PEP: 231 Title: __findattr__() Version: $Revision$ Author: barry@python.org (Barry A. Warsaw) Python-Version: 2.1 Status: Draft Type: Standards Created: 30-Nov-2000 Post-History: Introduction This PEP describes an extension to instance attribute lookup and modification machinery, which allows pure-Python implementations of many interesting programming models. This PEP tracks the status and ownership of this feature. It contains a description of the feature and outlines changes necessary to support the feature. This PEP summarizes discussions held in mailing list forums, and provides URLs for further information, where appropriate. The CVS revision history of this file contains the definitive historical record. Background The semantics for Python instances allow the programmer to customize some aspects of attribute lookup and attribute modification, through the special methods __getattr__() and __setattr__() [1]. However, because of certain restrictions imposed by these methods, there are useful programming techniques that can not be written in Python alone, e.g. strict Java Bean-like[2] interfaces and Zope style acquisitions[3]. In the latter case, Zope solves this by including a C extension called ExtensionClass[5] which modifies the standard class semantics, and uses a metaclass hook in Python's class model called alternatively the "Don Beaudry Hook" or "Don Beaudry Hack"[6]. While Zope's approach works, it has several disadvantages. First, it requires a C extension. Second it employs a very arcane, but truck-sized loophole in the Python machinery. Third, it can be difficult for other programmers to use and understand (the metaclass has well-known brain exploding properties). And fourth, because ExtensionClass instances aren't "real" Python instances, some aspects of the Python runtime system don't work with ExtensionClass instances. Proposals for fixing this problem have often been lumped under the rubric of fixing the "class/type dichotomy"; that is, eliminating the difference between built-in types and classes[7]. While a laudable goal itself, repairing this rift is not necessary in order to achieve the types of programming constructs described above. This proposal provides an 80% solution with a minimum of modification to Python's class and instance objects. It does nothing to address the type/class dichotomy. Proposal This proposal adds a new special method called __findattr__() with the following semantics: * If defined in a class, it will be called on all instance attribute resolutions instead of __getattr__() and __setattr__(). * __findattr__() is never called recursively. That is, when a specific instance's __findattr__() is on the call stack, further attribute accesses for that instance will use the standard __getattr__() and __setattr__() methods. * __findattr__() is called for both attribute access (`getting') and attribute modification (`setting'). It is not called for attribute deletion. * When called for getting, it is passed a single argument (not counting `self'): the name of the attribute being accessed. * When called for setting, it is called with third argument, which is the value to set the attribute to. * __findattr__() methods have the same caching semantics as __getattr__() and __setattr__(); i.e. if they are present in the class at class definition time, they are used, but if they are subsequently added to a class later they are not. Key Differences with the Existing Protocol __findattr__()'s semantics are different from the existing protocol in key ways: First, __getattr__() is never called if the attribute is found in the instance's __dict__. This is done for efficiency reasons, and because otherwise, __setattr__() would have no way to get to the instance's attributes. Second, __setattr__() cannot use "normal" syntax for setting instance attributes, e.g. "self.name = foo" because that would cause recursive calls to __setattr__(). __findattr__() is always called regardless of whether the attribute is in __dict__ or not, and a flag in the instance object prevents recursive calls to __findattr__(). This gives the class a chance to perform some action for every attribute access. And because it is called for both gets and sets, it is easy to write similar policy for all attribute access. Further, efficiency is not a problem because it is only paid when the extended mechanism is used. Related Work PEP 213 [9] describes a different approach to hooking into attribute access and modification. The semantics proposed in PEP 213 can be implemented using the __findattr__() hook described here, with one caveat. The current reference implementation of __findattr__() does not support hooking on attribute deletion. This could be added if it's found desirable. See example below. Examples One programming style that this proposal allows is a Java Bean-like interface to objects, where unadorned attribute access and modification is transparently mapped to a functional interface. E.g. class Bean: def __init__(self, x): self.__myfoo = x def __findattr__(self, name, *args): if name.startswith('_'): # Private names if args: setattr(self, name, args[0]) else: return getattr(self, name) else: # Public names if args: name = '_set_' + name else: name = '_get_' + name return getattr(self, name)(*args) def _set_foo(self, x): self.__myfoo = x def _get_foo(self): return self.__myfoo b = Bean(3) print b.foo b.foo = 9 print b.foo A second, more elaborate example is the implementation of both implicit and explicit acquisition in pure Python: import types class MethodWrapper: def __init__(self, container, method): self.__container = container self.__method = method def __call__(self, *args, **kws): return self.__method.im_func(self.__container, *args, **kws) class WrapperImplicit: def __init__(self, contained, container): self.__contained = contained self.__container = container def __repr__(self): return '' % (self.__container, self.__contained) def __findattr__(self, name, *args): # Some things are our own if name.startswith('_WrapperImplicit__'): if args: return setattr(self, name, *args) else: return getattr(self, name) # setattr stores the name on the contained object directly if args: return setattr(self.__contained, name, args[0]) # Other special names if name == 'aq_parent': return self.__container elif name == 'aq_self': return self.__contained elif name == 'aq_base': base = self.__contained try: while 1: base = base.aq_self except AttributeError: return base # no acquisition for _ names if name.startswith('_'): return getattr(self.__contained, name) # Everything else gets wrapped missing = [] which = self.__contained obj = getattr(which, name, missing) if obj is missing: which = self.__container obj = getattr(which, name, missing) if obj is missing: raise AttributeError, name of = getattr(obj, '__of__', missing) if of is not missing: return of(self) elif type(obj) == types.MethodType: return MethodWrapper(self, obj) return obj class WrapperExplicit: def __init__(self, contained, container): self.__contained = contained self.__container = container def __repr__(self): return '' % (self.__container, self.__contained) def __findattr__(self, name, *args): # Some things are our own if name.startswith('_WrapperExplicit__'): if args: return setattr(self, name, *args) else: return getattr(self, name) # setattr stores the name on the contained object directly if args: return setattr(self.__contained, name, args[0]) # Other special names if name == 'aq_parent': return self.__container elif name == 'aq_self': return self.__contained elif name == 'aq_base': base = self.__contained try: while 1: base = base.aq_self except AttributeError: return base elif name == 'aq_acquire': return self.aq_acquire # explicit acquisition only obj = getattr(self.__contained, name) if type(obj) == types.MethodType: return MethodWrapper(self, obj) return obj def aq_acquire(self, name): # Everything else gets wrapped missing = [] which = self.__contained obj = getattr(which, name, missing) if obj is missing: which = self.__container obj = getattr(which, name, missing) if obj is missing: raise AttributeError, name of = getattr(obj, '__of__', missing) if of is not missing: return of(self) elif type(obj) == types.MethodType: return MethodWrapper(self, obj) return obj class Implicit: def __of__(self, container): return WrapperImplicit(self, container) def __findattr__(self, name, *args): # ignore setattrs if args: return setattr(self, name, args[0]) obj = getattr(self, name) missing = [] of = getattr(obj, '__of__', missing) if of is not missing: return of(self) return obj class Explicit(Implicit): def __of__(self, container): return WrapperExplicit(self, container) # tests class C(Implicit): color = 'red' class A(Implicit): def report(self): return self.color # simple implicit acquisition c = C() a = A() c.a = a assert c.a.report() == 'red' d = C() d.color = 'green' d.a = a assert d.a.report() == 'green' try: a.report() except AttributeError: pass else: assert 0, 'AttributeError expected' # special names assert c.a.aq_parent is c assert c.a.aq_self is a c.a.d = d assert c.a.d.aq_base is d assert c.a is not a # no acquisiton on _ names class E(Implicit): _color = 'purple' class F(Implicit): def report(self): return self._color e = E() f = F() e.f = f try: e.f.report() except AttributeError: pass else: assert 0, 'AttributeError expected' # explicit class G(Explicit): color = 'pink' class H(Explicit): def report(self): return self.aq_acquire('color') def barf(self): return self.color g = G() h = H() g.h = h assert g.h.report() == 'pink' i = G() i.color = 'cyan' i.h = h assert i.h.report() == 'cyan' try: g.i.barf() except AttributeError: pass else: assert 0, 'AttributeError expected' C++-like access control can also be accomplished, although less cleanly because of the difficulty of figuring out what method is being called from the runtime call stack: import sys import types PUBLIC = 0 PROTECTED = 1 PRIVATE = 2 try: getframe = sys._getframe except ImportError: def getframe(n): try: raise Exception except Exception: frame = sys.exc_info()[2].tb_frame while n > 0: frame = frame.f_back if frame is None: raise ValueError, 'call stack is not deep enough' return frame class AccessViolation(Exception): pass class Access: def __findattr__(self, name, *args): methcache = self.__dict__.setdefault('__cache__', {}) missing = [] obj = getattr(self, name, missing) # if obj is missing we better be doing a setattr for # the first time if obj is not missing and type(obj) == types.MethodType: # Digusting hack because there's no way to # dynamically figure out what the method being # called is from the stack frame. methcache[obj.im_func.func_code] = obj.im_class # # What's the access permissions for this name? access, klass = getattr(self, '__access__', {}).get( name, (PUBLIC, 0)) if access is not PUBLIC: # Now try to see which method is calling us frame = getframe(0).f_back if frame is None: raise AccessViolation # Get the class of the method that's accessing # this attribute, by using the code object cache if frame.f_code.co_name == '__init__': # There aren't entries in the cache for ctors, # because the calling mechanism doesn't go # through __findattr__(). Are there other # methods that might have the same behavior? # Since we can't know who's __init__ we're in, # for now we'll assume that only protected and # public attrs can be accessed. if access is PRIVATE: raise AccessViolation else: methclass = self.__cache__.get(frame.f_code) if not methclass: raise AccessViolation if access is PRIVATE and methclass is not klass: raise AccessViolation if access is PROTECTED and not issubclass(methclass, klass): raise AccessViolation # If we got here, it must be okay to access the attribute if args: return setattr(self, name, *args) return obj # tests class A(Access): def __init__(self, foo=0, name='A'): self._foo = foo # can't set private names in __init__ self.__initprivate(name) def __initprivate(self, name): self._name = name def getfoo(self): return self._foo def setfoo(self, newfoo): self._foo = newfoo def getname(self): return self._name A.__access__ = {'_foo' : (PROTECTED, A), '_name' : (PRIVATE, A), '__dict__' : (PRIVATE, A), '__access__': (PRIVATE, A), } class B(A): def setfoo(self, newfoo): self._foo = newfoo + 3 def setname(self, name): self._name = name b = B(1) b.getfoo() a = A(1) assert a.getfoo() == 1 a.setfoo(2) assert a.getfoo() == 2 try: a._foo except AccessViolation: pass else: assert 0, 'AccessViolation expected' try: a._foo = 3 except AccessViolation: pass else: assert 0, 'AccessViolation expected' try: a.__dict__['_foo'] except AccessViolation: pass else: assert 0, 'AccessViolation expected' b = B() assert b.getfoo() == 0 b.setfoo(2) assert b.getfoo() == 5 try: b.setname('B') except AccessViolation: pass else: assert 0, 'AccessViolation expected' assert b.getname() == 'A' Here's an implementation of the attribute hook described in PEP 213 (except that hooking on attribute deletion isn't supported by the current reference implementation). class Pep213: def __findattr__(self, name, *args): hookname = '__attr_%s__' % name if args: op = 'set' else: op = 'get' # XXX: op = 'del' currently not supported missing = [] meth = getattr(self, hookname, missing) if meth is missing: if op == 'set': return setattr(self, name, *args) else: return getattr(self, name) else: return meth(op, *args) def computation(i): print 'doing computation:', i return i + 3 def rev_computation(i): print 'doing rev_computation:', i return i - 3 class X(Pep213): def __init__(self, foo=0): self.__foo = foo def __attr_foo__(self, op, val=None): if op == 'get': return computation(self.__foo) elif op == 'set': self.__foo = rev_computation(val) # XXX: 'del' not yet supported x = X() fooval = x.foo print fooval x.foo = fooval + 5 print x.foo # del x.foo Reference Implementation The reference implementation, as a patch to the Python core, can be found at this URL: http://sourceforge.net/patch/?func=detailpatch&patch_id=102613&group_id=5470 References [1] http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/attribute-access.html [2] http://www.javasoft.com/products/javabeans/ [3] http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/Acquisition.html [5] http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass [6] http://www.python.org/doc/essays/metaclasses/ [7] http://www.foretec.com/python/workshops/1998-11/dd-ascher-sum.html [8] http://www.python.org/doc/howto/rexec/rexec.html [9] PEP 213, Attribute Access Handlers, Prescod http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0213.html Rejection There are serious problems with the recursion-protection feature. As described here it's not thread-safe, and a thread-safe solution has other problems. In general, it's not clear how helpful the recursion-protection feature is; it makes it hard to write code that needs to be callable inside __findattr__ as well as outside it. But without the recursion-protection, it's hard to implement __findattr__ at all (since __findattr__ would invoke itself recursively for every attribute it tries to access). There seems to be no good solution here. It's also dubious how useful it is to support __findattr__ both for getting and for setting attributes -- __setattr__ gets called in all cases alrady. The examples can all be implemented using __getattr__ if care is taken not to store instance variables under their own names. Copyright This document has been placed in the Public Domain. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil End: