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<h1 class="page-title">PEP 562 – Module __getattr__ and __dir__</h1>
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<dl class="rfc2822 field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">Ivan Levkivskyi <levkivskyi at gmail.com></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Status<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><abbr title="Accepted and implementation complete, or no longer active">Final</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><abbr title="Normative PEP with a new feature for Python, implementation change for CPython or interoperability standard for the ecosystem">Standards Track</abbr></dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Created<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">09-Sep-2017</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Python-Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd">3.7</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Post-History<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even">09-Sep-2017</dd>
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<dt class="field-odd">Resolution<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2017-December/151033.html">Python-Dev message</a></dd>
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<section id="contents">
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<details><summary>Table of Contents</summary><ul class="simple">
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#backwards-compatibility-and-impact-on-performance">Backwards compatibility and impact on performance</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#discussion">Discussion</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
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</ul>
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</details></section>
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<div class="pep-banner canonical-doc sticky-banner admonition important">
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<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
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<p>This PEP is a historical document. The up-to-date, canonical documentation can now be found at <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#customizing-module-attribute-access">Customizing Module Attribute Access</a>.</p>
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<p class="close-button">×</p>
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<p>See <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0001/" title="PEP 1 – PEP Purpose and Guidelines">PEP 1</a> for how to propose changes.</p>
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</div>
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<section id="abstract">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#abstract" role="doc-backlink">Abstract</a></h2>
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<p>It is proposed to support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></code> function defined
|
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on modules to provide basic customization of module attribute access.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="rationale">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#rationale" role="doc-backlink">Rationale</a></h2>
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<p>It is sometimes convenient to customize or otherwise have control over
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access to module attributes. A typical example is managing deprecation
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warnings. Typical workarounds are assigning <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__class__</span></code> of a module object
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to a custom subclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types.ModuleType</span></code> or replacing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code>
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item with a custom wrapper instance. It would be convenient to simplify this
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procedure by recognizing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> defined directly in a module that
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would act like a normal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> method, except that it will be defined
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on module <em>instances</em>. For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># lib.py</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">warnings</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">warn</span>
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<span class="n">deprecated_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"old_function"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_deprecated_old_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="o">...</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">deprecated_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">warn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> is deprecated"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">DeprecationWarning</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"_deprecated_</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"module </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="si">!r}</span><span class="s2"> has no attribute </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">!r}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="c1"># main.py</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">old_function</span> <span class="c1"># Works, but emits the warning</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Another widespread use case for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> would be lazy submodule
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imports. Consider a simple example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># lib/__init__.py</span>
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||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">importlib</span>
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||
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<span class="n">__all__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'submod'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">__all__</span><span class="p">:</span>
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||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"module </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="si">!r}</span><span class="s2"> has no attribute </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">!r}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="c1"># lib/submod.py</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Submodule loaded"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">HeavyClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="o">...</span>
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<span class="c1"># main.py</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">lib</span>
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<span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submod</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HeavyClass</span> <span class="c1"># prints "Submodule loaded"</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>There is a related proposal <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0549/" title="PEP 549 – Instance Descriptors">PEP 549</a> that proposes to support instance
|
||
properties for a similar functionality. The difference is this PEP proposes
|
||
a faster and simpler mechanism, but provides more basic customization.
|
||
An additional motivation for this proposal is that <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0484/" title="PEP 484 – Type Hints">PEP 484</a> already defines
|
||
the use of module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> for this purpose in Python stub files,
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||
see <a class="pep reference internal" href="../pep-0484/#stub-files" title="PEP 484 – Type Hints § Stub Files">PEP 484</a>.</p>
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<p>In addition, to allow modifying result of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> call on a module
|
||
to show deprecated and other dynamically generated attributes, it is
|
||
proposed to support module level <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></code> function. For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># lib.py</span>
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<span class="n">deprecated_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"old_function"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="n">__all__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"new_function_one"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"new_function_two"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">new_function_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="o">...</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">new_function_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="o">...</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__dir__</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__all__</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">deprecated_names</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="c1"># main.py</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">lib</span>
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<span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># prints ["new_function_one", "new_function_two", "old_function", ...]</span>
|
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</pre></div>
|
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="specification">
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||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#specification" role="doc-backlink">Specification</a></h2>
|
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> function at the module level should accept one argument
|
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which is the name of an attribute and return the computed value or raise
|
||
an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Any</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
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||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
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||
<p>If an attribute is not found on a module object through the normal lookup
|
||
(i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object.__getattribute__</span></code>), then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> is searched in
|
||
the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code> before raising an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code>. If found, it is
|
||
called with the attribute name and the result is returned. Looking up a name
|
||
as a module global will bypass module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>. This is intentional,
|
||
otherwise calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> for builtins will significantly harm
|
||
performance.</p>
|
||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></code> function should accept no arguments, and return
|
||
a list of strings that represents the names accessible on module:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__dir__</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
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<p>If present, this function overrides the standard <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> search on
|
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a module.</p>
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<p>The reference implementation for this PEP can be found in <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1">[2]</a>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="backwards-compatibility-and-impact-on-performance">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#backwards-compatibility-and-impact-on-performance" role="doc-backlink">Backwards compatibility and impact on performance</a></h2>
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<p>This PEP may break code that uses module level (global) names <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>
|
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and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></code>. (But the language reference explicitly reserves <em>all</em>
|
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undocumented dunder names, and allows “breakage without warning”; see <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id4" id="id2">[3]</a>.)
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The performance implications of this PEP are minimal, since <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>
|
||
is called only for missing attributes.</p>
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<p>Some tools that perform module attributes discovery might not expect
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>. This problem is not new however, since it is already possible
|
||
to replace a module with a module subclass with overridden <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> and
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></code>, but with this PEP such problems can occur more often.</p>
|
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</section>
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||
<section id="discussion">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#discussion" role="doc-backlink">Discussion</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Note that the use of module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> requires care to keep the referred
|
||
objects pickleable. For example, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> attribute of a function
|
||
should correspond to the name with which it is accessible via
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">keep_pickleable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'_deprecated_'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__qualname__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__qualname__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'_deprecated_'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">func</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="nd">@keep_pickleable</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_deprecated_old_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="o">...</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>One should be also careful to avoid recursion as one would do with
|
||
a class level <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To use a module global with triggering <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> (for example if one
|
||
wants to use a lazy loaded submodule) one can access it as:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_global</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>or as:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">.</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">some_global</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Note that the latter sets the module attribute, thus <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></code> will be
|
||
called only once.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="references">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#references" role="doc-backlink">References</a></h2>
|
||
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id3" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id3">[<a href="#id1">2</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>The reference implementation
|
||
(<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ilevkivskyi/cpython/pull/3/files">https://github.com/ilevkivskyi/cpython/pull/3/files</a>)</aside>
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id4" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id4">[<a href="#id2">3</a>]</dt>
|
||
<dd>Reserved classes of identifiers
|
||
(<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers</a>)</aside>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="copyright">
|
||
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#copyright" role="doc-backlink">Copyright</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This document has been placed in the public domain.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<hr class="docutils" />
|
||
<p>Source: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0562.rst">https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0562.rst</a></p>
|
||
<p>Last modified: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/peps/commits/main/peps/pep-0562.rst">2024-10-31 21:24:44 GMT</a></p>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
<nav id="pep-sidebar">
|
||
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specification">Specification</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#backwards-compatibility-and-impact-on-performance">Backwards compatibility and impact on performance</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#discussion">Discussion</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a id="source" href="https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0562.rst">Page Source (GitHub)</a>
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||
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