python-peps/pep-0258.txt

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PEP: 258
Title: Docutils Design Specification
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: goodger@users.sourceforge.net (David Goodger)
Discussions-To: doc-sig@python.org
Status: Draft
Type: Standards Track
Requires: 256, 257
Created: 31-May-2001
Post-History: 13-Jun-2001
Abstract
This PEP documents design issues and implementation details for
Docutils, a Python Docstring Processing System (DPS). The
rationale and high-level concepts of a DPS are documented in PEP
256, "Docstring Processing System Framework" [1]. Also see PEP
256 for a "Roadmap to the Doctring PEPs".
Docutils is being designed modularly so that any of its components
can be replaced easily. In addition, Docutils is not limited to
the processing of Python docstrings; it processes standalone
documents as well, in several contexts.
No changes to the core Python language are required by this PEP.
Its deliverables consist of a package for the standard library and
its documentation.
Specification
Docutils Project Model
======================
::
+--------------------------+
| Docutils: |
| docutils.core.Publisher, |
| docutils.core.publish() |
+--------------------------+
/ \
/ \
1,3,5,7 / \ 8,10
+--------+ +--------+
| READER | =========================> | WRITER |
+--------+ +--------+
/ || \ / \
/ || \ / \
2 / 4 || \ 6 9 / \ 11
+-----+ +--------+ +-------------+ +------------+ +-----+
| I/O | | PARSER |...| reader | | writer | | I/O |
+-----+ +--------+ | transforms | | transforms | +-----+
| | | |
| - docinfo | | - system |
| - titles | | messages |
| - linking | | - final |
| - lookups | | checks |
| - reader- | | - writer- |
| specific | | specific |
| - parser- | | - etc. |
| specific | +------------+
| - layout |
| (stylist) |
| - etc. |
+-------------+
The numbers indicate the path a document's data takes through the
code. Double-width lines between reader & parser and between
reader & writer indicate that data sent along these paths should
be standard (pure & unextended) Docutils doc trees. Single-width
lines signify that internal tree extensions or completely
unrelated representations are possible, but they must be supported
at both ends.
Publisher
---------
The "docutils.core" module contains a "Publisher" facade class and
"publish" convenience function. Publisher encapsulates the
high-level logic of a Docutils system. The Publisher.publish()
method first calls its Reader, which reads data from its source
I/O, parses and transforms the data, and returns it.
Publisher.publish() then passes the resulting document tree to its
Writer, which further transforms the document before translating
it to the final output format and writing the formatted data to
its destination I/O.
Calling the "publish" function (or instantiating a "Publisher"
object) with component names will result in default behavior. For
custom behavior (setting component options), create custom
component objects first, and pass *them* to publish/Publisher.
Readers
-------
Readers understand the input context (where the data is coming
from), send the whole input or discrete "chunks" to the parser,
and provide the context to bind the chunks together back into a
cohesive whole. Using transforms_, Readers also resolve
references, footnote numbers, interpreted text processing, and
anything else that requires context-sensitive computation.
Each reader is a module or package exporting a "Reader" class with
a "read" method. The base "Reader" class can be found in the
docutils/readers/__init__.py module.
Most Readers will have to be told what parser to use. So far (see
the list of examples below), only the Python Source Reader
(PySource; still incomplete) will be able to determine the parser
on its own.
Responsibilities:
- Get input text from the source I/O.
- Pass the input text to the parser, along with a fresh doctree
root.
- Run transforms over the doctree(s).
Examples:
- Standalone (Raw/Plain): Just read a text file and process it.
The reader needs to be told which parser to use.
The "Standalone Reader" has been implemented in
docutils/readers/standalone.py.
- Python Source: See `Python Source Reader`_ below. This Reader
is currently in development in the Docutils sandbox.
- Email: RFC-822 headers, quoted excerpts, signatures, MIME parts.
- PEP: RFC-822 headers, "PEP xxxx" and "RFC xxxx" conversion to
URIs. Either interpret PEPs' indented sections or convert
existing PEPs to reStructuredText (or both?).
The "PEP Reader" is being implemented in
docutils/readers/pep.py.
- Wiki: Global reference lookups of "wiki links" incorporated into
transforms. (CamelCase only or unrestricted?) Lazy
indentation?
- Web Page: As standalone, but recognize meta fields as meta tags.
Support for templates of some sort? (After <body>, before
</body>?)
- FAQ: Structured "question & answer(s)" constructs.
- Compound document: Merge chapters into a book. Master TOC file?
Parsers
-------
Parsers analyze their input and produce a Docutils `document
tree`_. They don't know or care anything about the source or
destination of the data.
Each input parser is a module or package exporting a "Parser"
class with a "parse" method. The base "Parser" class can be found
in the docutils/parsers/__init__.py module.
Responsibilities: Given raw input text and a doctree root node,
populate the doctree by parsing the input text.
Example: The only parser implemented so far is for the
reStructuredText markup. It is implemented in the
docutils/parsers/rst/ package.
Transforms
----------
Transforms change the document tree from one form to another, add
to the tree, or prune it. Transforms are run by Reader and Writer
objects. Some transforms are Reader-specific, some are
Parser-specific, and others are Writer-specific. The choice and
order of transforms is specified in the Reader and Writer objects.
Each transform is a class in a module in the docutils/transforms
package, a subclass of docutils.tranforms.Transform.
Responsibilities:
- Modify a doctree in-place, either purely transforming one
structure into another, or adding new structures based on the
doctree and/or external data.
Examples (in the docutils/transforms/ package):
- frontmatter.DocInfo: Conversion of document metadata
(bibliographic information).
- references.Hyperlinks: Resolution of hyperlinks.
- parts.Contents: Generates a table of contents for a document.
- document.Merger: Combining multiple populated doctrees into one
(not yet implemented or fully understood).
- document.Splitter: Splits a document into a tree-structure of
subdocuments, perhaps by section. It will have to transform
references appropriately. (Neither implemented not remotely
understood.)
- universal.Pending: Handles transforms that must be executed at
specific stages of processing.
- components.Filter: Includes or excludes elements which depend on
a specific Docutils component (triggered by the
universal.Pending transform).
Writers
-------
Writers produce the final output (HTML, XML, TeX, etc.). Writers
translate the internal document tree structure into the final data
format, possibly running Writer-specific transforms_ first.
Each writer is a module or package exporting a "Writer" class with
a "write" method. The base "Writer" class can be found in the
docutils/writers/__init__.py module.
Responsibilities:
- Run transforms over the doctree(s).
- Translate doctree(s) into specific output formats.
- Transform references into format-native forms.
- Write the translated output to the destination I/O.
Examples:
- XML: Various forms, such as:
- DocBook (being implemented in the Docutils sandbox).
- Raw doctree XML (accessible via "doctree.asdom().toxml()"; no
Writer component implemented yet).
- HTML (XHTML implemented as docutils/writers/html4css1.py).
- PDF (a ReportLabs interface is being developed in the Docutils
sandbox).
- TeX
- Docutils-native pseudo-XML (implemented as
docutils/writers/pseudoxml.py, used for testing).
- Plain text
- reStructuredText?
I/O
---
I/O classes provide a uniform API for low-level input and output.
Subclasses will exist for a variety of input/output mechanisms.
I/O classes are currently in the preliminary stages; there's a lot
of work yet to be done. Issues:
- Looking at the list of writers, it seems that only HTML would
require anything other than monolithic output. Perhaps "Writer"
variants, one for each output distribution type?
- How to represent a multi-file document (files & directories) in
the API?
Responsibilities:
- Read data from the input source and/or write data to the output
destination.
Examples of input sources:
- A single file on disk or a stream (implemented as
docutils.io.FileIO).
- Multiple files on disk (MultiFileIO?).
- Python source files: modules and packages.
- Python strings, as received from a client application
(implemented as docutils.io.StringIO).
Examples of output destinations:
- A single file on disk or a stream (implemented as
docutils.io.FileIO).
- A tree of directories and files on disk.
- A Python string, returned to a client application (implemented
as docutils.io.StringIO).
- A single tree-shaped data structure in memory.
- Some other set of data structures in memory.
Docutils Package Structure
==========================
- Package "docutils".
- Class "Component" is a base class for Docutils components.
- Module "docutils.core" contains facade class "Publisher" and
convenience function "publish()". See `Publisher`_ above.
- Module "docutils.frontend" provides command-line and option
processing for Docutils front-ends.
- Module "docutils.io" provides a uniform API for low-level
input and output.
- Module "docutils.nodes" contains the Docutils document tree
element class library plus Visitor pattern base classes. See
`Document Tree`_ below.
- Module "docutils.optik" provides option parsing and
command-line help; from Greg Ward's http://optik.sf.net/
project, included for convenience.
- Module "docutils.roman" contains Roman numeral conversion
routines.
- Module "docutils.statemachine" contains a finite state machine
specialized for regular-expression-based text filters. The
reStructuredText parser implementation is based on this
module.
- Module "docutils.urischemes" contains a mapping of known URI
schemes ("http", "ftp", "mail", etc.).
- Module "docutils.utils" contains utility functions and
classes, including a logger class ("Reporter"; see `Error
Handling`_ below).
- Package "docutils.parsers": markup parsers_.
- Function "get_parser_class(parser_name)" returns a parser
module by name. Class "Parser" is the base class of
specific parsers. (docutils/parsers/__init__.py)
- Package "docutils.parsers.rst": the reStructuredText parser.
- Alternate markup parsers may be added.
- Package "docutils.readers": context-aware input readers.
- Function "get_reader_class(reader_name)" returns a reader
module by name or alias. Class "Reader" is the base class
of specific readers. (docutils/readers/__init__.py)
- Module "docutils.readers.standalone" reads independent
document files.
- Module "docutils.readers.pep" reads PEPs (Python Enhancement
Proposals).
- Readers to be added for: Python source code (structure &
docstrings), PEPs, email, FAQ, and perhaps Wiki and others.
- Package "docutils.writers": output format writers.
- Function "get_writer_class(writer_name)" returns a writer
module by name. Class "Writer" is the base class of
specific writers. (docutils/writers/__init__.py)
- Module "docutils.writers.pseudoxml" is a simple internal
document tree writer; it writes indented pseudo-XML.
- Module "docutils.writers.html4css1" is a simple HyperText
Markup Language document tree writer for HTML 4.01 and CSS1.
- Writers to be added: HTML 3.2 or 4.01-loose, XML (various
forms, such as DocBook and the raw internal doctree), PDF,
TeX, plaintext, reStructuredText, and perhaps others.
- Package "docutils.transforms": tree transform classes.
- Class "Transform" is the base class of specific transforms;
see `Transform API`_ below.
(docutils/transforms/__init__.py)
- Each module contains related transform classes.
- Package "docutils.languages": Language modules contain
language-dependent strings and mappings. They are named for
their language identifier (as defined in `Choice of Docstring
Format`_ above), converting dashes to underscores.
- Function "get_language(language_code)", returns matching
language module. (docutils/languages/__init__.py)
- Module "docutils.languages.en" (English).
- Other languages to be added.
Front-End Tools
===============
@@@ To be determined.
@@@ Document tools & summarize their command-line interfaces.
Document Tree
=============
A single intermediate data structure is used internally by
Docutils, in the interfaces between components; it is defined in
the docutils.nodes module. It is not required that this data
structure be used *internally* by any of the components, just
*between* components.
Custom node types are allowed, providing that either (A) a
transform converts them to standard Docutils nodes before they
reach the Writer proper, or (B) the custom node is explicitly
supported by certain Writers, and is wrapped in a filtered
"pending" node. An example of condition A is the `Python Source
Reader`_ (see below), where a "stylist" transform converts custom
nodes. The HTML <meta> tag is an example of condition B; it is
supported by the HTML Writer but not by others. The
reStructuredText ".. meta::" directive creates a "pending" node,
which contains knowledge that the embedded "meta" node can only be
handled by HTML-compatible writers. The "pending" node is
resolved by the "transforms.components.Filter" transform, which
checks that the calling writer supports HTML; if it doesn't, the
"meta" node is removed from the document.
The document tree data structure is similar to a DOM tree, but
with specific node names (classes) instead of DOM's generic nodes.
The schema is documented in an XML DTD (eXtensible Markup Language
Document Type Definition), which comes in two parts:
- the Docutils Generic DTD, docutils.dtd [2], and
- the OASIS Exchange Table Model, soextbl.dtd [3].
The DTD defines a rich set of elements, suitable for many input
and output formats. The DTD retains all information necessary to
reconstruct the original input text, or a reasonable facsimile
thereof.
See "The Docutils Document Tree" [4] for details (incomplete).
Error Handling
==============
When the parser encounters an error in markup, it inserts a system
message (DTD element "system_message"). There are five levels of
system messages:
- Level-0, "DEBUG": an internal reporting issue. There is no
effect on the processing. Level-0 system messages are
handled separately from the others.
- Level-1, "INFO": a minor issue that can be ignored. There is
little or no effect on the processing. Typically level-1 system
messages are not reported.
- Level-2, "WARNING": an issue that should be addressed. If
ignored, there may be minor problems with the output. Typically
level-2 system messages are reported but do not halt processing
- Level-3, "ERROR": a major issue that should be addressed. If
ignored, the output will contain unpredictable errors.
Typically level-3 system messages are reported but do not halt
processing
- Level-4, "SEVERE": a critical error that must be addressed.
Typically level-4 system messages are turned into exceptions
which halt processing. If ignored, the output will contain
severe errors.
Although the initial message levels were devised independently,
they have a strong correspondence to VMS error condition severity
levels [5]; the names in quotes for levels 1 through 4 were
borrowed from VMS. Error handling has since been influenced by
the log4j project [6].
Python Source Reader
====================
The Python Source Reader ("PySource") is the Docutils component
that reads Python source files, extracts docstrings in context,
then parses, links, and assembles the docstrings into a cohesive
whole. It is a major and non-trivial component, currently under
experimental development in the Docutils sandbox. High-level
design issues are presented here.
Processing Model
----------------
This model will evolve over time, incorporating experience and
discoveries.
1. The PySource Reader uses an I/O class to read in some Python
packages and modules, into a tree of strings.
2. The Python modules are parsed, converting the tree of strings
into a tree of abstract syntax trees.
3. The abstract syntax trees are converted into an internal
representation of the packages/modules. Docstrings are
extracted, as well as code structure details. See `AST
Mining`_ below. Namespaces are constructed for lookup in step
6.
4. One at a time, the docstrings are parsed, producing standard
Docutils doctrees.
5. PySource assembles all the individual docstrings' doctrees into
a Python-specific custom Docutils tree parallelling the
package/module/class structure; this is a custom
Reader-specific internal representation (see the Docutils
Python Source DTD [7]). Namespaces must be merged: Python
identifiers, hyperlink targets.
6. Cross-references from docstrings (interpreted text) to Python
identifiers are resolved according to the Python namespace
lookup rules. See `Identifier Cross-References`_ below.
7. A "Stylist" transform is applied to the custom doctree, custom
nodes are rendered using standard nodes as primitives, and a
standard document tree is emitted. See `Stylist Transforms`_
below.
8. Other transforms are applied to the standard doctree.
9. The standard doctree is sent to a Writer, which translates the
document into a concrete format (HTML, PDF, etc.).
10. The Writer uses an I/O class to write the resulting data to
its destination (disk file, directories and files, etc.).
AST Mining
----------
Abstract Syntax Tree mining code will be written that scans a
parsed Python module, and returns an ordered tree containing the
names, docstrings (including attribute and additional docstrings;
see below), and additional info (in parentheses below) of all of
the following objects:
- packages
- modules
- module attributes (+ initial values)
- classes (+ inheritance)
- class attributes (+ initial values)
- instance attributes (+ initial values)
- methods (+ parameters & defaults)
- functions (+ parameters & defaults)
(Extract comments too? For example, comments at the start of a
module would be a good place for bibliographic field lists.)
In order to evaluate interpreted text cross-references, namespaces
for each of the above will also be required.
See python-dev/docstring-develop thread "AST mining", started on
2001-08-14.
Docstring Extraction Rules
--------------------------
1. What to examine:
a) If the "__all__" variable is present in the module being
documented, only identifiers listed in "__all__" are
examined for docstrings.
b) In the absense of "__all__", all identifiers are examined,
except those whose names are private (names begin with "_"
but don't begin and end with "__").
c) 1a and 1b can be overridden by a parameter or command-line
option.
2. Where:
Docstrings are string literal expressions, and are recognized
in the following places within Python modules:
a) At the beginning of a module, function definition, class
definition, or method definition, after any comments. This
is the standard for Python __doc__ attributes.
b) Immediately following a simple assignment at the top level
of a module, class definition, or __init__ method
definition, after any comments. See "Attribute Docstrings"
below.
c) Additional string literals found immediately after the
docstrings in (a) and (b) will be recognized, extracted, and
concatenated. See "Additional Docstrings" below.
d) @@@ 2.2-style "properties" with attribute docstrings?
3. How:
Whenever possible, Python modules should be parsed by Docutils,
not imported. There are several reasons:
- Importing untrusted code is inherently insecure.
- Information from the source is lost when using introspection
to examine an imported module, such as comments and the order
of definitions.
- Docstrings are to be recognized in places where the bytecode
compiler ignores string literal expressions (2b and 2c
above), meaning importing the module will lose these
docstrings.
Of course, standard Python parsing tools such as the "parser"
library module should be used.
When the Python source code for a module is not available
(i.e. only the .pyc file exists) or for C extension modules, to
access docstrings the module can only be imported, and any
limitations must be lived with.
Since attribute docstrings and additional docstrings are ignored
by the Python bytecode compiler, no namespace pollution or runtime
bloat will result from their use. They are not assigned to
__doc__ or to any other attribute. The initial parsing of a
module may take a slight performance hit.
Attribute Docstrings
````````````````````
(This is a simplified version of PEP 224 [8] by Marc-Andre
Lemberg.)
A string literal immediately following an assignment statement is
interpreted by the docstring extration machinery as the docstring
of the target of the assignment statement, under the following
conditions:
1. The assignment must be in one of the following contexts:
a) At the top level of a module (i.e., not nested inside a
compound statement such as a loop or conditional): a module
attribute.
b) At the top level of a class definition: a class attribute.
c) At the top level of the "__init__" method definition of a
class: an instance attribute.
Since each of the above contexts are at the top level (i.e., in
the outermost suite of a definition), it may be necessary to
place dummy assignments for attributes assigned conditionally
or in a loop.
2. The assignment must be to a single target, not to a list or a
tuple of targets.
3. The form of the target:
a) For contexts 1a and 1b above, the target must be a simple
identifier (not a dotted identifier, a subscripted
expression, or a sliced expression).
b) For context 1c above, the target must be of the form
"self.attrib", where "self" matches the "__init__" method's
first parameter (the instance parameter) and "attrib" is a
simple indentifier as in 3a.
Blank lines may be used after attribute docstrings to emphasize
the connection between the assignment and the docstring.
Examples::
g = 'module attribute (module-global variable)'
"""This is g's docstring."""
class AClass:
c = 'class attribute'
"""This is AClass.c's docstring."""
def __init__(self):
self.i = 'instance attribute'
"""This is self.i's docstring."""
Additional Docstrings
`````````````````````
(This idea was adapted from PEP 216, Docstring Format [9], by
Moshe Zadka.)
Many programmers would like to make extensive use of docstrings
for API documentation. However, docstrings do take up space in
the running program, so some of these programmers are reluctant to
"bloat up" their code. Also, not all API documentation is
applicable to interactive environments, where __doc__ would be
displayed.
The docstring processing system's extraction tools will
concatenate all string literal expressions which appear at the
beginning of a definition or after a simple assignment. Only the
first strings in definitions will be available as __doc__, and can
be used for brief usage text suitable for interactive sessions;
subsequent string literals and all attribute docstrings are
ignored by the Python bytecode compiler and may contain more
extensive API information.
Example::
def function(arg):
"""This is __doc__, function's docstring."""
"""
This is an additional docstring, ignored by the bytecode
compiler, but extracted by the Docutils.
"""
pass
Issue: This breaks "from __future__ import" statements in Python
2.1 for multiple module docstrings. The Python Reference Manual
specifies:
A future statement must appear near the top of the module.
The only lines that can appear before a future statement are:
* the module docstring (if any),
* comments,
* blank lines, and
* other future statements.
Resolution?
1. Should we search for docstrings after a __future__ statement?
Very ugly.
2. Redefine __future__ statements to allow multiple preceeding
string literals?
3. Or should we not even worry about this? There shouldn't be
__future__ statements in production code, after all. Will
modules with __future__ statements simply have to put up with
the single-docstring limitation?
Choice of Docstring Format
--------------------------
Rather than force everyone to use a single docstring format,
multiple input formats are allowed by the processing system. A
special variable, __docformat__, may appear at the top level of a
module before any function or class definitions. Over time or
through decree, a standard format or set of formats should emerge.
The __docformat__ variable is a string containing the name of the
format being used, a case-insensitive string matching the input
parser's module or package name (i.e., the same name as required
to "import" the module or package), or a registered alias. If no
__docformat__ is specified, the default format is "plaintext" for
now; this may be changed to the standard format once determined.
The __docformat__ string may contain an optional second field,
separated from the format name (first field) by a single space: a
case-insensitive language identifier as defined in RFC 1766 [10].
A typical language identifier consists of a 2-letter language code
from ISO 639 [11] (3-letter codes used only if no 2-letter code
exists; RFC 1766 is currently being revised to allow 3-letter
codes). If no language identifier is specified, the default is
"en" for English. The language identifier is passed to the parser
and can be used for language-dependent markup features.
Identifier Cross-References
---------------------------
In Python docstrings, interpreted text is used to classify and
mark up program identifiers, such as the names of variables,
functions, classes, and modules. If the identifier alone is
given, its role is inferred implicitly according to the Python
namespace lookup rules. For functions and methods (even when
dynamically assigned), parentheses ('()') may be included::
This function uses `another()` to do its work.
For class, instance and module attributes, dotted identifiers are
used when necessary. For example (using reStructuredText
markup)::
class Keeper(Storer):
"""
Extend `Storer`. Class attribute `instances` keeps track
of the number of `Keeper` objects instantiated.
"""
instances = 0
"""How many `Keeper` objects are there?"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Extend `Storer.__init__()` to keep track of instances.
Keep count in `self.instances`, data in `self.data`.
"""
Storer.__init__(self)
self.instances += 1
self.data = []
"""Store data in a list, most recent last."""
def storedata(self, data):
"""
Extend `Storer.storedata()`; append new `data` to a
list (in `self.data`).
"""
self.data = data
Each of the identifiers quoted with backquotes ("`") will become
references to the definitions of the identifiers themselves.
Stylist Transforms
------------------
Stylist transforms are specialized transforms specific to a
Reader. The PySource Reader doesn't have to make any decisions as
to style; it just produces a logically constructed document tree,
parsed and linked, including custom node types. Stylist
transforms understand the custom nodes created by the Reader and
convert them into standard Docutils nodes.
Multiple Stylist transforms may be implemented and one can be
chosen at runtime (through a "--style" or "--stylist" command-line
option). Each Stylist transform implements a different layout or
style; thus the name. They decouple the context-understanding
part of the Reader from the layout-generating part of processing,
resulting in a more flexible and robust system. This also serves
to "separate style from content", the SGML/XML ideal.
By keeping the piece of code that does the styling small and
modular, it becomes much easier for people to roll their own
styles. The "barrier to entry" is too high with existing tools;
extracting the stylist code will lower the barrier considerably.
References and Footnotes
[1] PEP 256, Docstring Processing System Framework, Goodger
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0256.html
[2] http://docutils.sourceforge.net/spec/docutils.dtd
[3] http://docutils.sourceforge.net/spec/soextblx.dtd
[4] http://docutils.sourceforge.net/spec/doctree.txt
[5] http://www.openvms.compaq.com:8000/73final/5841/
5841pro_027.html#error_cond_severity
[6] http://jakarta.apache.org/log4j/
[7] http://docutils.sourceforge.net/spec/pysource.dtd
[8] PEP 224, Attribute Docstrings, Lemburg
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0224.html
[9] PEP 216, Docstring Format, Zadka
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0216.html
[10] http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt
[11] http://lcweb.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
[12] http://www.python.org/sigs/doc-sig/
Project Web Site
A SourceForge project has been set up for this work at
http://docutils.sourceforge.net/.
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.
Acknowledgements
This document borrows ideas from the archives of the Python
Doc-SIG [12]. Thanks to all members past & present.
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