one using Git.
As maintaining hg.python.org is not necessary, it will be up to the
PSF infrastructure committee to decide if they want to spend the
time and resources to keep it running. They may also choose whether
they want to host a Git mirror on PSF infrastructure.
Tools and commands to move from Mercurial to Git
------------------------------------------------
A decision needs to be made on exactly what tooling and what commands
involving those tools will be used to convert a Mercurial repository
to Git. Currently a suggestion has been made to use
https://github.com/frej/fast-export. Another suggestion is to use
https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg. Finally,
http://hg-git.github.io/ has been suggested.
Git CLI commands for committing a pull request to cpython
---------------------------------------------------------
Because Git [#git]_ may be a new version control system for core
developers, the commands people are expected to run will need to be
written down. These commands also need to keep a linear history while
giving proper attribution to the pull request author.
Another set of commands will also be necessary for when working with
a patch file uploaded to bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. Here the linear
history will be kept implicitly, but it will need to make sure to
keep/add attribution.
How to handle the Misc/NEWS file
--------------------------------
There are two competing approaches to handling
``Misc/NEWS`` [#news-file]_. One is to add a news entry for issues on
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. This would mean an issue that is marked
as "resolved" could not be closed until a news entry is added in the
"news" field in the issue tracker. The benefit of tying the news
entry to the issue is it makes sure that all changes worthy of a news
entry have an accompanying issue. It also makes classifying a news
entry automatic thanks to the Component field of the issue. The
Versions field of the issue also ties the news entry to which Python
releases were affected. A script would be written to query
bugs.python.org for relevant new entries for a release and to produce
the output needed to be checked into the code repository. This
approach is agnostic to whether a commit was done by CLI or bot.
The competing approach is to use an individual file per news entry,
containg the text for the entry. In this scenario each feature
release would have its own directory for news entries and a separate
file would be created in that directory that was either named after
the issue it closed or a timestamp value (which prevents collisions).
Merges across branches would have no issue as the news entry file
would still be uniqeuely named and in the directory of the latest
version that contained the fix. A script would collect all news entry
files no matter what directory they reside in and create an
appropriate news file (the release directory can be ignored as the
mere fact that the file exists is enough to represent that the entry
belongs to the release). Classification can either be done by keyword
in the new entry file itself or by using subdirectories representing
each news entry classification in each release directory (or
classification of news entries could be dropped since critical
information is captured by the "What's New" documents which are
organized). The benefit of this approach is that it keeps the changes
with the code that was actually changed. It also ties the message to
being part of the commit which introduced the change. For a commit
made through the CLI, a script will be provided to help generate the
file. In a bot-driven scenario, the merge bot will have a way to
specify a specific news entry and create the file as part of its
flattened commit (while most likely also supporting using the first
line of the commit message if no specific news entry was specified).
Code for this approach has been written previously for the Mercurial
workflow at http://bugs.python.org/issue18967. There is also a tool
from the community at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/towncrier.
Naming the commit bot
---------------------
As naming things can lead to bikeshedding of epic proportions, Brett
Cannon will choose the final name of the commit bot (the name of the
project for the bot itself can be anything, this is purely for the
name used in giving commands to the bot). The name will come from
Monty Python, which is only fitting since Python is named after the
comedy troupe. It will most likely come from
'Monty Python and the Holy Grail' [#holy-grail]_ (which happens to be
how Brett was introduced to Monty Python). Current ideas on the name
include:
"Black Knight" sketch [#black-knight-sketch]_:
* black-knight
* none-shall-pass
* just-a-flesh-wound
"Bridge of Death" sketch [#bridge-of-death-sketch]_:
* bridge-keeper
* man-from-scene-24
* five-questions
* what-is-your-quest
* blue-no-green
* air-speed-velocity
* your-favourite-colour
(and that specific spelling; Monty Python is British, after all)
"Killer rabbit" sketch [#killer-rabbit-sketch]_:
* killer-rabbit
* holy-hand-grenade
* 5-is-right-out
"Witch Village" sketch [#witch-village-sketch]_:
* made-of-wood
* burn-her
"French Taunter" sketch [#french-taunter-sketch]_:
* elderberries
* kanigget
"Constitutional Peasants" sketch [#constitutional-peasants-sketch]_:
* dennis
* from-the-masses
* watery-tart
"Knights Who Say Ni" sketch [#ni-sketch]_:
* shubbery
* ni
From "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" in general:
* brave-sir-robin
Choosing a CI service
---------------------
There are various CI services that provide free support for open
source projects hosted on GitHub [#github]_. Two such examples are
Travis [#travis]_ and Codeship [#codeship]_. Whatever solution is
chosen will need to not time out in the time it takes to execute
Python's test suite. It should optimally provide access to multiple C
compilers for more thorough testing. Network access is also
beneficial.
The current CI service for Python is Pypatcher [#pypatcher]_. A
request can be made in IRC to try a patch from
bugs.python.org [#b.p.o]_. The results can be viewed at
https://ci.centos.org/job/cPython-build-patch/ .
Choosing a test coverage service
--------------------------------
Getting basic test coverage of Python's standard library can be
created simply by using coverage.py [#coverage]_. Getting
thorough test coverage is actually quite tricky, with the details
outlined in the devinabox's README [#devinabox-repo]_. It would be
best if a service could be found that would allow for thorough test
coverage, but it might not be feasible.
Free test coverage services include Coveralls [#coveralls]_ and
Codecov [#codecov]_.
Rejected Ideas
==============
Separate Python 2 and Python 3 repositories
-------------------------------------------
It was discussed whether separate repositories for Python 2 and
Python 3 were desired. The thinking was that this would shrink the
overall repository size which benefits people with slow Internet
connections or small bandwidth caps.
In the end it was decided that it was easier logistically to simply
keep all of CPython's history in a single repository.
Commit multi-release changes in bugfix branch first
---------------------------------------------------
As the current development process has changes committed in the
oldest branch first and then merged up to the default branch, the
question came up as to whether this workflow should be perpetuated.
In the end it was decided that committing in the newest branch and
then cherrypicking changes into older branches would work best as
most people will instinctively work off the newest branch and it is a
more common workflow when using Git [#git]_.
Deriving ``Misc/NEWS`` from the commit logs
-------------------------------------------
As part of the discussion surrounding `Handling Misc/NEWS`_, the
suggestion has come up of deriving the file from the commit logs
itself. In this scenario, the first line of a commit message would be
taken to represent the news entry for the change. Some heuristic to
tie in whether a change warranted a news entry would be used, e.g.,
whether an issue number is listed.
This idea has been rejected due to some core developers preferring to
write a news entry separate from the commit message. The argument is
the first line of a commit message compared to that of a news entry
have different requirements in terms of brevity, what should be said,
etc.
References
==========
.. [#h.p.o] https://hg.python.org
.. [#GitHub] GitHub (https://github.com)
.. [#hg] Mercurial (https://www.mercurial-scm.org/)
.. [#git] Git (https://git-scm.com/)
.. [#b.p.o] https://bugs.python.org
.. [#rietveld] Rietveld (https://github.com/rietveld-codereview/rietveld)
.. [#gitlab] GitLab (https://about.gitlab.com/)
.. [#core-workflow] core-workflow mailing list (https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/core-workflow)
.. [#guido-keynote] Guido van Rossum's keynote at PyCon US (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-uKNd5TSBw)
.. [#reasons] Email to core-workflow outlining reasons why GitHub was selected
(https://mail.python.org/pipermail/core-workflow/2016-January/000345.html)
.. [#benchmarks-repo] Mercurial repository for the Unified Benchmark Suite
(https://hg.python.org/benchmarks/)
.. [#devinabox-repo] Mercurial repository for devinabox (https://hg.python.org/devinabox/)
.. [#peps-repo] Mercurial repository of the Python Enhancement Proposals (https://hg.python.org/peps/)
.. [#tracker-repo] bugs.python.org code repository (https://hg.python.org/tracker/python-dev/)
.. [#devguide-repo] Mercurial repository for the Python Developer's Guide (https://hg.python.org/devguide/)
.. [#cpython-repo] Mercurial repository for CPython (https://hg.python.org/cpython/)
.. [#github-python-org] Python organization on GitHub (https://github.com/python)
.. [#github-org-perms] GitHub repository permission levels
(https://help.github.com/enterprise/2.4/user/articles/repository-permission-levels-for-an-organization/)
.. [#cla] Python Software Foundation Contributor Agreement (https://www.python.org/psf/contrib/contrib-form/)
.. [#news-file] ``Misc/NEWS`` (https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/default/Misc/NEWS)
.. [#acks-file] ``Misc/ACKS`` (https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/default/Misc/ACKS)
.. [#devguide-merge-across-branches] Devguide instructions on how to merge across branches
(https://docs.python.org/devguide/committing.html#merging-between-different-branches-within-the-same-major-version)
.. [#pythocat] Pythocat (https://octodex.github.com/pythocat/)
.. [#tracker-plans] Wiki page for bugs.python.org feature development
(https://wiki.python.org/moin/TrackerDevelopmentPlanning)
.. [#black-knight-sketch] The "Black Knight" sketch from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhRUe-gz690)
.. [#bridge-of-death-sketch] The "Bridge of Death" sketch from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV0tCphFMr8)
.. [#holy-grail] "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" sketches
(https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp)
.. [#killer-rabbit-sketch] "Killer rabbit" sketch from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nvs5pqf-DMA&list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp&index=11)
.. [#witch-village-sketch] "Witch Village" from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3jt5ibfRzw&list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp&index=12)
.. [#french-taunter-sketch] "French Taunter" from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8yjNbcKkNY&list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp&index=13)
.. [#constitutional-peasants-sketch] "Constitutional Peasants" from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvKIWjnEPNY&list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp&index=14)
.. [#ni-sketch] "Knights Who Say Ni" from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIV4poUZAQo&list=PL-Qryc-SVnnu1MvN3r94Y9atpaRuIoGmp&index=15)
.. [#homu] Homu (http://homu.io/)
.. [#zuul] Zuul (http://docs.openstack.org/infra/zuul/)
.. [#travis] Travis (https://travis-ci.org/)
.. [#codeship] Codeship (https://codeship.com/)
.. [#coverage] coverage.py (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage)
.. [#coveralls] Coveralls (https://coveralls.io/)
.. [#codecov] Codecov (https://codecov.io/)
.. [#pypatcher] Pypatcher (https://github.com/kushaldas/pypatcher)
Copyright
=========
This document has been placed in the public domain.
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