Essentially version 3 of this PEP.
All renamings have been removed. All new exceptions that were not superclasses have been removed. CriticalException has been renamed TerminalException. SystemError and MemoryError have been moved back under Exception, but while inheriting from the new exception VMError. ControlFlowException has been removed and its subclasses now directly inherit Exception. Also includes reformatting of the references and some editorial changes as suggested by David Goodger.
This commit is contained in:
Brett Cannon
parent
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pep-0348.txt
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pep-0348.txt
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@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Post-History: 03-Aug-2005
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Abstract
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========
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Python, as of version 2.4, has 38 exceptions (including warnings) in
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Python, as 0of version 2.4, has 38 exceptions (including warnings) in
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the built-in namespace in a rather shallow hierarchy. This list of
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classes has grown over the years without a chance to learn from
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mistakes and clean up the hierarchy. This PEP proposes doing a
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reorganization for Python 3.0 when backwards-compatibility is not an
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experience. This PEP proposes doing a reorganization of the hierarchy
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for Python 3.0 when backwards-compatibility is not as much of an
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issue. Along with this reorganization, adding a requirement that all
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objects passed to a ``raise`` statement must inherit from a specific
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superclass is proposed. Lastly, bare ``except`` clauses will catch
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@ -29,63 +29,68 @@ Rationale
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Exceptions are a critical part of Python. While exceptions are
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traditionally used to signal errors in a program, they have also grown
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to be used for flow control for things such as iterators. Their
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importance is great.
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to be used for flow control for things such as iterators.
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But the organization of the exception hierarchy is suboptimal to serve
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the multiple uses of exceptions. Mostly for backwards-compatibility
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reasons, the hierarchy has stayed very flat and old exceptions whose
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usefulness has not been proven have been left in. Making exceptions
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more hierarchical would help facilitate exception handling by making
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exception catching using inheritance much more logical. This should
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also help lead to fewer errors from overly broad exception catching in
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``except`` clauses.
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While their importance is great, there is lack of structure to them.
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This stems from the fact that any object can be raised as an
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exception. Because of this you have no guarantee in terms of what
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kind of object will be raised, destroying any possible hierarchy
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raised objects might adhere to.
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A mandatory superclass for all exceptions is also being proposed
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[#Summary2004-08-01]_. By requiring any object that is used in a
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``raise`` statement to inherit from a specific superclass, certain
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attributes (such as those laid out in PEP 344 [#PEP344]_) can be
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guaranteed to exist. This also will lead to the planned removal of
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string exceptions.
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But exceptions do have a hierarchy, showing the severity of the
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exception. The hierarchy also groups related exceptions together to
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simplify catching them in ``except`` clauses. To allow peopele to
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be able to rely on this hierarchy, a common superclasse that all
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raise objects must inherit from is being proposed. It also allows
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guarantees about the interface to raised objects to be made (see
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PEP 344 [#PEP344]_). A discussion about all of this has occurred
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before on python-dev [#Summary2004-08-01]_.
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Lastly, bare ``except`` clauses are to catch only exceptions that
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inherit from ``Exception`` [#python-dev3]_. While currently used to
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catch all exceptions, that use is too far-reaching and typically not
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desired. Catching only exceptions that inherit from ``Exception``
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allows other exceptions (those that should not be caught unless
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explicitly desired) to continue to propagate up the execution stack.
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But allowing a guarantee about the hierarchy is not the only place
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where exceptions can stand improvement. Bare ``except`` clauses are
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often used in an inappropriate manner. Since they catch *all* raised
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objects, they can catch exceptions that should have been allowed to
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propagate to the top level of the execution stack, leading to the
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interpreter terminating execution. Once again, this has been
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discussed on python-dev [#python-dev3]_.
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To fix this over-reaching of bare ``except`` clauses, it is being
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proposed that only objects inheriting from Exception be caught by
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bare ``except`` clauses. This will allow the exception hierarchy
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to be organized in such a way that bare ``except`` clauses can be
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more useful by allowing exceptions that should not normally be caught
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to lead to the termination of the interpreter.
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Philosophy of Reorganization
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============================
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There are several goals in this reorganization that defined the
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philosophy used to guide the work. One goal was to prune out unneeded
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exceptions. Extraneous exceptions should not be left in since they
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just serve to clutter the built-in namespace. Unneeded exceptions
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also dilute the importance of other exceptions by splitting uses
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between several exceptions when all uses should have been under a
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single exception.
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For the reorganization of the hierarchy, there was a general
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philosophy followed that developed from discussion of earlier drafts
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of this PEP [#python-dev-thread1]_, [#python-dev-thread2]_,
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[#python-dev-thread3]_. First and foremost was to not break anything
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that works. This meant that renaming exceptions was out of the
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question unless the name was deemed severely bad. This
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also meant no removal of exceptions unless they were viewed as
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truly misplaced. The introduction of new exceptions were only done in
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situations where there might be a use for catching a superclass of a
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category of exceptions. Lastly, existing exceptions would have their
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inheritance tree changed only if it was felt they were truly
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misplaced to begin with.
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Another goal was to introduce exceptions that were deemed necessary to
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fill holes in the hierarchy. Most new exceptions were added to flesh
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out the inheritance hierarchy to make it easier to catch a category of
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exceptions with a simpler ``except`` clause.
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For all new exceptions, the proper suffix had to be chosen. For
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those that signal an error, "Error" is to be used. If the exception
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is a warning, then "Warning". "Exception" is to be used when none
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of the other suffixes are proper to use and no specific suffix is
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a better fit.
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Changing inheritance to make the hierarchy more reasonable was a goal.
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As stated above, having proper inheritance allows for more accurate
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``except`` statements when catching exceptions based on the
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inheritance tree.
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After that it came down to choosing which exceptions should and
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should not inherit from Exception. This was for the purpose of
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making bare ``except`` clauses more useful.
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Lastly, some renaming was done to make the usage of certain exceptions
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more obvious. Having to look up an exception due to the name not
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accurately reflecting its intended use is annoying and slows down
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debugging. Having accurate names also makes debugging easier for new
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programmers. But for simplicity, for the convenience of existing
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users, and for the sake of transitioning to Python 3.0, only
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exceptions whose names were significantly out of alignment with their
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stated purpose have been renamed. All exceptions dealing with errors
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will be named with an "Error" suffix.
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Lastly, the entire existing hierarchy had to inherit from the new
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exception meant to act as the required superclass for all exceptions
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to inherit from.
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New Hierarchy
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@ -94,76 +99,67 @@ New Hierarchy
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.. Note:: Exceptions flagged with "stricter inheritance" will no
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longer inherit from a certain class. A "broader inheritance" flag
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means a class has been added to the exception's inheritance tree.
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All comparisons are against the Python 2.4 exception hierarchy.
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.. parsed-literal::
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BaseException
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+-- CriticalError (new)
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+-- KeyboardInterrupt (stricter inheritance)
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+-- MemoryError (stricter inheritance)
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+-- SystemError (stricter inheritance)
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+-- ControlFlowException (new)
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+-- GeneratorExit (defined in PEP 342 [#PEP342]_)
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+-- StopIteration (stricter inheritance)
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+-- SystemExit (stricter inheritance)
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+-- Exception
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+-- StandardError
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+-- ArithmeticError
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+-- DivideByZeroError
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+-- FloatingPointError
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+-- OverflowError
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+-- AssertionError
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+-- AttributeError
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+-- EnvironmentError
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+-- IOError
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+-- EOFError (broader inheritance)
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+-- OSError
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+-- ImportError
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+-- LookupError
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+-- IndexError
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+-- KeyError
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+-- NamespaceError (renamed from NameError)
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+-- UnboundFreeError (new)
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+-- UnboundGlobalError (new)
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+-- UnboundLocalError
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+-- NotImplementedError (stricter inheritance)
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+-- SyntaxError
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+-- IndentationError
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+-- TabError
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+-- TypeError
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+-- UserError (renamed from RuntimeError)
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+-- UnicodeError
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+-- UnicodeDecodeError
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+-- UnicodeEncodeError
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+-- UnicodeTranslateError
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+-- ValueError
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+-- Warning
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+-- AnyDeprecationWarning (new; broader inheritance for subclasses)
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+-- PendingDeprecationWarning
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+-- DeprecationWarning
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+-- FutureWarning
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+-- SyntaxWarning
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+-- SemanticsWarning (renamed from RuntimeWarning)
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+-- UserWarning
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+-- WeakReferenceError (renamed from ReferenceError)
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+-- BaseException (new; broader inheritance for subclasses)
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+-- TerminalException (new; stricter inheritance for subclasses)
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+-- KeyboardInterrupt
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+-- SystemExit
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+-- Exception
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+-- GeneratorExit (defined in PEP 342 [#PEP342]_)
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+-- StandardError
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+-- ArithmeticError
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+-- DivideByZeroError
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+-- FloatingPointError
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+-- OverflowError
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+-- AssertionError
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+-- AttributeError
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+-- EnvironmentError
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+-- IOError
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+-- EOFError (broader inheritance)
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+-- OSError
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+-- ImportError
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+-- LookupError
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+-- IndexError
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+-- KeyError
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+-- NameError
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+-- UnboundLocalError
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+-- NotImplementedError (stricter inheritance)
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+-- SyntaxError
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+-- IndentationError
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+-- TabError
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+-- TypeError
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+-- RuntimeError
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+-- UnicodeError
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+-- UnicodeDecodeError
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+-- UnicodeEncodeError
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+-- UnicodeTranslateError
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+-- ValueError
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+-- VMError (new; broader inheritance for subclasses)
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+-- MemoryError
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+-- SystemError
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+-- ReferenceError
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+-- StopIteration
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+-- Warning
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+-- AnyDeprecationWarning (new; broader inheritance for subclasses)
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+-- PendingDeprecationWarning
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+-- DeprecationWarning
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+-- FutureWarning
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+-- SyntaxWarning
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+-- RuntimeWarning
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+-- UserWarning
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Differences Compared to Python 2.4
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==================================
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Changes to exceptions from Python 2.4 can take shape in three forms:
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removal, renaming, or change of position in the hierarchy. There are
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also new exceptions introduced in the proposed hierarchy.
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In terms of new exceptions, almost all are added to flesh out the
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inheritance tree. Those that are leaf classes are added to alleviate
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the overloading of another exception.
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Positional changes result in either broader or more restrictive
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inheritance. The broader inheritance typically occurred to allow for
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a more reasonable superclass to group related exceptions together.
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Stricter inheritance happened when the pre-existing inheritance was
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deemed incorrect and needed correction.
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A more thorough explanation of terms is needed when discussing
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inheritance changes. Inheritance changes result in either broader or
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more restrictive inheritance. "Broader" is when a class has an
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inheritance tree like ``cls, A`` and then becomes ``cls, B, A``.
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"Stricter is the reverse.
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New Exceptions
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@ -175,35 +171,19 @@ BaseException
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The superclass that all exceptions must inherit from.
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CriticalError
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'''''''''''''
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TerminalException
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'''''''''''''''''
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The superclass for severe error exceptions; typically, one would not
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want to recover from such an exception. The name is meant to reflect
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that these exceptions are raised asynchronously by the interpreter
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when a critical event has occured.
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Superclass for exceptions that are meant to the termination of the
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interpreter. It does not inherit from Exception so that
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subclasses are not caught by bare ``except`` clauses.
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ControlFlowException
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''''''''''''''''''''
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VMError
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'''''''
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This exception exists as a superclass for all exceptions that directly
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deal with control flow. Inheriting from BaseException instead of
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Exception prevents them from being caught accidently when one wants to
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catch errors. The name, by not mentioning "Error", does not lead to
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one to confuse the subclasses as errors.
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UnboundGlobalError
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''''''''''''''''''
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Raised when a global variable was not found.
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UnboundFreeError
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''''''''''''''''
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Raised when a free variable is not found.
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Superclass for exceptions that deal directly with the virtual
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machine.
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AnyDeprecationWarning
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@ -226,92 +206,14 @@ WindowsError
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Too OS-specific to be kept in the built-in exception hierarchy.
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Renamed Exceptions
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------------------
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RuntimeError
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''''''''''''
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Renamed to UserError.
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Meant as a generic exception for use when neither a new exception
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class nor inheritance-based exception catching is desired,
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RuntimeError is poorly named. Its name in Python 2.4 seems to suggest
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an error that occurred at runtime, possibly an error in the VM.
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Renaming the exception to UserError more clearly states the purpose of
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the exception as a quick-and-dirty error exception. The name also
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keeps it in line with UserWarning.
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If a user wants an non-error exception, raising BaseException directly
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should be sufficient since Exception, which UserError inherits from,
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is only used for errors.
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ReferenceError
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''''''''''''''
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Renamed to WeakReferenceError.
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ReferenceError was added to the built-in exception hierarchy in Python
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2.2 [#exceptions-stdlib]_. Its name comes directly from the time when
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it resided in the ``weakref`` module. Unfortunately its name does not
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suggest its connection to weak references and thus deserves a
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renaming.
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NameError
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'''''''''
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Renamed to NamespaceError.
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While NameError suggests its common use, it is not entirely apparent.
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Making it a superclass for namespace-related exceptions warrants a
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renaming to make its use abundantly clear. Plus the documentation of
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the exception module [#exceptions-stdlib]_ states that it was actually
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meant for global names and not for just any exception.
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RuntimeWarning
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''''''''''''''
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Renamed to SemanticsWarning.
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RuntimeWarning is supposed to represent semantic changes coming in the
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future. But while saying that it affects the "runtime" is true,
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flat-out stating that it is a semantic change is much clearer,
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eliminating any possible association of the term "runtime" with the
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virtual machine.
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Change of Position in the Exception Hierarchy
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---------------------------------------------
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KeyboardInterrupt, MemoryError, and SystemError
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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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Inherit from CriticalError instead of from Exception.
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These three exceptions are not standard errors by any means. They are
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raised asynchronously by the interpreter when something specific has
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occurred. Thus they warrant not inheriting from Exception but from an
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entirely separate exception that will not be caught by a bare
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``except`` clause.
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StopIteration and SystemExit
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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Inherit from ControlFlowException instead of from Exception.
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By having these exceptions no longer inherit from Exception they will
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not be accidentally caught by a bare ``except`` clause.
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NotImplementedError
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'''''''''''''''''''
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Inherits from Exception instead of from RuntimeError (renamed to
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UserError).
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Inherits from Exception instead of from RuntimeError.
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Originally inheriting from RuntimeError, NotImplementedError does not
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have any direct relation to the exception meant for use in user code
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@ -387,20 +289,6 @@ pre-existing objects with the same name will mask the new exceptions,
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preserving backwards-compatibility.
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Renamed Exceptions
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''''''''''''''''''
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Renamed exceptions will directly subclass the new names. When the old
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exceptions are instantiated (which occurs when an exception is caught,
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either by a ``try`` statement or by propagating to the top of the
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execution stack), a PendingDeprecationWarning will be raised.
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This should properly preserve backwards-compatibility as old usage
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won't change and the new names can also be used to catch exceptions
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using the old names. The warning of the deprecation is also kept
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simple.
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New Inheritance for Old Exceptions
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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@ -428,21 +316,23 @@ due for removal in Python 3.0.
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Required Superclass for ``raise``
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---------------------------------
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A SemanticsWarning will be raised when an object is passed to
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A DeprecationWarning will be raised when an object is passed to
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``raise`` that does not have the proper inheritance.
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Removal of Bare ``except`` Clauses
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----------------------------------
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A SemanticsWarning will be raised for all bare ``except`` clauses.
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A RuntimeWarning will be raised for all bare ``except`` clauses that
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catch an exception that does not inherit from Exception.
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Rejected Ideas
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==============
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Threads on python-dev discussing this PEP can be found at
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[#python-dev-thread1]_ and [#python-dev-thread2]_
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Multiple threads on python-dev discussing this PEP have lead to
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various ideas being rejected [#python-dev-thread1]_,
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[#python-dev-thread2]_, [#python-dev-thread3]_.
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|
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KeyboardInterrupt inheriting from ControlFlowException
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|
|
@ -452,8 +342,7 @@ KeyboardInterrupt has been a contentious point within this hierarchy.
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Some view the exception more as control flow being caused by the user.
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But with its asynchronous cause (the user is able to trigger the
|
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exception at any point in code) its proper place is inheriting from
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CriticalException. It also keeps the name of the exception from being
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"CriticalError".
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CriticalError.
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|
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Other Names for BaseException and Exception
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|
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@ -508,7 +397,7 @@ SystemError Subclassing SystemExit
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----------------------------------
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|
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Proposed because a SystemError is meant to lead to a system exit, the
|
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idea was removed since CriticalException indicates this better.
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idea was removed since CriticalError indicates this better.
|
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|
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ControlFlowException Under Exception
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|
|
@ -529,18 +418,33 @@ Guido has said this is too weak of an argument since other areas of
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Python have default behavior [#python-dev3]_.
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Open Issues
|
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===========
|
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Rename NameError to NamespaceError
|
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----------------------------------
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|
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Remove ControlFlowException?
|
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NameError is considered more succinct and leaves open no possible mistyping of
|
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the capitalization of "Namespace" [#python-dev5]_.
|
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|
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Renaming RuntimeError or Introducing SimpleError
|
||||
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
The thinking was that RuntimeError was in no way an obvious name for
|
||||
an exception meant to be used when a situation did not call for the
|
||||
creation of a new exception. The renaming was rejected on the basis
|
||||
that the exception is already used throughout the interpreter [#python-dev6]_.
|
||||
Rejection of SimpleError was founded on the thought that people
|
||||
should be free to use whatever exception they choose and not have one
|
||||
so blatently suggested [#python-dev7]_.
|
||||
|
||||
Renaming Existing Exceptions
|
||||
----------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
It has been suggested that ControlFlowException is not needed. Since
|
||||
the desire to catch any control flow exception will be atypical, the
|
||||
suggestion is to just remove the exception and let the exceptions that
|
||||
inherited from it inherit directly from BaseException. This still
|
||||
preserves the seperation from Exception which is one of the driving
|
||||
factors behind the introduction of ControlFlowException.
|
||||
Various renamings were suggested but non garnered more than a +0 vote
|
||||
(renaming ReferenceError to WeakReferenceError). The thinking was
|
||||
that the existing names were fine and no one had actively complained
|
||||
about them ever. To minimize backwards-compatibility issues and
|
||||
causing existing Python programmers extra pain, the renamings were
|
||||
removed.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Acknowledgements
|
||||
|
|
@ -548,51 +452,56 @@ Acknowledgements
|
|||
|
||||
Thanks to Robert Brewer, Josiah Carlson, Nick Coghlan, Timothy
|
||||
Delaney, Jack Diedrich, Fred L. Drake, Jr., Philip J. Eby, Greg Ewing,
|
||||
James Y. Knight, MA Lemburg, Guido van Rossum, Stephen J. Turnbull and
|
||||
everyone else I missed for participating in the discussion.
|
||||
James Y. Knight, MA Lemburg, Guido van Rossum, Stephen J. Turnbull,
|
||||
Raymond Hettinger, and everyone else I missed for participating in the
|
||||
discussion.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
References
|
||||
==========
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#PEP342] PEP 342 (Coroutines via Enhanced Generators)
|
||||
(http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0342.html)
|
||||
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0342.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#PEP344] PEP 344 (Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks)
|
||||
(http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0344.html)
|
||||
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0344.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#Summary2004-08-01] python-dev Summary (An exception is an
|
||||
exception, unless it doesn't inherit from Exception)
|
||||
(http://www.python.org/dev/summary/2004-08-01_2004-08-15.html#an-exception-is-an-exception-unless-it-doesn-t-inherit-from-exception)
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#Summary2004-09-01] python-dev Summary (Cleaning the Exception House)
|
||||
(http://www.python.org/dev/summary/2004-09-01_2004-09-15.html#cleaning-the-exception-house)
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev1] python-dev email (Exception hierarchy)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2004-August/047908.html)
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev2] python-dev email (Dangerous exceptions)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2004-September/048681.html)
|
||||
http://www.python.org/dev/summary/2004-08-01_2004-08-15.html#an-exception-is-an-exception-unless-it-doesn-t-inherit-from-exception
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev3] python-dev email (PEP, take 2: Exception
|
||||
Reorganization for Python 3.0)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055116.html)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055116.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#exceptions-stdlib] exceptions module
|
||||
(http://docs.python.org/lib/module-exceptions.html)
|
||||
http://docs.python.org/lib/module-exceptions.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev-thread1] python-dev thread (Pre-PEP: Exception
|
||||
Reorganization for Python 3.0)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-July/055020.html,
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055065.html)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-July/055020.html,
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055065.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev-thread2] python-dev thread (PEP, take 2: Exception
|
||||
Reorganization for Python 3.0)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055103.html)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055103.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev-thread3] python-dev thread (Reorg PEP checked in)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055138.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev4] python-dev email (Pre-PEP: Exception Reorganization
|
||||
for Python 3.0)
|
||||
(http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-July/055019.html)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-July/055019.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev5] python-dev email (PEP, take 2: Exception Reorganization for
|
||||
Python 3.0)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055159.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev6] python-dev email (Exception Reorg PEP checked in)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055149.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [#python-dev7] python-dev email (Exception Reorg PEP checked in)
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-August/055175.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in New Issue