Add PEP 3151 -- reworking the OS/IO exception hierarchy.
This commit is contained in:
parent
b615c64170
commit
fd2895531b
|
@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
|
|||
PEP: 3151
|
||||
Title: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
|
||||
Version: $Revision$
|
||||
Last-Modified: $Date$
|
||||
Author: Antoine Pitrou <solipsis@pitrou.net>
|
||||
Status: Draft
|
||||
Type: Standards Track
|
||||
Content-Type: text/x-rst
|
||||
Created: 2010-07-21
|
||||
Python-Version: 3.2 or 3.3
|
||||
Post-History:
|
||||
Resolution: TBD
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Abstract
|
||||
========
|
||||
|
||||
The standard exception hierarchy is an important part of the Python
|
||||
language. It has two defining qualities: it is both generic and
|
||||
selective. Generic in that the same exception type can be raised
|
||||
- and handled - regardless of the context (for example, whether you are
|
||||
trying to add something to an integer, to call a string method, or to write
|
||||
an object on a socket, a TypeError will be raised for bad argument types).
|
||||
Selective in that it allows the user to easily handle (silence, examine,
|
||||
process, store or encapsulate...) specific kinds of error conditions
|
||||
while letting other errors bubble up to higher calling contexts. For
|
||||
example, you can choose to catch ZeroDivisionErrors without affecting
|
||||
the default handling of other ArithmeticErrors (such as OverflowErrors).
|
||||
|
||||
This PEP proposes changes to a part of the exception hierarchy in
|
||||
order to better embody the qualities mentioned above: the errors
|
||||
related to operating system calls (OSError, IOError, select.error, and
|
||||
all their subclasses).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Rationale
|
||||
=========
|
||||
|
||||
Confusing set of OS-related exceptions
|
||||
--------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
OS-related (or system call-related) exceptions are currently a diversity
|
||||
of classes, arranged in the following subhierarchies::
|
||||
|
||||
+-- EnvironmentError
|
||||
+-- IOError
|
||||
+-- io.BlockingIOError
|
||||
+-- io.UnsupportedOperation (also inherits from ValueError)
|
||||
+-- socket.error
|
||||
+-- OSError
|
||||
+-- WindowsError
|
||||
+-- select.error
|
||||
|
||||
While some of these distinctions can be explained by implementation
|
||||
considerations, they are often not very logical at a higher level. The
|
||||
line separating OSError and IOError, for example, is often blurry. Consider
|
||||
the following::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> os.remove("fff")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'fff'
|
||||
>>> open("fff")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'fff'
|
||||
|
||||
The same error condition (a non-existing file) gets cast as two different
|
||||
exceptions depending on which library function was called. The reason
|
||||
for this is that the `os` module exclusively raises OSError (or its
|
||||
subclass WindowsError) while the `io` module mostly raises IOError.
|
||||
However, the user is interested in the nature of the error, not in which
|
||||
part of the interpreter it comes from (since the latter is obvious from
|
||||
reading the traceback message or application source code).
|
||||
|
||||
In fact, it is hard to think of any situation where OSError should be
|
||||
caught but not IOError, or the reverse.
|
||||
|
||||
A further proof of the ambiguity of this segmentation is that the standard
|
||||
library itself sometimes has problems deciding. For example, in the
|
||||
``select`` module, similar failures will raise either ``select.error``,
|
||||
``OSError`` or ``IOError`` depending on whether you are using select(),
|
||||
a poll object, a kqueue object, or an epoll object. This makes user code
|
||||
uselessly complicated since it has to be prepared to catch various
|
||||
exception types, depending on which exact implementation of a single
|
||||
primitive it chooses to use at runtime.
|
||||
|
||||
As for WindowsError, it seems to be a pointless distinction. First, it
|
||||
only exists on Windows systems, which requires tedious compatibility code
|
||||
in cross-platform applications. Second, it inherits from OSError and
|
||||
is raised for similar errors as OSError is raised for on other systems.
|
||||
Third, the user wanting access to low-level exception specifics has to
|
||||
examine the ``errno`` or ``winerror`` attribute anyway.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lack of fine-grained exceptions
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
The current variety of OS-related exceptions doesn't allow the user to filter
|
||||
easily for the desired kinds of failures. As an example, consider the task
|
||||
of deleting a file if it exists. The Look Before You Leap (LBYL) idiom
|
||||
suffers from an obvious race condition::
|
||||
|
||||
if os.path.exists(filename):
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
|
||||
If a file named as `filename` is created by another thread or process
|
||||
between the calls to `os.path.exists` and `os.remove`, it won't be deleted.
|
||||
This can produce bugs in the application, or even security issues.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, the solution is to try to remove the file, and ignore the error
|
||||
if the file doesn't exist (an idiom known as Easier to Ask Forgiveness
|
||||
than to get Permission, or EAFP). Careful code will read like the following
|
||||
(which works under both POSIX and Windows systems)::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except OSError as e:
|
||||
if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
|
||||
raise
|
||||
|
||||
or even::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except EnvironmentError as e:
|
||||
if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
|
||||
raise
|
||||
|
||||
This is a lot more to type, and also forces the user to remember the various
|
||||
cryptic mnemonics from the errno module. It imposes an additional cognitive
|
||||
burden and gets tiresome rather quickly. Consequently, many programmers
|
||||
will instead write the following code, which silences exceptions too
|
||||
broadly::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except OSError:
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
``os.remove`` can raise an OSError not only when the file doesn't exist,
|
||||
but in other possible situations (for example, the filename points to a
|
||||
directory, or the current process doesn't have permission to remove
|
||||
the file), which all indicate bugs in the application logic and therefore
|
||||
shouldn't be silenced. What the programmer would like to write instead is
|
||||
something such as::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except FileNotFound:
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Compatibility concerns
|
||||
======================
|
||||
|
||||
Reworking the exception hierarchy will obviously change the exact semantics
|
||||
of at least some existing code. While it is not possible to improve on the
|
||||
current situation without changing exact semantics, it is possible to define
|
||||
a narrower type of compatibility, which we will call **useful compatibility**,
|
||||
and define as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
* *useful compatibility* doesn't make exception catching any narrower, but
|
||||
it can be broader for *naïve* exception-catching code. Given the following
|
||||
kind of snippet, all exceptions caught before this PEP will also be
|
||||
caught after this PEP, but the reverse may be false::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except OSError:
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
* *useful compatibility* doesn't alter the behaviour of *careful*
|
||||
exception-catching code. Given the following kind of snippet, the same
|
||||
errors should be silenced or reraised, regardless of whether this PEP
|
||||
has been implemented or not::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except OSError as e:
|
||||
if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
|
||||
raise
|
||||
|
||||
The rationale for this compromise is that careless (or "naïve") code
|
||||
can't really be helped, but at least code which "works" won't suddenly
|
||||
raise errors and crash. This is important since such code is likely to
|
||||
be present in scripts used as cron tasks or automated system administration
|
||||
programs.
|
||||
|
||||
Careful code should not be penalized.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Step 1: coalesce exception types
|
||||
================================
|
||||
|
||||
The first step of the resolution is to coalesce existing exception types.
|
||||
The extent of this step is not yet fully determined. A number of possible
|
||||
changes are listed hereafter:
|
||||
|
||||
* alias both socket.error and select.error to IOError
|
||||
* alias IOError to OSError
|
||||
* alias WindowsError to OSError
|
||||
|
||||
Each of these changes doesn't preserve exact compatibility, but it does
|
||||
preserve *useful compatibility* (see "compatibility" section above).
|
||||
|
||||
Not only does this first step present the user a simpler landscape, but
|
||||
it also allows for a better and more complete resolution of step 2
|
||||
(see "Prerequisite" below).
|
||||
|
||||
Deprecation of names
|
||||
--------------------
|
||||
|
||||
It is not yet decided whether the old names will be deprecated (then removed)
|
||||
or all alternative names will continue living in the root namespace.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Step 2: define additional subclasses
|
||||
====================================
|
||||
|
||||
The second step of the resolution is to extend the hierarchy by defining
|
||||
subclasses which will be raised, rather than their parent, for specific
|
||||
errno values. Which errno values is subject to discussion, but a survey
|
||||
of existing exception matching practices (see Appendix A) helps us
|
||||
propose a reasonable subset of all values. Trying to map all errno
|
||||
mnemonics, indeed, seems foolish, pointless, and would pollute the root
|
||||
namespace.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, in a couple of cases, different errno values could raise
|
||||
the same exception subclass. For example, EAGAIN, EALREADY, EWOULDBLOCK
|
||||
and EINPROGRESS are all used to signal that an operation on a non-blocking
|
||||
socket would block (and therefore needs trying again later). They could
|
||||
therefore all raise an identical subclass and let the user examine the
|
||||
``errno`` attribute if (s)he so desires (see below "exception
|
||||
attributes").
|
||||
|
||||
Prerequisite
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
Step 1 is a loose prerequisite for this.
|
||||
|
||||
Prerequisite, because some errnos can currently be attached to different
|
||||
exception classes: for example, EBADF can be attached to both OSError and
|
||||
IOError, depending on the context. If we don't want to break *useful
|
||||
compatibility*, we can't make an ``except OSError`` (or IOError) fail to
|
||||
match an exception where it would succeed today.
|
||||
|
||||
Loose, because we could decide for a partial resolution of step 2
|
||||
if existing exception classes are not coalesced: for example, EBADF could
|
||||
raise a hypothetical BadFileDescriptor where an IOError was previously
|
||||
raised, but continue to raise OSError otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
The dependency on step 1 could be totally removed if the new subclasses
|
||||
used multiple inheritance to match with all of the existing superclasses
|
||||
(or, at least, OSError and IOError, which are arguable the most prevalent
|
||||
ones). It would, however, make the hierarchy more complicated and
|
||||
therefore harder to grasp for the user.
|
||||
|
||||
New exception classes
|
||||
---------------------
|
||||
|
||||
The following tentative list of subclasses, along with a description and
|
||||
the list of errnos mapped to them, is submitted to discussion:
|
||||
|
||||
* ``FileAlreadyExists``: trying to create a file or directory which already
|
||||
exists (EEXIST)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``FileNotFound``: for all circumstances where a file and directory is
|
||||
requested but doesn't exist (ENOENT)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``IsADirectory``: file-level operation (open(), os.remove()...) requested
|
||||
on a directory (EISDIR)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``NotADirectory``: directory-level operation requested on something else
|
||||
(ENOTDIR)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``PermissionDenied``: trying to run an operation without the adequate access
|
||||
rights - for example filesystem permissions (EACCESS, optionally EPERM)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``BlockingIOError``: an operation would block on an object (e.g. socket) set
|
||||
for non-blocking operation (EAGAIN, EALREADY, EWOULDBLOCK, EINPROGRESS);
|
||||
this is the existing ``io.BlockingIOError`` with an extended role
|
||||
|
||||
* ``BadFileDescriptor``: operation on an invalid file descriptor (EBADF);
|
||||
the default error message could point out that most causes are that
|
||||
an existing file descriptor has been closed
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ConnectionAborted``: connection attempt aborted by peer (ECONNABORTED)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ConnectionRefused``: connection reset by peer (ECONNREFUSED)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ConnectionReset``: connection reset by peer (ECONNRESET)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``TimeoutError``: connection timed out (ECONNTIMEOUT); this could be re-cast
|
||||
as a generic timeout exception, useful for other types of timeout (for
|
||||
example in Lock.acquire())
|
||||
|
||||
This list assumes step 1 is accepted in full; the exception classes
|
||||
described above would all derive from the now unified exception type
|
||||
OSError. It will need reworking if a partial version of step 1 is accepted
|
||||
instead (again, see appendix A for the current distribution of errnos
|
||||
and exception types).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Exception attributes
|
||||
--------------------
|
||||
|
||||
In order to preserve *useful compatibility*, these subclasses should still
|
||||
set adequate values for the various exception attributes defined on the
|
||||
superclass (for example ``errno``, ``filename``, and optionally
|
||||
``winerror``).
|
||||
|
||||
Implementation
|
||||
--------------
|
||||
|
||||
Since it is proposed that the subclasses are raised based purely on the
|
||||
value of ``errno``, little or no changes should be required in extension
|
||||
modules (either standard or third-party). As long as they use the
|
||||
``PyErr_SetFromErrno()`` family of functions (or the
|
||||
``PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()`` family of functions under Windows), they
|
||||
should automatically benefit from the new, finer-grained exception classes.
|
||||
|
||||
Library modules written in Python, though, will have to be adapted where
|
||||
they currently use the following idiom (seen in ``Lib/tempfile.py``)::
|
||||
|
||||
raise IOError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary file name found")
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, such Python code is quite rare since raising OSError or IOError
|
||||
with an errno value normally happens when interfacing with system calls,
|
||||
which is usually done in C extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
If there is popular demand, the subroutine choosing an exception type based
|
||||
on the errno value could be exposed for use in pure Python.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Possible objections
|
||||
===================
|
||||
|
||||
Namespace pollution
|
||||
-------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Making the exception hierarchy finer-grained makes the root (or builtins)
|
||||
namespace larger. This is to be moderated, however, as:
|
||||
|
||||
* only a handful of additional classes are proposed;
|
||||
|
||||
* while standard exception types live in the root namespace, they are
|
||||
visually distinguished by the fact that they use the CamelCase convention,
|
||||
while almost all other builtins use lowercase naming (except True, False,
|
||||
None, Ellipsis and NotImplemented)
|
||||
|
||||
An alternative would be to provide a separate module containing the
|
||||
finer-grained exceptions, but that would defeat the purpose of
|
||||
encouraging careful code over careless code, since the user would first
|
||||
have to import the new module instead of using names already accessible.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Earlier discussion
|
||||
==================
|
||||
|
||||
While this is the first time such as formal proposal is made, the idea
|
||||
has received informal support in the past [1]_; both the introduction
|
||||
of finer-grained exception classes and the coalescing of OSError and
|
||||
IOError.
|
||||
|
||||
The removal of WindowsError alone has been discussed and rejected
|
||||
as part of another PEP [2]_, but there seemed to be a consensus that the
|
||||
distinction with OSError wasn't meaningful. This supports at least its
|
||||
aliasing with OSError.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Moratorium
|
||||
==========
|
||||
|
||||
The moratorium in effect on language builtins means this PEP has little
|
||||
chance to be accepted for Python 3.2.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Possible alternative
|
||||
====================
|
||||
|
||||
Pattern matching
|
||||
----------------
|
||||
|
||||
Another possibility would be to introduce an advanced pattern matching
|
||||
syntax when catching exceptions. For example::
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
os.remove(filename)
|
||||
except OSError as e if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
Several problems with this proposal:
|
||||
|
||||
* it introduces new syntax, which is perceived by the author to be a heavier
|
||||
change compared to reworking the exception hierarchy
|
||||
* it doesn't decrease typing effort significantly
|
||||
* it doesn't relieve the programmer from the burden of having to remember
|
||||
errno mnemonics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Exceptions ignored by this PEP
|
||||
==============================
|
||||
|
||||
This PEP ignores ``EOFError``, which signals a truncated input stream in
|
||||
various protocol and file format implementations (for example ``GzipFile``).
|
||||
``EOFError`` is not OS- or IO-related, it is a logical error raised at
|
||||
a higher level.
|
||||
|
||||
This PEP also ignores ``SSLError``, which is raised by the ``ssl`` module
|
||||
in order to propagate errors signalled by the ``OpenSSL`` library. Ideally,
|
||||
``SSLError`` would benefit from a similar but separate treatment since it
|
||||
defines its own constants for error types (``ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ``,
|
||||
etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Appendix A: Survey of common errnos
|
||||
===================================
|
||||
|
||||
This is a quick recension of the various errno mnemonics checked for in
|
||||
the standard library and its tests, as part of ``except`` clauses.
|
||||
|
||||
Common errnos with OSError
|
||||
--------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EBADF``: bad file descriptor (usually means the file descriptor was
|
||||
closed)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EEXIST``: file or directory exists
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EINTR``: interrupted function call
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EISDIR``: is a directory
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ENOTDIR``: not a directory
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ENOENT``: no such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EOPNOTSUPP``: operation not supported on socket
|
||||
(possible confusion with the existing io.UnsupportedOperation)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EPERM``: operation not permitted (when using e.g. os.setuid())
|
||||
|
||||
Common errnos with IOError
|
||||
--------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EACCES``: permission denied (for filesystem operations)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EBADF``: bad file descriptor (with select.epoll); read operation on a
|
||||
write-only GzipFile, or vice-versa
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EBUSY``: device or resource busy
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EISDIR``: is a directory (when trying to open())
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ENODEV``: no such device
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ENOENT``: no such file or directory (when trying to open())
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ETIMEDOUT``: connection timed out
|
||||
|
||||
Common errnos with socket.error
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
All these errors may also be associated with a plain IOError, for example
|
||||
when calling read() on a socket's file descriptor.
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EAGAIN``: resource temporarily unavailable (during a non-blocking socket
|
||||
call except connect())
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EALREADY``: connection already in progress (during a non-blocking
|
||||
connect())
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EINPROGRESS``: operation in progress (during a non-blocking connect())
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EINTR``: interrupted function call
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EISCONN``: the socket is connected
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ECONNABORTED``: connection aborted by peer (during an accept() call)
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ECONNREFUSED``: connection refused by peer
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ECONNRESET``: connection reset by peer
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ENOTCONN``: socket not connected
|
||||
|
||||
* ``ESHUTDOWN``: cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EWOULDBLOCK``: same reasons as ``EAGAIN``
|
||||
|
||||
Common errnos with select.error
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* ``EINTR``: interrupted function call
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Appendix B: Survey of raised OS and IO errors
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
Interpreter core
|
||||
----------------
|
||||
|
||||
Handling of PYTHONSTARTUP raises IOError (but the error gets discarded)::
|
||||
|
||||
$ PYTHONSTARTUP=foox ./python
|
||||
Python 3.2a0 (py3k:82920M, Jul 16 2010, 22:53:23)
|
||||
[GCC 4.4.3] on linux2
|
||||
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
|
||||
Could not open PYTHONSTARTUP
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'foox'
|
||||
|
||||
``PyObject_Print()`` raises IOError when ferror() signals an error on the
|
||||
`FILE *` parameter (which, in the source tree, is always either stdout or
|
||||
stderr).
|
||||
|
||||
Standard library
|
||||
----------------
|
||||
|
||||
bz2
|
||||
'''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError throughout (OSError is unused)::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> bz2.BZ2File("foox", "rb")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
|
||||
>>> bz2.BZ2File("LICENSE", "rb").read()
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: invalid data stream
|
||||
>>> bz2.BZ2File("/tmp/zzz.bz2", "wb").read()
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: file is not ready for reading
|
||||
|
||||
curses
|
||||
''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Not examined.
|
||||
|
||||
dbm.gnu, dbm.ndbm
|
||||
'''''''''''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
_dbm.error and _gdbm.error inherit from IOError::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> dbm.gnu.open("foox")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
_gdbm.error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
fcntl
|
||||
'''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError throughout (OSError is unused).
|
||||
|
||||
imp module
|
||||
''''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError for bad file descriptors::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> imp.load_source("foo", "foo", 123)
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor
|
||||
|
||||
io module
|
||||
'''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError when trying to open a directory under Unix::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> open("Python/", "r")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 21] Is a directory: 'Python/'
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError for unsupported operations::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> open("LICENSE").write("bar")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: not writable
|
||||
>>> io.StringIO().fileno()
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
io.UnsupportedOperation: fileno
|
||||
>>> open("LICENSE").seek(1, 1)
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: can't do nonzero cur-relative seeks
|
||||
|
||||
(io.UnsupportedOperation inherits from IOError)
|
||||
|
||||
Raises either IOError or TypeError when the inferior I/O layer misbehaves
|
||||
(i.e. violates the API it is expected to implement).
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError when the underlying OS resource becomes invalid::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> f = open("LICENSE")
|
||||
>>> os.close(f.fileno())
|
||||
>>> f.read()
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor
|
||||
|
||||
...or for implementation-specific optimizations::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> f = open("LICENSE")
|
||||
>>> next(f)
|
||||
'A. HISTORY OF THE SOFTWARE\n'
|
||||
>>> f.tell()
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: telling position disabled by next() call
|
||||
|
||||
Raises BlockingIOError (inherited from IOError) when a call on a non-blocking
|
||||
object would block.
|
||||
|
||||
multiprocessing
|
||||
'''''''''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Not examined.
|
||||
|
||||
ossaudiodev
|
||||
'''''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError throughout (OSError is unused)::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> ossaudiodev.open("foo", "r")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'foo'
|
||||
|
||||
readline
|
||||
''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError in various file-handling functions::
|
||||
|
||||
>>> readline.read_history_file("foo")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
|
||||
>>> readline.read_init_file("foo")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
|
||||
>>> readline.write_history_file("/dev/nonexistent")
|
||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied
|
||||
|
||||
select
|
||||
''''''
|
||||
|
||||
select() and poll objects raise select.error, which doesn't inherit from
|
||||
anything (but poll.modify() which raises IOError).
|
||||
epoll objects raise IOError.
|
||||
kqueue objects raise both OSError and IOError.
|
||||
|
||||
signal
|
||||
''''''
|
||||
|
||||
signal.ItimerError inherits from IOError.
|
||||
|
||||
socket
|
||||
''''''
|
||||
|
||||
socket.error inherits from IOError.
|
||||
|
||||
time
|
||||
''''
|
||||
|
||||
Raises IOError for internal errors in time.time() and time.sleep().
|
||||
|
||||
zipimport
|
||||
'''''''''
|
||||
|
||||
zipimporter.get_data() can raise IOError.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
References
|
||||
==========
|
||||
|
||||
.. [1] "IO module precisions and exception hierarchy"
|
||||
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-September/092130.html
|
||||
|
||||
.. [2] Discussion of "Removing WindowsError" in PEP 348
|
||||
http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0348/#removing-windowserror
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright
|
||||
=========
|
||||
|
||||
This document has been placed in the public domain.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
..
|
||||
Local Variables:
|
||||
mode: indented-text
|
||||
indent-tabs-mode: nil
|
||||
sentence-end-double-space: t
|
||||
fill-column: 70
|
||||
coding: utf-8
|
||||
End:
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue