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<h1 class="page-title">PEP 515 – Underscores in Numeric Literals</h1>
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<dl class="rfc2822 field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">Georg Brandl, Serhiy Storchaka</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Status<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><abbr title="Accepted and implementation complete, or no longer active">Final</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><abbr title="Normative PEP with a new feature for Python, implementation change for CPython or interoperability standard for the ecosystem">Standards Track</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Created<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">10-Feb-2016</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Python-Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">3.6</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Post-History<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">10-Feb-2016, 11-Feb-2016</dd>
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</dl>
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<details><summary>Table of Contents</summary><ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract-and-rationale">Abstract and Rationale</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#literal-grammar">Literal Grammar</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constructors">Constructors</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#further-changes">Further changes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prior-art">Prior Art</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-syntax">Alternative Syntax</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#underscore-placement-rules">Underscore Placement Rules</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#different-separators">Different Separators</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementation">Implementation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
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</ul>
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</details></section>
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<section id="abstract-and-rationale">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#abstract-and-rationale" role="doc-backlink">Abstract and Rationale</a></h2>
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<p>This PEP proposes to extend Python’s syntax and number-from-string
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||
constructors so that underscores can be used as visual separators for
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digit grouping purposes in integral, floating-point and complex number
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||
literals.</p>
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<p>This is a common feature of other modern languages, and can aid
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readability of long literals, or literals whose value should clearly
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separate into parts, such as bytes or words in hexadecimal notation.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># grouping decimal numbers by thousands</span>
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<span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10_000_000.0</span>
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||
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<span class="c1"># grouping hexadecimal addresses by words</span>
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<span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0xCAFE_F00D</span>
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||
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<span class="c1"># grouping bits into nibbles in a binary literal</span>
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<span class="n">flags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mb">0b_0011_1111_0100_1110</span>
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<span class="c1"># same, for string conversions</span>
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<span class="n">flags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'0b_1111_0000'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="specification">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#specification" role="doc-backlink">Specification</a></h2>
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||
<p>The current proposal is to allow one underscore between digits, and
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||
after base specifiers in numeric literals. The underscores have no
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semantic meaning, and literals are parsed as if the underscores were
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||
absent.</p>
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||
<section id="literal-grammar">
|
||
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#literal-grammar" role="doc-backlink">Literal Grammar</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The production list for integer literals would therefore look like
|
||
this:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">integer</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">decinteger</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">bininteger</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">octinteger</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">hexinteger</span>
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||
<span class="n">decinteger</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">nonzerodigit</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">digit</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span>
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||
<span class="n">bininteger</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"b"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"B"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">bindigit</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
|
||
<span class="n">octinteger</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"o"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"O"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">octdigit</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
|
||
<span class="n">hexinteger</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"x"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"X"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">hexdigit</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
|
||
<span class="n">nonzerodigit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"1"</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="s2">"9"</span>
|
||
<span class="n">digit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="s2">"9"</span>
|
||
<span class="n">bindigit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"1"</span>
|
||
<span class="n">octdigit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"0"</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="s2">"7"</span>
|
||
<span class="n">hexdigit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">digit</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"a"</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="s2">"f"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"A"</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="s2">"F"</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>For floating-point and complex literals:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">floatnumber</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">pointfloat</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">exponentfloat</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pointfloat</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">digitpart</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">fraction</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">digitpart</span> <span class="s2">"."</span>
|
||
<span class="n">exponentfloat</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">digitpart</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">pointfloat</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">exponent</span>
|
||
<span class="n">digitpart</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">digit</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"_"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">digit</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span>
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||
<span class="n">fraction</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"."</span> <span class="n">digitpart</span>
|
||
<span class="n">exponent</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"e"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"E"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"+"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"-"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">digitpart</span>
|
||
<span class="n">imagnumber</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">floatnumber</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">digitpart</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"j"</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s2">"J"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="constructors">
|
||
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#constructors" role="doc-backlink">Constructors</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Following the same rules for placement, underscores will be allowed in
|
||
the following constructors:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int()</span></code> (with any base)</li>
|
||
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float()</span></code></li>
|
||
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex()</span></code></li>
|
||
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Decimal()</span></code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="further-changes">
|
||
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#further-changes" role="doc-backlink">Further changes</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The new-style number-to-string formatting language will be extended to
|
||
allow <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span></code> as a thousands separator, where currently only <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">,</span></code> is
|
||
supported. This can be used to easily generate code with more
|
||
readable literals. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id24" id="id1">[11]</a></p>
|
||
<p>The syntax would be the same as for the comma, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{:10_}</span></code> for a
|
||
width of 10 with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span></code> separator.</p>
|
||
<p>For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> format specifiers, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_</span></code> will be
|
||
allowed and group by 4 digits.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="prior-art">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#prior-art" role="doc-backlink">Prior Art</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Those languages that do allow underscore grouping implement a large
|
||
variety of rules for allowed placement of underscores. In cases where
|
||
the language spec contradicts the actual behavior, the actual behavior
|
||
is listed. (“single” or “multiple” refer to allowing runs of
|
||
consecutive underscores.)</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li>Ada: single, only between digits <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id21" id="id2">[8]</a></li>
|
||
<li>C# (open proposal for 7.0): multiple, only between digits <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id19" id="id3">[6]</a></li>
|
||
<li>C++14: single, between digits (different separator chosen) <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id14" id="id4">[1]</a></li>
|
||
<li>D: multiple, anywhere, including trailing <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id15" id="id5">[2]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Java: multiple, only between digits <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id20" id="id6">[7]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Julia: single, only between digits (but not in float exponent parts)
|
||
<a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id22" id="id7">[9]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Perl 5: multiple, basically anywhere, although docs say it’s
|
||
restricted to one underscore between digits <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id16" id="id8">[3]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Ruby: single, only between digits (although docs say “anywhere”)
|
||
<a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id23" id="id9">[10]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Rust: multiple, anywhere, except for between exponent “e” and digits
|
||
<a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id17" id="id10">[4]</a></li>
|
||
<li>Swift: multiple, between digits and trailing (although textual
|
||
description says only “between digits”) <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id18" id="id11">[5]</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="alternative-syntax">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#alternative-syntax" role="doc-backlink">Alternative Syntax</a></h2>
|
||
<section id="underscore-placement-rules">
|
||
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#underscore-placement-rules" role="doc-backlink">Underscore Placement Rules</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Instead of the relatively strict rule specified above, the use of
|
||
underscores could be less limited. As seen in other languages, common
|
||
rules include:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li>Only one consecutive underscore allowed, and only between digits.</li>
|
||
<li>Multiple consecutive underscores allowed, but only between digits.</li>
|
||
<li>Multiple consecutive underscores allowed, in most positions except
|
||
for the start of the literal, or special positions like after a
|
||
decimal point.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The syntax in this PEP has ultimately been selected because it covers
|
||
the common use cases, and does not allow for syntax that would have to
|
||
be discouraged in style guides anyway.</p>
|
||
<p>A less common rule would be to allow underscores only every N digits
|
||
(where N could be 3 for decimal literals, or 4 for hexadecimal ones).
|
||
This is unnecessarily restrictive, especially considering the
|
||
separator placement is different in different cultures.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="different-separators">
|
||
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#different-separators" role="doc-backlink">Different Separators</a></h3>
|
||
<p>A proposed alternate syntax was to use whitespace for grouping.
|
||
Although strings are a precedent for combining adjoining literals, the
|
||
behavior can lead to unexpected effects which are not possible with
|
||
underscores. Also, no other language is known to use this rule,
|
||
except for languages that generally disregard any whitespace.</p>
|
||
<p>C++14 introduces apostrophes for grouping (because underscores
|
||
introduce ambiguity with user-defined literals), which is not
|
||
considered because of the use in Python’s string literals. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id14" id="id12">[1]</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="implementation">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#implementation" role="doc-backlink">Implementation</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A preliminary patch that implements the specification given above has
|
||
been posted to the issue tracker. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id25" id="id13">[12]</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="references">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#references" role="doc-backlink">References</a></h2>
|
||
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id14" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id14">[1]<em> (<a href='#id4'>1</a>, <a href='#id12'>2</a>) </em></dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3499.html">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3499.html</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id15" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id15">[<a href="#id5">2</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://dlang.org/spec/lex.html#integerliteral">https://dlang.org/spec/lex.html#integerliteral</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id16" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id16">[<a href="#id8">3</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://perldoc.perl.org/perldata#Scalar-value-constructors">https://perldoc.perl.org/perldata#Scalar-value-constructors</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id17" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id17">[<a href="#id10">4</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121349/http://doc.rust-lang.org/reference.html#integer-literals">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121349/http://doc.rust-lang.org/reference.html#integer-literals</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id18" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id18">[<a href="#id11">5</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html">https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id19" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id19">[<a href="#id3">6</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/216">https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/216</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id20" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id20">[<a href="#id6">7</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/underscores-literals.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/underscores-literals.html</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id21" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id21">[<a href="#id2">8</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-02-04.html#2.4">http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-02-04.html#2.4</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id22" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id22">[<a href="#id7">9</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223175334/http://docs.julialang.org/en/release-0.4/manual/integers-and-floating-point-numbers/">https://web.archive.org/web/20160223175334/http://docs.julialang.org/en/release-0.4/manual/integers-and-floating-point-numbers/</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id23" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id23">[<a href="#id9">10</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.3.0/doc/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Numbers">https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.3.0/doc/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Numbers</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id24" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id24">[<a href="#id1">11</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2016-February/143283.html">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2016-February/143283.html</a></aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id25" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id25">[<a href="#id13">12</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://bugs.python.org/issue26331">http://bugs.python.org/issue26331</a></aside>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="copyright">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#copyright" role="doc-backlink">Copyright</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This document has been placed in the public domain.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<hr class="docutils" />
|
||
<p>Source: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0515.rst">https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0515.rst</a></p>
|
||
<p>Last modified: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/commits/main/peps/pep-0515.rst">2023-09-09 17:39:29 GMT</a></p>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
<nav id="pep-sidebar">
|
||
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract-and-rationale">Abstract and Rationale</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#literal-grammar">Literal Grammar</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constructors">Constructors</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#further-changes">Further changes</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prior-art">Prior Art</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#alternative-syntax">Alternative Syntax</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#underscore-placement-rules">Underscore Placement Rules</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#different-separators">Different Separators</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#implementation">Implementation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a id="source" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0515.rst">Page Source (GitHub)</a>
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