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* Add IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM to SQL and join matchers. Changes: 1) Add "isdistinctfrom" and "notdistinctfrom" native expressions. 2) Add "IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM" to SQL. It uses the new native expressions when generating expressions, and is treated the same as equals and not-equals when generating native filters on literals. 3) Update join matchers to have an "includeNull" parameter that determines whether we are operating in "equals" mode or "is not distinct from" mode. * Main changes: - Add ARRAY handling to "notdistinctfrom" and "isdistinctfrom". - Include null in pushed-down filters when using "notdistinctfrom" in a join. Other changes: - Adjust join filter analyzer to more explicitly use InDimFilter's ValuesSets, relying less on remembering to get it right to avoid copies. * Remove unused "wrap" method. * Fixes. * Remove methods we do not need. * Fix bug with INPUT_REF.
111 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
111 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
---
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id: sql-operators
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title: "Druid SQL Operators"
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sidebar_label: "Operators"
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---
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<!--
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~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
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~ or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
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~ distributed with this work for additional information
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~ regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
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~ to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
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~ "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
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~ with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
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~
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~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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~
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~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
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~ software distributed under the License is distributed on an
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~ "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
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~ KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
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~ specific language governing permissions and limitations
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~ under the License.
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<!--
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The format of the tables that describe the functions and operators
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should not be changed without updating the script create-sql-docs
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in web-console/script/create-sql-docs, because the script detects
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patterns in this markdown file and parse it to TypeScript file for web console
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-->
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:::info
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Apache Druid supports two query languages: Druid SQL and [native queries](querying.md).
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This document describes the SQL language.
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:::
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Operators in [Druid SQL](./sql.md) typically operate on one or two values and return a result based on the values. Types of operators in Druid SQL include arithmetic, comparison, logical, and more, as described here.
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When performing math operations, Druid uses 64-bit integer (long) data type unless there are double or float values. If an operation uses float or double values, then the result is a double, which is a 64-bit float. The precision of float and double values is defined by [Java](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-5.html) and [the IEEE standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754).
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Keep the following guidelines in mind to help you manage precision issues:
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- Long values can store up to 2^63 accurately with an additional bit used for the sign.
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- Float values use 32 bits, and doubles use 64 bits. Both types are impacted by floating point precision. If you need exact decimal values, consider storing the number in a non-decimal format as a long value (up to the limit for longs). For example, if you need three decimal places, store the number multiplied by 1000 and then divide by 1000 when querying.
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## Arithmetic operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x + y` |Add|
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|`x - y` |Subtract|
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|`x * y` |Multiply|
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|`x / y` |Divide|
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## Datetime arithmetic operators
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For the datetime arithmetic operators, `interval_expr` can include interval literals like `INTERVAL '2' HOUR`.
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This operator treats days as uniformly 86400 seconds long, and does not take into account daylight savings time.
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To account for daylight savings time, use the [`TIME_SHIFT` function](sql-scalar.md#date-and-time-functions).
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Also see [`TIMESTAMPADD`](sql-scalar.md#date-and-time-functions) for datetime arithmetic.
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`timestamp_expr + interval_expr`|Add an amount of time to a timestamp.|
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|`timestamp_expr - interval_expr`|Subtract an amount of time from a timestamp.|
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## Concatenation operator
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Also see the [CONCAT function](sql-scalar.md#string-functions).
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|<code>x || y</code>|Concatenate strings `x` and `y`.|
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## Comparison operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x = y` |Equal to|
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|`x IS NOT DISTINCT FROM y`|Equal to, considering `NULL` as a value. Never returns `NULL`.|
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|`x <> y`|Not equal to|
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|`x IS DISTINCT FROM y`|Not equal to, considering `NULL` as a value. Never returns `NULL`.|
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|`x > y` |Greater than|
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|`x >= y`|Greater than or equal to|
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|`x < y` |Less than|
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|`x <= y`|Less than or equal to|
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## Logical operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x AND y`|Boolean AND|
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|`x OR y`|Boolean OR|
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|`NOT x`|Boolean NOT|
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|`x IS NULL`|True if _x_ is NULL or empty string|
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|`x IS NOT NULL`|True if _x_ is neither NULL nor empty string|
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|`x IS TRUE`|True if _x_ is true|
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|`x IS NOT TRUE`|True if _x_ is not true|
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|`x IS FALSE`|True if _x_ is false|
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|`x IS NOT FALSE`|True if _x_ is not false|
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|`x BETWEEN y AND z`|Equivalent to `x >= y AND x <= z`|
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|`x NOT BETWEEN y AND z`|Equivalent to `x < y OR x > z`|
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|`x LIKE pattern [ESCAPE esc]`|True if _x_ matches a SQL LIKE pattern (with an optional escape)|
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|`x NOT LIKE pattern [ESCAPE esc]`|True if _x_ does not match a SQL LIKE pattern (with an optional escape)|
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|`x IN (values)`|True if _x_ is one of the listed values|
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|`x NOT IN (values)`|True if _x_ is not one of the listed values|
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|`x IN (subquery)`|True if _x_ is returned by the subquery. This will be translated into a join; see [Query translation](sql-translation.md) for details.|
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|`x NOT IN (subquery)`|True if _x_ is not returned by the subquery. This will be translated into a join; see [Query translation](sql-translation.md) for details.|
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