[pep-585] Focus the PEP on a single issue
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Łukasz Langa
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pep-0585.rst
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pep-0585.rst
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PEP: 585
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Title: Type Hinting Usability Conventions
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Title: Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections
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Version: $Revision$
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Last-Modified: $Date$
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Author: Łukasz Langa <lukasz@python.org>
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Discussions-To: Python-Dev <python-dev@python.org>
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Discussions-To: Typing-Sig <typing-sig@python.org>
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Status: Draft
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Type: Standards Track
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Content-Type: text/x-rst
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Created: 03-Mar-2019
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Python-Version: 3.8
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Status of this PEP
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==================
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The draft of this PEP is not yet complete. I am shamelessly squatting
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on the PEP number which provides a cute relation to the original PEP 484.
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The draft will be completed in the upcoming days.
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Python-Version: 3.9
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Abstract
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========
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Static typing as defined by PEPs 484, 526, 544, 560, and 563 was built
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incrementally on top of the existing Python runtime and constrained by
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existing syntax and runtime behavior. For this reason, its usability is
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lacking and some parts of typing necessarily feel like an afterthought.
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existing syntax and runtime behavior. This led to the existence of
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a duplicated collection hierarchy in the ``typing`` module due to
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generics (for example ``typing.List`` and the built-in ``list``).
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This PEP addresses some of the major complaints of typing users, namely:
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This PEP proposes to enable support for the generics syntax in all
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standard collections available by the ``typing`` module.
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* the necessity for programmers to perform import book-keeping of names
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only used in static typing contexts;
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* the surprising placement of runtime collections in the typing module
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(ABCs and ``NamedTuple``);
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* the surprising dichotomy between ``List`` and ``list``, and so on;
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* parts of static typing still performed at runtime (aliasing, cast,
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``NewType``, ``TypeVar``).
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Rationale and Goals
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===================
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The overarching goal of this PEP is to make static typing fully free of
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runtime side effects. In other words, no operations related to the
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process of annotating arguments, return values, and variables with types
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should generate runtime behavior which is otherwise useless at runtime.
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This change removes the necessity for a parallel type hierarchy in the
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``typing`` module, making it easier for users to annotate their programs
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and easier for teachers to teach Python.
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Terminology
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===========
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Generic (n.) - a type that can be parametrized, typically a container.
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Also known as a *parametric type* or a *generic type*. For example:
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``dict``.
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Parametrized generic - a specific instance of a generic with the
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expected types for container elements provided. For example:
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``dict[str, int]``.
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Backwards compatibility
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=======================
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This PEP is fully backwards compatible. Code written in previous ways
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might trigger some deprecations but will ultimately work as intended.
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The newly described functionality requires Python 3.7 (for uses of
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the "annotations" future-import) or Python 3.8 (for refactorings of the
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``typing`` module).
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The newly described functionality requires Python 3.9. For use cases
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restricted to type annotations, Python files with the "annotations"
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future-import (available since Python 3.7) can use generics in
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combination with standard library collections.
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Tooling, including type checkers and linters, will have to be adapted to
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enable the new functionality.
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recognize such generics usage as valid.
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Implementation
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==============
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Syntactic support for generics on builtin types within annotations
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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Starting with Python 3.7, when ``from __future__ import annotations`` is
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used, function and variable annotations can specify generics directly on
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builtin types. Example::
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@ -71,65 +67,118 @@ builtin types. Example::
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def find(haystack: dict[str, list[int]]) -> int:
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...
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This new way is preferred, the names ``List``, ``Dict``, ``FrozenSet``,
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``Set`` are deprecated. They won't be removed from the ``typing`` module
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for backwards compatibility but type checkers may warn about them in
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future versions when used in conjunction with the "annotations" future
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import.
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Certain features of typing like type aliases or casting require putting
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types in runtime context, outside of annotations. While these are
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relatively less common than type annotations, it's important to allow
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using the same type syntax in all contexts. This is why starting with
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Python 3.9, the following collections gain `__class_getitem__()` support
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for generics:
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Note: no runtime component is added to builtin collections to facilitate
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generics in any sense. This syntax is only supported in an annotation.
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* ``tuple`` # typing.Tuple
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* ``list`` # typing.List
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* ``dict`` # typing.Dict
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* ``set`` # typing.Set
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* ``frozenset`` # typing.FrozenSet
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* ``type`` # typing.Type
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* ``collections.deque``
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* ``collections.defaultdict``
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* ``collections.OrderedDict``
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* ``collections.Counter``
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* ``collections.ChainMap``
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* ``collections.abc.Awaitable``
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* ``collections.abc.Coroutine``
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* ``collections.abc.AsyncIterable``
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* ``collections.abc.AsyncIterator``
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* ``collections.abc.AsyncGenerator``
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* ``collections.abc.Iterable``
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* ``collections.abc.Iterator``
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* ``collections.abc.Generator``
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* ``collections.abc.Reversible``
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* ``collections.abc.Container``
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* ``collections.abc.Collection``
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* ``collections.abc.Callable``
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* ``collections.abc.Set`` # typing.AbstractSet
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* ``collections.abc.MutableSet``
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* ``collections.abc.Mapping``
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* ``collections.abc.MutableMapping``
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* ``collections.abc.Sequence``
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* ``collections.abc.MutableSequence``
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* ``collections.abc.ByteString``
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* ``collections.abc.MappingView``
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* ``collections.abc.KeysView``
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* ``collections.abc.ItemsView``
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* ``collections.abc.ValuesView``
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* ``contextlib.AbstractContextManager`` # typing.ContextManager
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* ``contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager`` # typing.AsyncContextManager
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Importing of typing
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-------------------
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Importing those from ``typing`` is deprecated. Type checkers may warn
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about such deprecated usage when the target version of the checked
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program is signalled to be Python 3.9 or newer.
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Starting with Python 3.7, when ``from __future__ import annotations`` is
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used, function and variable annotations can use special names from the
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``typing`` module without the relevant explicit imports being present
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in the module.
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Example::
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Parameters to generics are available at runtime
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-----------------------------------------------
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from __future__ import annotations
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Preserving the generic type at runtime enables introspection of the type
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which can be used for API generation or runtime type checking. Such
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usage is already present in the wild.
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def loads(
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input: Union[str, bytes], *, encoding: Optional[str] = None
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) -> dict[str, Any]:
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...
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Just like with the ``typing`` module today, the parametrized generic
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types listed in the previous section all preserve their type parameters
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at runtime::
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Runtime collections in typing
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-----------------------------
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>>> list[str]
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list[str]
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>>> tuple[int, ...]
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tuple[int, ...]
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>>> ChainMap[str, list[str]]
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collections.ChainMap[str, list[str]]
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All abstract base classes redefined in the typing module are being moved
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back to ``collections.abc`` including all additional functionality they
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gained in the typing module (in particular, generics support). The
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``Generic`` type is also moved to ``collections.abc``.
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This is implemented using a thin proxy type that forwards all method
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calls and attribute accesses to the bare origin type with the following
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exceptions:
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``typing.NamedTuple`` is also moved to ``collections``.
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* the ``__repr__`` shows the parametrized type;
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* the ``__origin__`` attribute points at the non-parametrized
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generic class;
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* the ``__parameters__`` attribute is a tuple (possibly of length
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1) of generic types passed to the original ``__class_getitem__``;
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* the ``__class_getitem__`` raises an exception to disallow mistakes
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like ``dict[str][str]``.
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Aliases for all moved names will remain in the `typing` module for
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backwards compatibility. Using them directly becomes deprecated.
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This design means that it is possible to create instances of
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parametrized collections, like::
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Moving the remaining runtime syntax for typing-related functionality to annotations
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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>>> l = list[str]()
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[]
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>>> isinstance([1, 2, 3], list[str])
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True
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>>> list is list[str]
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False
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>>> list == list[str]
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True
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Aliasing, cast, ``NewType``, and ``TypeVar`` require definitions which
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have a runtime effect. This means they require importing names from
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typing, cannot support forward references, and have negative (even if
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minimal) effect on runtime performance.
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Objects created with bare types and parametrized types are exactly the
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same. The generic parameters are not preserved in instances created
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with parametrized types, in other words generic types erase type
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parameters during object creation.
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New syntax for those looks like this::
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One important consequence of this is that the interpreter does **not**
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attempt to type check operations on the collection created with
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a parametrized type. This provides symmetry between::
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FBID: NewType[int]
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some_fbid: Cast[FBID] = some_int_from_db
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Inbox: Alias[dict[FBID, list[Message]]]
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T: TypeVar
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XXX: How to bind in TypeVar?
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l: list[str] = []
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and::
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l = list[str]()
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Forward compatibility
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---------------------
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Future standard collections must implement the same behavior.
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All of the above use the variable annotation syntax, removing the
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runtime component from the functionality. In the case of NewType and
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TypeVar, they additionally remove the necessity to repeat yourself with
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the name of the type variable.
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Rejected alternatives
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=====================
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@ -137,11 +186,111 @@ Rejected alternatives
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Do nothing
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----------
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The usability issues described in the abstract are increasingly visible
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when a codebase adopts type hinting holistically. The need to jump
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between the type the programmer is just describing and imports needed to
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describe the type breaks the flow of thought. The need to import
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lookalike built-in collections for generics within annotations is a
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kludge which makes it harder to teach Python and looks inelegant. The
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remaining runtime component, even with use of the "annotations"
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future-import, impacts startup performance of annotated applications.
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Keeping the status quo forces Python programmers to perform book-keeping
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of imports from the ``typing`` module for standard collections, making
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all but the simplest annotations cumbersome to maintain. The existence
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of parallel types is confusing to newcomers (why is there both ``list``
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and ``List``?).
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The above problems also don't exist in user-built generic classes which
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share runtime functionality and the ability to use them as generic type
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annotations. Making standard collections harder to use in type hinting
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from user classes hindered typing adoption and usability.
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Generics erasure
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----------------
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It would be easier to implement ``__class_getitem__`` on the listed
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standard collections in a way that doesn't preserve the generic type,
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in other words::
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>>> list[str]
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<class 'list'>
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>>> tuple[int, ...]
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<class 'tuple'>
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>>> collections.ChainMap[str, list[str]]
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<class 'collections.ChainMap'>
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This is problematic as it breaks backwards compatibility: current
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equivalents of those types in the ``typing`` module **do** preserve
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the generic type::
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>>> from typing import List, Tuple, ChainMap
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>>> List[str]
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typing.List[str]
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>>> Tuple[int, ...]
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typing.Tuple[int, ...]
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>>> ChainMap[str, List[str]]
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typing.ChainMap[str, typing.List[str]]
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As mentioned in the "Implementation" section, preserving the generic
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type at runtime enables runtime introspection of the type which can be
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used for API generation or runtime type checking. Such usage is already
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present in the wild.
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Additionally, implementing subscripts as identity functions would make
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Python less friendly to beginners. Let's demonstrate this with an
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example. If a user is passing a list type instead of a list object to
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a function, and that function is using indexing, the code would no
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longer raise an error.
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Today::
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>>> l = list
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>>> l[-1]
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TypeError: 'type' object is not subscriptable
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With ``__class_getitem__`` as an identity function::
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>>> l = list
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>>> l[-1]
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list
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The indexing being successful here would likely end up raising an
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exception at a distance and with a confusing error message to the user.
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Disallowing instantiation of parametrized types
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-----------------------------------------------
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Given that the proxy type which preserves ``__origin__`` and
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``__parameters__`` is mostly useful for static analysis or runtime
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introspection purposes, we might have disallowed instantiation of
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parametrized types.
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In fact, this is what the ``typing`` module does today for the parallels
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of builtin collections only. Instantiation of other parametrized types
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is allowed.
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The original reason for this decision was to discourage spurious
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parametrization which made object creation up to two orders of magnitude
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slower compared to the special syntax available for builtin types.
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This rationale is not strong enough to allow the exceptional treatment
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of builtins. All other parametrized types can still be instantiated,
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including parallels of collections in the standard library. Moreover,
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Python allows for instantiation of lists using ``list()`` and some
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builtin collections don't provide special syntax for instantiation.
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Making ``isinstance(obj, list[str])`` perform a runtime type check
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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This functionality requires iterating over the collection which is
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a destructive operation in some of them. This functionality would have
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been useful, however implementing the type checker within Python that
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would deal with complex types, nested type checking, type variables,
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string forward references, and so on is out of scope for this PEP. This
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can be revised in the future.
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Note on the initial draft
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=========================
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An early version of this PEP discussed matters beyond generics in
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standard collections. Those unrelated topics were removed for clarity.
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Copyright
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=========
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This document is placed in the public domain or under the
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CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive.
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