PEP: 3133 Title: Introducing Roles Version: $Revision$ Last-Modified: $Date$ Author: Collin Winter Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Content-Type: text/x-rst Requires: 3115, 3129 Created: 1-May-2007 Python-Version: 3.0 Post-History: 13-May-2007 Rejection Notice ================ This PEP has helped push PEP 3119 towards a saner, more minimalistic approach. But given the latest version of PEP 3119 I much prefer that. GvR. Abstract ======== Python's existing object model organizes objects according to their implementation. It is often desirable -- especially in duck typing-based language like Python -- to organize objects by the part they play in a larger system (their intent), rather than by how they fulfill that part (their implementation). This PEP introduces the concept of roles, a mechanism for organizing objects according to their intent rather than their implementation. Rationale ========= In the beginning were objects. They allowed programmers to marry function and state, and to increase code reusability through concepts like polymorphism and inheritance, and lo, it was good. There came a time, however, when inheritance and polymorphism weren't enough. With the invention of both dogs and trees, we were no longer able to be content with knowing merely, "Does it understand 'bark'?" We now needed to know what a given object thought that "bark" meant. One solution, the one detailed here, is that of roles, a mechanism orthogonal and complementary to the traditional class/instance system. Whereas classes concern themselves with state and implementation, the roles mechanism deals exclusively with the behaviours embodied in a given class. This system was originally called "traits" and implemented for Squeak Smalltalk [#traits-paper]_. It has since been adapted for use in Perl 6 [#perl6-s12]_ where it is called "roles", and it is primarily from there that the concept is now being interpreted for Python 3. Python 3 will preserve the name "roles". In a nutshell: roles tell you *what* an object does, classes tell you *how* an object does it. In this PEP, I will outline a system for Python 3 that will make it possible to easily determine whether a given object's understanding of "bark" is tree-like or dog-like. (There might also be more serious examples.) A Note on Syntax ---------------- A syntax proposals in this PEP are tentative and should be considered to be strawmen. The necessary bits that this PEP depends on -- namely PEP 3115's class definition syntax and PEP 3129's class decorators -- are still being formalized and may change. Function names will, of course, be subject to lengthy bikeshedding debates. Performing Your Role ==================== Static Role Assignment ---------------------- Let's start out by defining ``Tree`` and ``Dog`` classes :: class Tree(Vegetable): def bark(self): return self.is_rough() class Dog(Animal): def bark(self): return self.goes_ruff() While both implement a ``bark()`` method with the same signature, they do wildly different things. We need some way of differentiating what we're expecting. Relying on inheritance and a simple ``isinstance()`` test will limit code reuse and/or force any dog-like classes to inherit from ``Dog``, whether or not that makes sense. Let's see if roles can help. :: @perform_role(Doglike) class Dog(Animal): ... @perform_role(Treelike) class Tree(Vegetable): ... @perform_role(SitThere) class Rock(Mineral): ... We use class decorators from PEP 3129 to associate a particular role or roles with a class. Client code can now verify that an incoming object performs the ``Doglike`` role, allowing it to handle ``Wolf``, ``LaughingHyena`` and ``Aibo`` [#aibo]_ instances, too. Roles can be composed via normal inheritance: :: @perform_role(Guard, MummysLittleDarling) class GermanShepherd(Dog): def guard(self, the_precious): while True: if intruder_near(the_precious): self.growl() def get_petted(self): self.swallow_pride() Here, ``GermanShepherd`` instances perform three roles: ``Guard`` and ``MummysLittleDarling`` are applied directly, whereas ``Doglike`` is inherited from ``Dog``. Assigning Roles at Runtime -------------------------- Roles can be assigned at runtime, too, by unpacking the syntactic sugar provided by decorators. Say we import a ``Robot`` class from another module, and since we know that ``Robot`` already implements our ``Guard`` interface, we'd like it to play nicely with guard-related code, too. :: >>> perform(Guard)(Robot) This takes effect immediately and impacts all instances of ``Robot``. Asking Questions About Roles ---------------------------- Just because we've told our robot army that they're guards, we'd like to check in on them occasionally and make sure they're still at their task. :: >>> performs(our_robot, Guard) True What about that one robot over there? :: >>> performs(that_robot_over_there, Guard) True The ``performs()`` function is used to ask if a given object fulfills a given role. It cannot be used, however, to ask a class if its instances fulfill a role: :: >>> performs(Robot, Guard) False This is because the ``Robot`` class is not interchangeable with a ``Robot`` instance. Defining New Roles ================== Empty Roles ----------- Roles are defined like a normal class, but use the ``Role`` metaclass. :: class Doglike(metaclass=Role): ... Metaclasses are used to indicate that ``Doglike`` is a ``Role`` in the same way 5 is an ``int`` and ``tuple`` is a ``type``. Composing Roles via Inheritance ------------------------------- Roles may inherit from other roles; this has the effect of composing them. Here, instances of ``Dog`` will perform both the ``Doglike`` and ``FourLegs`` roles. :: class FourLegs(metaclass=Role): pass class Doglike(FourLegs, Carnivor): pass @perform_role(Doglike) class Dog(Mammal): pass Requiring Concrete Methods -------------------------- So far we've only defined empty roles -- not very useful things. Let's now require that all classes that claim to fulfill the ``Doglike`` role define a ``bark()`` method: :: class Doglike(FourLegs): def bark(self): pass No decorators are required to flag the method as "abstract", and the method will never be called, meaning whatever code it contains (if any) is irrelevant. Roles provide *only* abstract methods; concrete default implementations are left to other, better-suited mechanisms like mixins. Once you have defined a role, and a class has claimed to perform that role, it is essential that that claim be verified. Here, the programmer has misspelled one of the methods required by the role. :: @perform_role(FourLegs) class Horse(Mammal): def run_like_teh_wind(self) ... This will cause the role system to raise an exception, complaining that you're missing a ``run_like_the_wind()`` method. The role system carries out these checks as soon as a class is flagged as performing a given role. Concrete methods are required to match exactly the signature demanded by the role. Here, we've attempted to fulfill our role by defining a concrete version of ``bark()``, but we've missed the mark a bit. :: @perform_role(Doglike) class Coyote(Mammal): def bark(self, target=moon): pass This method's signature doesn't match exactly with what the ``Doglike`` role was expecting, so the role system will throw a bit of a tantrum. Mechanism ========= The following are strawman proposals for how roles might be expressed in Python. The examples here are phrased in a way that the roles mechanism may be implemented without changing the Python interpreter. (Examples adapted from an article on Perl 6 roles by Curtis Poe [#roles-examples]_.) 1. Static class role assignment :: @perform_role(Thieving) class Elf(Character): ... ``perform_role()`` accepts multiple arguments, such that this is also legal: :: @perform_role(Thieving, Spying, Archer) class Elf(Character): ... The ``Elf`` class now performs both the ``Thieving``, ``Spying``, and ``Archer`` roles. 2. Querying instances :: if performs(my_elf, Thieving): ... The second argument to ``performs()`` may also be anything with a ``__contains__()`` method, meaning the following is legal: :: if performs(my_elf, set([Thieving, Spying, BoyScout])): ... Like ``isinstance()``, the object needs only to perform a single role out of the set in order for the expression to be true. Relationship to Abstract Base Classes ===================================== Early drafts of this PEP [#proposal]_ envisioned roles as competing with the abstract base classes proposed in PEP 3119. After further discussion and deliberation, a compromise and a delegation of responsibilities and use-cases has been worked out as follows: * Roles provide a way of indicating an object's semantics and abstract capabilities. A role may define abstract methods, but only as a way of delineating an interface through which a particular set of semantics are accessed. An ``Ordering`` role might require that some set of ordering operators be defined. :: class Ordering(metaclass=Role): def __ge__(self, other): pass def __le__(self, other): pass def __ne__(self, other): pass # ...and so on In this way, we're able to indicate an object's role or function within a larger system without constraining or concerning ourselves with a particular implementation. * Abstract base classes, by contrast, are a way of reusing common, discrete units of implementation. For example, one might define an ``OrderingMixin`` that implements several ordering operators in terms of other operators. :: class OrderingMixin: def __ge__(self, other): return self > other or self == other def __le__(self, other): return self < other or self == other def __ne__(self, other): return not self == other # ...and so on Using this abstract base class - more properly, a concrete mixin - allows a programmer to define a limited set of operators and let the mixin in effect "derive" the others. By combining these two orthogonal systems, we're able to both a) provide functionality, and b) alert consumer systems to the presence and availability of this functionality. For example, since the ``OrderingMixin`` class above satisfies the interface and semantics expressed in the ``Ordering`` role, we say the mixin performs the role: :: @perform_role(Ordering) class OrderingMixin: def __ge__(self, other): return self > other or self == other def __le__(self, other): return self < other or self == other def __ne__(self, other): return not self == other # ...and so on Now, any class that uses the mixin will automatically -- that is, without further programmer effort -- be tagged as performing the ``Ordering`` role. The separation of concerns into two distinct, orthogonal systems is desirable because it allows us to use each one separately. Take, for example, a third-party package providing a ``RecursiveHash`` role that indicates a container takes its contents into account when determining its hash value. Since Python's built-in ``tuple`` and ``frozenset`` classes follow this semantic, the ``RecursiveHash`` role can be applied to them. :: >>> perform_role(RecursiveHash)(tuple) >>> perform_role(RecursiveHash)(frozenset) Now, any code that consumes ``RecursiveHash`` objects will now be able to consume tuples and frozensets. Open Issues =========== Allowing Instances to Perform Different Roles Than Their Class -------------------------------------------------------------- Perl 6 allows instances to perform different roles than their class. These changes are local to the single instance and do not affect other instances of the class. For example: :: my_elf = Elf() my_elf.goes_on_quest() my_elf.becomes_evil() now_performs(my_elf, Thieving) # Only this one elf is a thief my_elf.steals(["purses", "candy", "kisses"]) In Perl 6, this is done by creating an anonymous class that inherits from the instance's original parent and performs the additional role(s). This is possible in Python 3, though whether it is desirable is still is another matter. Inclusion of this feature would, of course, make it much easier to express the works of Charles Dickens in Python: :: >>> from literature import role, BildungsRoman >>> from dickens import Urchin, Gentleman >>> >>> with BildungsRoman() as OliverTwist: ... mr_brownlow = Gentleman() ... oliver, artful_dodger = Urchin(), Urchin() ... now_performs(artful_dodger, [role.Thief, role.Scoundrel]) ... ... oliver.has_adventures_with(ArtfulDodger) ... mr_brownlow.adopt_orphan(oliver) ... now_performs(oliver, role.RichWard) Requiring Attributes -------------------- Neal Norwitz has requested the ability to make assertions about the presence of attributes using the same mechanism used to require methods. Since roles take effect at class definition-time, and since the vast majority of attributes are defined at runtime by a class's ``__init__()`` method, there doesn't seem to be a good way to check for attributes at the same time as methods. It may still be desirable to include non-enforced attributes in the role definition, if only for documentation purposes. Roles of Roles -------------- Under the proposed semantics, it is possible for roles to have roles of their own. :: @perform_role(Y) class X(metaclass=Role): ... While this is possible, it is meaningless, since roles are generally not instantiated. There has been some off-line discussion about giving meaning to this expression, but so far no good ideas have emerged. class_performs() ---------------- It is currently not possible to ask a class if its instances perform a given role. It may be desirable to provide an analogue to ``performs()`` such that :: >>> isinstance(my_dwarf, Dwarf) True >>> performs(my_dwarf, Surly) True >>> performs(Dwarf, Surly) False >>> class_performs(Dwarf, Surly) True Prettier Dynamic Role Assignment -------------------------------- An early draft of this PEP included a separate mechanism for dynamically assigning a role to a class. This was spelled :: >>> now_perform(Dwarf, GoldMiner) This same functionality already exists by unpacking the syntactic sugar provided by decorators: :: >>> perform_role(GoldMiner)(Dwarf) At issue is whether dynamic role assignment is sufficiently important to warrant a dedicated spelling. Syntax Support -------------- Though the phrasings laid out in this PEP are designed so that the roles system could be shipped as a stand-alone package, it may be desirable to add special syntax for defining, assigning and querying roles. One example might be a role keyword, which would translate :: class MyRole(metaclass=Role): ... into :: role MyRole: ... Assigning a role could take advantage of the class definition arguments proposed in PEP 3115: :: class MyClass(performs=MyRole): ... Implementation ============== A reference implementation is forthcoming. Acknowledgements ================ Thanks to Jeffery Yasskin, Talin and Guido van Rossum for several hours of in-person discussion to iron out the differences, overlap and finer points of roles and abstract base classes. References ========== .. [#aibo] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIBO .. [#roles-examples] http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=384858 .. [#perl6-s12] http://dev.perl.org/perl6/doc/design/syn/S12.html .. [#traits-paper] http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~scg/Archive/Papers/Scha03aTraits.pdf .. [#proposal] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-3000/2007-April/007026.html Copyright ========= This document has been placed in the public domain. .. 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