python-peps/peps/pep-0305.rst

PEP: 305
Title: CSV File API
Version: $Revision$
Last-Modified: $Date$
Author: Kevin Altis <altis@semi-retired.com>,
        Dave Cole <djc@object-craft.com.au>,
        Andrew McNamara <andrewm@object-craft.com.au>,
        Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com>,
        Cliff Wells <LogiplexSoftware@earthlink.net>
Discussions-To: csv@python.org
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created: 26-Jan-2003
Python-Version: 2.3
Post-History: 31-Jan-2003, 13-Feb-2003


Abstract
========

The Comma Separated Values (CSV) file format is the most common import
and export format for spreadsheets and databases.  Although many CSV
files are simple to parse, the format is not formally defined by a
stable specification and is subtle enough that parsing lines of a CSV
file with something like ``line.split(",")`` is eventually bound to
fail.  This PEP defines an API for reading and writing CSV files.  It
is accompanied by a corresponding module which implements the API.


To Do (Notes for the Interested and Ambitious)
==============================================

- Better motivation for the choice of passing a file object to the
  constructors.  See
  https://mail.python.org/pipermail/csv/2003-January/000179.html

- Unicode.  ugh.


Application Domain
==================

This PEP is about doing one thing well: parsing tabular data which may
use a variety of field separators, quoting characters, quote escape
mechanisms and line endings.  The authors intend the proposed module
to solve this one parsing problem efficiently.  The authors do not
intend to address any of these related topics:

- data interpretation (is a field containing the string "10" supposed
  to be a string, a float or an int? is it a number in base 10, base
  16 or base 2? is a number in quotes a number or a string?)

- locale-specific data representation (should the number 1.23 be
  written as "1.23" or "1,23" or "1 23"?) -- this may eventually be
  addressed.

- fixed width tabular data - can already be parsed reliably.


Rationale
=========

Often, CSV files are formatted simply enough that you can get by
reading them line-by-line and splitting on the commas which delimit
the fields.  This is especially true if all the data being read is
numeric.  This approach may work for a while, then come back to bite
you in the butt when somebody puts something unexpected in the data
like a comma.  As you dig into the problem you may eventually come to
the conclusion that you can solve the problem using regular
expressions.  This will work for a while, then break mysteriously one
day.  The problem grows, so you dig deeper and eventually realize that
you need a purpose-built parser for the format.

CSV formats are not well-defined and different implementations have a
number of subtle corner cases.  It has been suggested that the "V" in
the acronym stands for "Vague" instead of "Values".  Different
delimiters and quoting characters are just the start.  Some programs
generate whitespace after each delimiter which is not part of the
following field.  Others quote embedded quoting characters by doubling
them, others by prefixing them with an escape character.  The list of
weird ways to do things can seem endless.

All this variability means it is difficult for programmers to reliably
parse CSV files from many sources or generate CSV files designed to be
fed to specific external programs without a thorough understanding of
those sources and programs.  This PEP and the software which accompany
it attempt to make the process less fragile.


Existing Modules
================

This problem has been tackled before.  At least three modules
currently available in the Python community enable programmers to read
and write CSV files:

- Object Craft's CSV module [2]_

- Cliff Wells' Python-DSV module [3]_

- Laurence Tratt's ASV module [4]_

Each has a different API, making it somewhat difficult for programmers
to switch between them.  More of a problem may be that they interpret
some of the CSV corner cases differently, so even after surmounting
the differences between the different module APIs, the programmer has
to also deal with semantic differences between the packages.


Module Interface
================

This PEP supports three basic APIs, one to read and parse CSV files,
one to write them, and one to identify different CSV dialects to the
readers and writers.


Reading CSV Files
-----------------

CSV readers are created with the reader factory function::

    obj = reader(iterable [, dialect='excel']
                 [optional keyword args])

A reader object is an iterator which takes an iterable object
returning lines as the sole required parameter.  If it supports a
binary mode (file objects do), the iterable argument to the reader
function must have been opened in binary mode.  This gives the reader
object full control over the interpretation of the file's contents.
The optional dialect parameter is discussed below.  The reader
function also accepts several optional keyword arguments which define
specific format settings for the parser (see the section "Formatting
Parameters").  Readers are typically used as follows::

    csvreader = csv.reader(file("some.csv"))
    for row in csvreader:
        process(row)

Each row returned by a reader object is a list of strings or Unicode
objects.

When both a dialect parameter and individual formatting parameters are
passed to the constructor, first the dialect is queried for formatting
parameters, then individual formatting parameters are examined.


Writing CSV Files
-----------------

Creating writers is similar::

    obj = writer(fileobj [, dialect='excel'],
                 [optional keyword args])

A writer object is a wrapper around a file-like object opened for
writing in binary mode (if such a distinction is made).  It accepts
the same optional keyword parameters as the reader constructor.

Writers are typically used as follows::

    csvwriter = csv.writer(file("some.csv", "w"))
    for row in someiterable:
        csvwriter.writerow(row)

To generate a set of field names as the first row of the CSV file, the
programmer must explicitly write it, e.g.::

    csvwriter = csv.writer(file("some.csv", "w"), fieldnames=names)
    csvwriter.write(names)
    for row in someiterable:
        csvwriter.write(row)

or arrange for it to be the first row in the iterable being written.


Managing Different Dialects
---------------------------

Because CSV is a somewhat ill-defined format, there are plenty of ways
one CSV file can differ from another, yet contain exactly the same
data.  Many tools which can import or export tabular data allow the
user to indicate the field delimiter, quote character, line
terminator, and other characteristics of the file.  These can be
fairly easily determined, but are still mildly annoying to figure out,
and make for fairly long function calls when specified individually.

To try and minimize the difficulty of figuring out and specifying a
bunch of formatting parameters, reader and writer objects support a
dialect argument which is just a convenient handle on a group of these
lower level parameters.  When a dialect is given as a string it
identifies one of the dialects known to the module via its
registration functions, otherwise it must be an instance of the
Dialect class as described below.

Dialects will generally be named after applications or organizations
which define specific sets of format constraints.  Two dialects are
defined in the module as of this writing, "excel", which describes the
default format constraints for CSV file export by Excel 97 and Excel
2000, and "excel-tab", which is the same as "excel" but specifies an
ASCII TAB character as the field delimiter.

Dialects are implemented as attribute only classes to enable users to
construct variant dialects by subclassing.  The "excel" dialect is a
subclass of Dialect and is defined as follows::

    class Dialect:
        # placeholders
        delimiter = None
        quotechar = None
        escapechar = None
        doublequote = None
        skipinitialspace = None
        lineterminator = None
        quoting = None

    class excel(Dialect):
        delimiter = ','
        quotechar = '"'
        doublequote = True
        skipinitialspace = False
        lineterminator = '\r\n'
        quoting = QUOTE_MINIMAL

The "excel-tab" dialect is defined as::

    class exceltsv(excel):
        delimiter = '\t'

(For a description of the individual formatting parameters see the
section "Formatting Parameters".)

To enable string references to specific dialects, the module defines
several functions::

    dialect = get_dialect(name)
    names = list_dialects()
    register_dialect(name, dialect)
    unregister_dialect(name)

``get_dialect()`` returns the dialect instance associated with the
given name.  ``list_dialects()`` returns a list of all registered
dialect names.  ``register_dialects()`` associates a string name with
a dialect class.  ``unregister_dialect()`` deletes a name/dialect
association.


Formatting Parameters
---------------------

In addition to the dialect argument, both the reader and writer
constructors take several specific formatting parameters, specified as
keyword parameters.  The formatting parameters understood are:

- ``quotechar`` specifies a one-character string to use as the quoting
  character.  It defaults to '"'.  Setting this to None has the same
  effect as setting quoting to csv.QUOTE_NONE.

- ``delimiter`` specifies a one-character string to use as the field
  separator.  It defaults to ','.

- ``escapechar`` specifies a one-character string used to escape the
  delimiter when quotechar is set to None.

- ``skipinitialspace`` specifies how to interpret whitespace which
  immediately follows a delimiter.  It defaults to False, which means
  that whitespace immediately following a delimiter is part of the
  following field.

- ``lineterminator`` specifies the character sequence which should
  terminate rows.

- ``quoting`` controls when quotes should be generated by the writer.
  It can take on any of the following module constants:

  * csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL means only when required, for example, when a
    field contains either the quotechar or the delimiter

  * csv.QUOTE_ALL means that quotes are always placed around fields.

  * csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC means that quotes are always placed around
    nonnumeric fields.

  * csv.QUOTE_NONE means that quotes are never placed around fields.

- ``doublequote`` controls the handling of quotes inside fields.  When
  True two consecutive quotes are interpreted as one during read, and
  when writing, each quote is written as two quotes.

When processing a dialect setting and one or more of the other
optional parameters, the dialect parameter is processed before the
individual formatting parameters.  This makes it easy to choose a
dialect, then override one or more of the settings without defining a
new dialect class.  For example, if a CSV file was generated by Excel
2000 using single quotes as the quote character and a colon as the
delimiter, you could create a reader like::

    csvreader = csv.reader(file("some.csv"), dialect="excel",
                           quotechar="'", delimiter=':')

Other details of how Excel generates CSV files would be handled
automatically because of the reference to the "excel" dialect.


Reader Objects
--------------

Reader objects are iterables whose next() method returns a sequence of
strings, one string per field in the row.


Writer Objects
--------------

Writer objects have two methods, writerow() and writerows().  The
former accepts an iterable (typically a list) of fields which are to
be written to the output.  The latter accepts a list of iterables and
calls writerow() for each.


Implementation
==============

There is a sample implementation available.  [1]_ The goal is for it
to efficiently implement the API described in the PEP.  It is heavily
based on the Object Craft csv module. [2]_


Testing
=======

The sample implementation [1]_ includes a set of test cases.


Issues
======

1. Should a parameter control how consecutive delimiters are
   interpreted?  Our thought is "no".  Consecutive delimiters should
   always denote an empty field.

2. What about Unicode?  Is it sufficient to pass a file object gotten
   from codecs.open()?  For example::

     csvreader = csv.reader(codecs.open("some.csv", "r", "cp1252"))

     csvwriter = csv.writer(codecs.open("some.csv", "w", "utf-8"))

   In the first example, text would be assumed to be encoded as cp1252.
   Should the system be aggressive in converting to Unicode or should
   Unicode strings only be returned if necessary?

   In the second example, the file will take care of automatically
   encoding Unicode strings as utf-8 before writing to disk.

   Note: As of this writing, the csv module doesn't handle Unicode
   data.

3. What about alternate escape conventions?  If the dialect in use
   includes an ``escapechar`` parameter which is not None and the
   ``quoting`` parameter is set to QUOTE_NONE, delimiters appearing
   within fields will be prefixed by the escape character when writing
   and are expected to be prefixed by the escape character when
   reading.

4. Should there be a "fully quoted" mode for writing?  What about
   "fully quoted except for numeric values"?  Both are implemented
   (QUOTE_ALL and QUOTE_NONNUMERIC, respectively).

5. What about end-of-line?  If I generate a CSV file on a Unix system,
   will Excel properly recognize the LF-only line terminators?  Files
   must be opened for reading or writing as appropriate using binary
   mode.  Specify the ``lineterminator`` sequence as ``'\r\n'``.  The
   resulting file will be written correctly.

6. What about an option to generate dicts from the reader and accept
   dicts by the writer?  See the DictReader and DictWriter classes in
   csv.py.

7. Are quote character and delimiters limited to single characters?
   For the time being, yes.

8. How should rows of different lengths be handled?  Interpretation of
   the data is the application's job.  There is no such thing as a
   "short row" or a "long row" at this level.


References
==========

.. [1] csv module, Python Sandbox
   (http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/python/python/nondist/sandbox/csv/)

.. [2] csv module, Object Craft
   (http://www.object-craft.com.au/projects/csv)

.. [3] Python-DSV module, Wells
   (http://sourceforge.net/projects/python-dsv/)

.. [4] ASV module, Tratt
   (http://tratt.net/laurie/python/asv/)

There are many references to other CSV-related projects on the Web.  A
few are included here.


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.



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