druid/sql-functions.md at 8c8a4b2302c91f481029fae0e7b1f68ba509b0ba

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id	title	sidebar_label
sql-functions	All Druid SQL functions	All functions

:::info Apache Druid supports two query languages: Druid SQL and native queries. This document describes the SQL language. :::

This page provides a reference of Apache Druid® SQL functions in alphabetical order. For more details on a function, refer to the following:

The examples on this page use the following example datasources:

flight-carriers using FlightCarrierOnTime (1 month)
taxi-trips using NYC Taxi cabs (3 files)

ABS

Calculates the absolute value of a numeric expression.

Syntax: ABS(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example applies the ABS function to the ArrDelay column from the flight-carriers datasource.

SELECT
  "ArrDelay" AS "arrival_delay",
  ABS("ArrDelay") AS "absolute_arrival_delay"
FROM "flight-carriers"
WHERE "ArrDelay" < 0
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`arrival_delay`	`absolute_arrival_delay`
`-27`	`27`

Learn more

ACOS

Calculates the arc cosine (arccosine) of a numeric expression.

Syntax: ACOS(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the arc cosine of 0.

SELECT ACOS(0) AS "arc_cosine"

Returns the following:

`arc_cosine`
`1.5707963267948966`

Learn more

ANY_VALUE

ANY_VALUE(expr, [maxBytesPerValue, [aggregateMultipleValues]])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns any value of the specified expression.

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Counts distinct values of a regular column or a prebuilt sketch column.

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_BUILTIN

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_BUILTIN(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Counts distinct values of a string, numeric, or hyperUnique column using Druid's built-in cardinality or hyperUnique aggregators.

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_HLL

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_HLL(expr, [<NUMERIC>, <CHARACTER>])

Function type: Aggregation

Counts distinct values of an HLL sketch column or a regular column.

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_THETA

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_THETA(expr, [<NUMERIC>])

Function type: Aggregation

Counts distinct values of a Theta sketch column or a regular column.

APPROX_QUANTILE

APPROX_QUANTILE(expr, <NUMERIC>, [<NUMERIC>])

Function type: Aggregation

Deprecated in favor of APPROX_QUANTILE_DS.

APPROX_QUANTILE_DS

APPROX_QUANTILE_DS(expr, <NUMERIC>, [<NUMERIC>])

Function type: Aggregation

Computes approximate quantiles on a Quantiles sketch column or a regular numeric column.

APPROX_QUANTILE_FIXED_BUCKETS

APPROX_QUANTILE_FIXED_BUCKETS(expr, <NUMERIC>, <NUMERIC>, <NUMERIC>, <NUMERIC>, [<CHARACTER>])

Function type: Aggregation

Computes approximate quantiles on fixed buckets histogram column or a regular numeric column.

ARRAY[]

ARRAY[expr1, expr2, ...]

Function type: Array

Constructs a SQL ARRAY literal from the expression arguments. The arguments must be of the same type.

ARRAY_AGG

ARRAY_AGG([DISTINCT] expr, [<NUMERIC>])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns an array of all values of the specified expression.

ARRAY_APPEND

ARRAY_APPEND(arr1, expr)

Function type: Array

Appends expr to arr, the resulting array type determined by the type of arr1.

ARRAY_CONCAT

ARRAY_CONCAT(arr1, arr2)

Function type: Array

Concatenates arr2 to arr1. The resulting array type is determined by the type of arr1.|

ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG

ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG([DISTINCT] expr, [<NUMERIC>])

Function type: Aggregation

Concatenates array inputs into a single array.

ARRAY_CONTAINS

ARRAY_CONTAINS(arr, expr)

Function type: Array

If expr is a scalar type, returns true if arr contains expr. If expr is an array, returns 1 if arr contains all elements of expr. Otherwise returns false.

ARRAY_LENGTH

ARRAY_LENGTH(arr)

Function type: Array

Returns length of the array expression.

ARRAY_OFFSET

ARRAY_OFFSET(arr, long)

Function type: Array

Returns the array element at the 0-based index supplied, or null for an out of range index.

ARRAY_OFFSET_OF

ARRAY_OFFSET_OF(arr, expr)

Function type: Array

Returns the 0-based index of the first occurrence of expr in the array. If no matching elements exist in the array, returns null or -1 if druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull=true (deprecated legacy mode).

ARRAY_ORDINAL

Function type: Array

ARRAY_ORDINAL(arr, long)

Returns the array element at the 1-based index supplied, or null for an out of range index.

ARRAY_ORDINAL_OF

ARRAY_ORDINAL_OF(arr, expr)

Function type: Array

Returns the 1-based index of the first occurrence of expr in the array. If no matching elements exist in the array, returns null or -1 if druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull=true (deprecated legacy mode).

ARRAY_OVERLAP

ARRAY_OVERLAP(arr1, arr2)

Function type: Array

Returns true if arr1 and arr2 have any elements in common, else false.

SCALAR_IN_ARRAY

SCALAR_IN_ARRAY(expr, arr)

Function type: Array

Returns true if the scalar expr is present in arr. Otherwise, returns false if the scalar expr is non-null or UNKNOWN if the scalar expr is NULL.

Returns UNKNOWN if arr is NULL.

ARRAY_PREPEND

ARRAY_PREPEND(expr, arr)

Function type: Array

Prepends expr to arr at the beginning, the resulting array type determined by the type of arr.

ARRAY_SLICE

ARRAY_SLICE(arr, start, end)

Function type: Array

Returns the subarray of arr from the 0-based index start (inclusive) to end (exclusive). Returns null, if start is less than 0, greater than length of arr, or greater than end.

ARRAY_TO_MV

ARRAY_TO_MV(arr)

Function type: Array

Converts an ARRAY of any type into a multi-value string VARCHAR.

ARRAY_TO_STRING

ARRAY_TO_STRING(arr, str)

Function type: Array

Joins all elements of arr by the delimiter specified by str.

ASIN

Calculates the arc sine (arcsine) of a numeric expression.

Syntax: ASIN(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the arc sine of 1.

SELECT ASIN(1) AS "arc_sine"

Returns the following:

`arc_sine`
`1.5707963267948966`

Learn more

ATAN

Calculates the arc tangent (arctangent) of a numeric expression.

Syntax: ATAN(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the arc tangent of 1.

SELECT ATAN(1) AS "arc_tangent"

Returns the following:

`arc_tangent`
`0.7853981633974483`

Learn more

ATAN2

Calculates the arc tangent (arctangent) of a specified x and y coordinate.

Syntax: ATAN2(x, y)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the arc tangent of the coordinate (1, -1)

SELECT ATAN2(1,-1) AS "arc_tangent_2"

Returns the following:

`arc_tangent_2`
`2.356194490192345`

Learn more

AVG

AVG(<NUMERIC>)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the average of a set of values.

BIT_AND

BIT_AND(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Performs a bitwise AND operation on all input values.

BIT_OR

BIT_OR(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Performs a bitwise OR operation on all input values.

BIT_XOR

BIT_XOR(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Performs a bitwise XOR operation on all input values.

BITWISE_AND

Returns the bitwise AND between two expressions: expr1 & expr2.

Syntax: BITWISE_AND(expr1, expr2)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise AND operation 12 & 10.

SELECT BITWISE_AND(12, 10) AS "bitwise_and"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_and`
8

Learn more

BITWISE_COMPLEMENT

Returns the bitwise complement (bitwise not) for the expression: ~expr.

Syntax: BITWISE_COMPLEMENT(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise complement operation ~12.

SELECT BITWISE_COMPLEMENT(12) AS "bitwise_complement"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_complement`
-13

Learn more

BITWISE_CONVERT_DOUBLE_TO_LONG_BITS

Converts the bits of an IEEE 754 floating-point double value to long.

Syntax:BITWISE_CONVERT_DOUBLE_TO_LONG_BITS(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example returns the IEEE 754 floating-point double representation of 255 as a long.

SELECT BITWISE_CONVERT_DOUBLE_TO_LONG_BITS(255) AS "ieee_754_double_to_long"

Returns the following:

`ieee_754_double_to_long`
`4643176031446892544`

Learn more

BITWISE_CONVERT_LONG_BITS_TO_DOUBLE

Converts a long to the IEEE 754 floating-point double specified by the bits stored in the long.

Syntax:BITWISE_CONVERT_LONG_BITS_TO_DOUBLE(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example returns the long representation of 4643176031446892544 as an IEEE 754 floating-point double.

SELECT BITWISE_CONVERT_LONG_BITS_TO_DOUBLE(4643176031446892544) AS "long_to_ieee_754_double"

Returns the following:

`long_to_ieee_754_double`
`255`

Learn more

BITWISE_OR

Returns the bitwise OR between the two expressions: expr1 | expr2.

Syntax: BITWISE_OR(expr1, expr2)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise OR operation 12 | 10.

SELECT BITWISE_OR(12, 10) AS "bitwise_or"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_or`
`14`

Learn more

BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT

Returns the bitwise left shift by x positions of an expr: expr << x.

Syntax: BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT(expr, x)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise SHIFT operation 2 << 3.

SELECT BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT(2, 3) AS "bitwise_shift_left"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_shift_left`
`16`

Learn more

BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT

Returns the bitwise right shift by x positions of an expr: expr >> x.

Syntax: BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT(expr, x)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise SHIFT operation 16 >> 3.

SELECT BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT(16, 3) AS "bitwise_shift_right"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_shift_right`
`2`

Learn more

BITWISE_XOR

Returns the bitwise exclusive OR between the two expressions: expr1 ^ expr2.

Syntax: BITWISE_XOR(expr1, expr2)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example performs the bitwise XOR operation 12 ^ 10.

SELECT BITWISE_XOR(12, 10) AS "bitwise_xor"

Returns the following:

`bitwise_xor`
`6`

Learn more

BLOOM_FILTER

BLOOM_FILTER(expr, <NUMERIC>)

Function type: Aggregation

Computes a Bloom filter from values produced by the specified expression.

BLOOM_FILTER_TEST

BLOOM_FILTER_TEST(expr, <STRING>)

Function type: Scalar, other

Returns true if the expression is contained in a Base64-serialized Bloom filter.

BTRIM

Trims characters from both the leading and trailing ends of an expression. Defaults chars to a space if none is provided.

Syntax: BTRIM(expr[, chars])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example trims the _ characters from both ends of the string expression.

SELECT 
  '___abc___' AS "original_string",
  BTRIM('___abc___', '_') AS "trim_both_ends"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`trim_both_ends`
`___abc___`	`abc`

Learn more

CASE

CASE expr WHEN value1 THEN result1 \[ WHEN value2 THEN result2 ... \] \[ ELSE resultN \] END

Function type: Scalar, other

Returns a result based on a given condition.

CAST

CAST(value AS TYPE)

Function type: Scalar, other

Converts a value into the specified data type.

CEIL (date and time)

CEIL(<TIMESTAMP> TO <TIME_UNIT>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Rounds up a timestamp by a given time unit.

CEIL (numeric)

Calculates the smallest integer value greater than or equal to the numeric expression.

Syntax: CEIL(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example applies the CEIL function to the fare_amount column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "fare_amount" AS "fare_amount",
  CEIL("fare_amount") AS "ceiling_fare_amount"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`fare_amount`	`ceiling_fare_amount`
`21.25`	`22`

Learn more

CHAR_LENGTH

Alias for LENGTH.

Syntax: CHAR_LENGTH(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Learn more

CHARACTER_LENGTH

Alias for LENGTH.

Syntax: CHARACTER_LENGTH(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Learn more

COALESCE

COALESCE(expr, expr, ...)

Function type: Scalar, other

Returns the first non-null value.

CONCAT

Concatenates a list of expressions.

Syntax: CONCAT(expr[, expr,...])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example concatenates the OriginCityName column from flight-carriers, the string to, and the DestCityName column from flight-carriers.

SELECT
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  "DestCityName" AS "destination_city",
  CONCAT("OriginCityName", ' to ', "DestCityName") AS "concatenate_flight_details"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`destination_city`	`concatenate_flight_details`
`San Juan, PR`	`Washington, DC`	`San Juan, PR to Washington, DC`

Learn more

CONTAINS_STRING

Returns true if str is a substring of expr, case-sensitive. Otherwise returns false.

Syntax: CONTAINS_STRING(expr, str)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns true if the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource contains the substring San.

SELECT
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  CONTAINS_STRING("OriginCityName", 'San') AS "contains_string"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`contains_string`
`San Juan, PR`	`true`
`Boston, MA`	`false`

Learn more

COS

Calculates the trigonometric cosine of an angle expressed in radians.

Syntax: COS(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the cosine of angle PI/3 radians.

SELECT COS(PI / 3) AS "cosine"

Returns the following:

`cosine`
`0.5000000000000001`

Learn more

COT

Calculates the trigonometric cotangent of an angle expressed in radians.

Syntax: COT(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the cotangent of angle PI/3 radians.

SELECT COT(PI / 3) AS "cotangent"

Returns the following:

`cotangent`
`0.577350269189626`

Learn more

COUNT

COUNT([DISTINCT] expr)

COUNT(*)

Function type: Aggregation

Counts the number of rows.

CUME_DIST

CUME_DIST()

Function type: Window

Returns the cumulative distribution of the current row within the window calculated as number of window rows at the same rank or higher than current row / total window rows. The return value ranges between 1/number of rows and 1.

CURRENT_DATE

Returns the current date in UTC time, unless you specify a different timezone in the query context.

Syntax: CURRENT_DATE
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example returns the current date.

SELECT CURRENT_DATE AS "current_date"

Returns the following:

`current_date`
`2024-08-14T00:00:00.000Z`

Learn more

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Returns the current timestamp in UTC time, unless you specify a different timezone in the query context.

Syntax: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example returns the current timestamp.

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS "current_timestamp"

Returns the following:

`current_timestamp`
`2024-08-14T21:30:13.793Z`

Learn more

DATE_TRUNC

Rounds down a timestamp by a given time unit.

Syntax: DATE_TRUNC(unit, timestamp_expr)
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example truncates a timestamp from the __time column from the taxi-trips datasource to the most recent decade.

SELECT 
  "__time" AS "original_timestamp",
  DATE_TRUNC('decade', "__time") AS "truncate_timestamp"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`original_timestamp`	`truncate_time`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z`

Learn more

DECODE_BASE64_COMPLEX

DECODE_BASE64_COMPLEX(dataType, expr)

Function type: Scalar, other

Decodes a Base64-encoded string into a complex data type, where dataType is the complex data type and expr is the Base64-encoded string to decode.

DECODE_BASE64_UTF8

Decodes a Base64-encoded string into a UTF-8 encoded string.

Syntax: DECODE_BASE64_UTF8(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example converts the base64 encoded string SGVsbG8gV29ybGQhCg== into an UTF-8 encoded string.

SELECT
  'SGVsbG8gV29ybGQhCg==' AS "base64_encoding",
  DECODE_BASE64_UTF8('SGVsbG8gV29ybGQhCg==') AS "convert_to_UTF8_encoding"

Returns the following:

`base64_encoding`	`convert_to_UTF8_encoding`
`SGVsbG8gV29ybGQhCg==`	`Hello World!`

Learn more

DEGREES

Converts an angle from radians to degrees.

Syntax: DEGREES(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example converts an angle of PI radians to degrees

SELECT DEGREES(PI) AS "degrees"

Returns the following:

`degrees`
`180`

Learn more

DENSE_RANK

DENSE_RANK()

Function type: Window

Returns the rank for a row within a window without gaps. For example, if two rows tie for a rank of 1, the subsequent row is ranked 2.

DIV

Returns the result of integer division of x by y.

Syntax: DIV(x, y)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

:::info

The DIV function is not implemented in Druid versions 30.0.0 or earlier. Consider using SAFE_DIVIDE instead.

:::

Learn more

DS_CDF

DS_CDF(expr, splitPoint0, splitPoint1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a string representing an approximation to the Cumulative Distribution Function given the specified bin definition.

DS_GET_QUANTILE

DS_GET_QUANTILE(expr, fraction)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns the quantile estimate corresponding to fraction from a quantiles sketch.

DS_GET_QUANTILES

DS_GET_QUANTILES(expr, fraction0, fraction1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a string representing an array of quantile estimates corresponding to a list of fractions from a quantiles sketch.

DS_HISTOGRAM

DS_HISTOGRAM(expr, splitPoint0, splitPoint1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a string representing an approximation to the histogram given the specified bin definition.

DS_HLL

DS_HLL(expr, [lgK, tgtHllType])

Function type: Aggregation

Creates an HLL sketch on a column containing HLL sketches or a regular column.

DS_QUANTILE_SUMMARY

DS_QUANTILE_SUMMARY(expr)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a string summary of a quantiles sketch.

DS_QUANTILES_SKETCH

DS_QUANTILES_SKETCH(expr, [k])

Function type: Aggregation

Creates a Quantiles sketch on a column containing Quantiles sketches or a regular column.

DS_RANK

DS_RANK(expr, value)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns an approximate rank between 0 and 1 of a given value, in which the rank signifies the fraction of the distribution less than the given value.

DS_THETA

DS_THETA(expr, [size])

Function type: Aggregation

Creates a Theta sketch on a column containing Theta sketches or a regular column.

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES(expr, [nominalEntries])

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES(dimensionColumnExpr, metricColumnExpr, ..., [nominalEntries])

Function type: Aggregation

Creates a Tuple sketch which contains an array of double values as the Summary Object. If the last value of the array is a numeric literal, Druid assumes that the value is an override parameter for nominal entries.

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_INTERSECT

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_INTERSECT(expr, ..., [nominalEntries])

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns an intersection of Tuple sketches which each contain an array of double values as their Summary Objects. The values contained in the Summary Objects are summed when combined. If the last value of the array is a numeric literal, Druid assumes that the value is an override parameter for nominal entries.

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_METRICS_SUM_ESTIMATE

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_METRICS_SUM_ESTIMATE(expr)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Computes approximate sums of the values contained within a Tuple sketch which contains an array of double values as the Summary Object.

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_NOT

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_NOT(expr, ..., [nominalEntries])

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a set difference of Tuple sketches which each contain an array of double values as their Summary Objects. The values contained in the Summary Object are preserved as is. If the last value of the array is a numeric literal, Druid assumes that the value is an override parameter for nominal entries.

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_UNION

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_UNION(expr, ..., [nominalEntries])

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a union of Tuple sketches which each contain an array of double values as their Summary Objects. The values contained in the Summary Objects are summed when combined. If the last value of the array is a numeric literal, Druid assumes that the value is an override parameter for nominal entries.

EARLIEST

EARLIEST(expr, [maxBytesPerValue])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the value of a numeric or string expression corresponding to the earliest __time value.

EARLIEST_BY

EARLIEST_BY(expr, timestampExpr, [maxBytesPerValue])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the value of a numeric or string expression corresponding to the earliest time value from timestampExpr.

EXP

Calculates e raised to the power of the numeric expression.

Syntax: EXP(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates e to the power of 1.

SELECT EXP(1) AS "exponential"

Returns the following:

`exponential`
`2.7182818284590455`

Learn more

EXTRACT

EXTRACT(<TIME_UNIT> FROM <TIMESTAMP>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Extracts the value of some unit of the timestamp, optionally from a certain time zone, and returns the number.

FIRST_VALUE

FIRST_VALUE(expr)

Function type: Window

Returns the value evaluated for the expression for the first row within the window.

FLOOR (date and time)

FLOOR(<TIMESTAMP> TO <TIME_UNIT>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Rounds down a timestamp by a given time unit.

FLOOR (numeric)

Calculates the largest integer less than or equal to the numeric expression.

Syntax: FLOOR(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example applies the FLOOR function to the fare_amount column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "fare_amount" AS "fare_amount",
  FLOOR("fare_amount") AS "floor_fare_amount"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`fare_amount`	`floor_fare_amount`
`21.25`	`21`

Learn more

GREATEST

GREATEST([expr1, ...])

Function type: Scalar, reduction

Returns the maximum value from the provided arguments.

GROUPING

GROUPING(expr, expr...)

Function type: Aggregation

Returns a number for each output row of a groupBy query, indicating whether the specified dimension is included for that row.

HLL_SKETCH_ESTIMATE

HLL_SKETCH_ESTIMATE(expr, [round])

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns the distinct count estimate from an HLL sketch.

HLL_SKETCH_ESTIMATE_WITH_ERROR_BOUNDS

HLL_SKETCH_ESTIMATE_WITH_ERROR_BOUNDS(expr, [numStdDev])

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns the distinct count estimate and error bounds from an HLL sketch.

HLL_SKETCH_TO_STRING

HLL_SKETCH_TO_STRING(expr)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a human-readable string representation of an HLL sketch.

HLL_SKETCH_UNION

HLL_SKETCH_UNION([lgK, tgtHllType], expr0, expr1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a union of HLL sketches.

HUMAN_READABLE_BINARY_BYTE_FORMAT

Converts an integer byte size into human-readable IEC format.

Syntax: HUMAN_READABLE_BINARY_BYTE_FORMAT(value[, precision])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example converts 1000000 into IEC format.

  SELECT HUMAN_READABLE_BINARY_BYTE_FORMAT(1000000, 2) AS "iec_format"

Returns the following:

`iec_format`
`976.56 KiB`

Learn more

HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_BYTE_FORMAT

Converts a byte size into human-readable SI format.

Syntax: HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_BYTE_FORMAT(value[, precision])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example converts 1000000 into SI format.

SELECT HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_BYTE_FORMAT(1000000, 2) AS "si_format"

Returns the following:

`si_format`
`1.00 MB`

Learn more

HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_FORMAT

Converts a byte size into human-readable SI format with single-character units.

Syntax: HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_FORMAT(value[, precision])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example converts 1000000 into single character SI format.

SELECT HUMAN_READABLE_DECIMAL_FORMAT(1000000, 2) AS "single_character_si_format"

Returns the following:

`single_character_si_format`
`1.00 M`

Learn more

ICONTAINS_STRING

Returns true if str is a substring of expr, case-insensitive. Otherwise returns false.

Syntax: ICONTAINS_STRING(expr, str)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns true if the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource contains the case-insensitive substring san.

SELECT
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  ICONTAINS_STRING("OriginCityName", 'san') AS "contains_case_insensitive_string"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`contains_case_insensitive_string`
`San Juan, PR`	`true`
`Boston, MA`	`false`

Learn more

IPV4_MATCH

IPV4_MATCH(address, subnet)

Function type: Scalar, IP address

Returns true if the IPv4 address belongs to the subnet literal, else false.

IPV4_PARSE

IPV4_PARSE(address)

Function type: Scalar, IP address

Parses address into an IPv4 address stored as an integer.

IPV4_STRINGIFY

IPV4_STRINGIFY(address)

Function type: Scalar, IP address

Converts address into an IPv4 address in dot-decimal notation.

IPV6_MATCH

IPV6_MATCH(address, subnet)

Function type: Scalar, IP address

Returns true if the IPv6 address belongs to the subnet literal, else false.

JSON_KEYS

Function type: JSON

JSON_KEYS(expr, path)

Returns an array of field names from expr at the specified path.

JSON_OBJECT

Function type: JSON

JSON_OBJECT(KEY expr1 VALUE expr2[, KEY expr3 VALUE expr4, ...])

Constructs a new COMPLEX<json> object. The KEY expressions must evaluate to string types. The VALUE expressions can be composed of any input type, including other COMPLEX<json> values. JSON_OBJECT can accept colon-separated key-value pairs. The following syntax is equivalent: JSON_OBJECT(expr1:expr2[, expr3:expr4, ...]).

JSON_PATHS

Function type: JSON

JSON_PATHS(expr)

Returns an array of all paths which refer to literal values in expr in JSONPath format.

JSON_QUERY

Function type: JSON

JSON_QUERY(expr, path)

Extracts a COMPLEX<json> value from expr, at the specified path.

JSON_QUERY_ARRAY

Function type: JSON

JSON_QUERY_ARRAY(expr, path)

Extracts an ARRAY<COMPLEX<json>> value from expr at the specified path. If value is not an ARRAY, it gets translated into a single element ARRAY containing the value at path. The primary use of this function is to extract arrays of objects to use as inputs to other array functions.

JSON_VALUE

Function type: JSON

JSON_VALUE(expr, path [RETURNING sqlType])

Extracts a literal value from expr at the specified path. If you specify RETURNING and an SQL type name (such as VARCHAR, BIGINT, DOUBLE, etc) the function plans the query using the suggested type. Otherwise, it attempts to infer the type based on the context. If it can't infer the type, it defaults to VARCHAR.

LAG

LAG(expr[, offset])

Function type: Window

If you do not supply an offset, returns the value evaluated at the row preceding the current row. Specify an offset number n to return the value evaluated at n rows preceding the current one.

LAST_VALUE

LAST_VALUE(expr)

Function type: Window

Returns the value evaluated for the expression for the last row within the window.

LATEST

LATEST(expr, [maxBytesPerValue])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the value of a numeric or string expression corresponding to the latest __time value.

LATEST_BY

LATEST_BY(expr, timestampExpr, [maxBytesPerValue])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the value of a numeric or string expression corresponding to the latest time value from timestampExpr.

LEAD

LEAD(expr[, offset])

Function type: Window

If you do not supply an offset, returns the value evaluated at the row following the current row. Specify an offset number n to return the value evaluated at n rows following the current one; if there is no such row, returns the given default value.

LEAST

LEAST([expr1, ...])

Function type: Scalar, reduction

Returns the minimum value from the provided arguments.

LEFT

Returns the N leftmost characters of an expression, where N is an integer value.

Syntax: LEFT(expr, N)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the 3 leftmost characters of the expression ABCDEFG.

SELECT
  'ABCDEFG' AS "expression",
  LEFT('ABCDEFG', 3) AS "leftmost_characters"

Returns the following:

`expression`	`leftmost_characters`
`ABCDEFG`	`ABC`

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LENGTH

Returns the length of the expression in UTF-16 code units.

Syntax: LENGTH(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the character length of the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city_name",
  LENGTH("OriginCityName") AS "city_name_length"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_city_name`	`city_name_length`
`San Juan, PR`	`12`

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LN

Calculates the natural logarithm of the numeric expression.

Syntax: LN(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example applies the LN function to the max_temperature column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "max_temperature" AS "max_temperature",
  LN("max_temperature") AS "natural_log_max_temp"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`max_temperature`	`natural_log_max_temp`
`76`	`4.330733340286331`

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LOG10

Calculates the base-10 logarithm of the numeric expression.

Syntax: LOG10(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example applies the LOG10 function to the max_temperature column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "max_temperature" AS "max_temperature",
  LOG10("max_temperature") AS "log10_max_temp"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`max_temperature`	`log10_max_temp`
`76`	`1.8808135922807914`

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LOOKUP

Searches for expr in a registered query-time lookup table named lookupName and returns the mapped value. If expr is null or not contained in the lookup, returns defaultValue if supplied, otherwise returns null.

Syntax: LOOKUP(expr, lookupName[, defaultValue])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example uses a map type lookup table named code_to_name, which contains the following key-value pairs:

{
  "SJU": "Luis Munoz Marin International Airport",
  "IAD": "Dulles International Airport"
}

The example uses code_to_name to map the Origin column from the flight-carriers datasource to the corresponding full airport name. Returns key not found if no matching key exists in the lookup table.

SELECT 
  "Origin" AS "origin_airport",
  LOOKUP("Origin", 'code_to_name','key not found') AS "full_airport_name"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`origin_airport`	`full_airport_name`
`SJU`	`Luis Munoz Marin International Airport`
`BOS`	`key not found`

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LOWER

Returns the expression in lowercase.

Syntax: LOWER(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example converts the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource to lowercase.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  LOWER("OriginCityName") AS "lowercase"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`lowercase`
`San Juan, PR`	`san juan, pr`

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LPAD

Returns a string of size length from expr. When the length of expr is less than length, left pads expr with chars, which defaults to the space character. Truncates expr to length if length is shorter than the length of expr.

Syntax: LPAD(expr, length[, chars])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example left pads the value of OriginStateName from the flight-carriers datasource to return a total of 11 characters.

SELECT 
  "OriginStateName" AS "origin_state",
  LPAD("OriginStateName", 11, '+') AS "add_left_padding"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 3

Returns the following:

`origin_state`	`add_left_padding`
`Puerto Rico`	`Puerto Rico`
`Massachusetts`	`Massachuset`
`Florida`	`++++Florida`

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LTRIM

Trims characters from the leading end of an expression. Defaults chars to a space if none is provided.

Syntax: LTRIM(expr[, chars])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example trims the _ characters from the leading end of the string expression.

SELECT 
  '___abc___' AS "original_string",
  LTRIM('___abc___', '_') AS "trim_leading_end_of_expression"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`trim_leading_end_of_expression`
`___abc___`	`abc___`

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MAX

MAX(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the maximum value of a set of values.

MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP

MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(millis_expr)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Converts a number of milliseconds since epoch into a timestamp.

MIN

MIN(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the minimum value of a set of values.

MOD

Calculates x modulo y, or the remainder of x divided by y. Where x and y are numeric expressions.

Syntax: MOD(x, y)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following calculates 78 MOD 10.

SELECT MOD(78, 10) as "modulo"

Returns the following:

`modulo`
`8`

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MV_APPEND

MV_APPEND(arr1, expr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Adds the expression to the end of the array.

MV_CONCAT

MV_CONCAT(arr1, arr2)

Function type: Multi-value string

Concatenates two arrays.

MV_CONTAINS

MV_CONTAINS(arr, expr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns true if the expression is in the array, false otherwise.

MV_FILTER_NONE

MV_FILTER_NONE(expr, arr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Filters a multi-value expression to include no values contained in the array.

MV_FILTER_ONLY

MV_FILTER_ONLY(expr, arr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Filters a multi-value expression to include only values contained in the array.

MV_LENGTH

MV_LENGTH(arr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns the length of an array expression.

MV_OFFSET

MV_OFFSET(arr, long)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns the array element at the given zero-based index.

MV_OFFSET_OF

MV_OFFSET_OF(arr, expr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns the zero-based index of the first occurrence of a given expression in the array.

MV_ORDINAL

MV_ORDINAL(arr, long)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns the array element at the given one-based index.

MV_ORDINAL_OF

MV_ORDINAL_OF(arr, expr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns the one-based index of the first occurrence of a given expression.

MV_OVERLAP

MV_OVERLAP(arr1, arr2)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns true if the two arrays have any elements in common, false otherwise.

MV_PREPEND

MV_PREPEND(expr, arr)

Function type: Multi-value string

Adds the expression to the beginning of the array.

MV_SLICE

MV_SLICE(arr, start, end)

Function type: Multi-value string

Returns a slice of the array from the zero-based start and end indexes.

MV_TO_ARRAY

MV_TO_ARRAY(str)

Function type: Multi-value string

Converts a multi-value string from a VARCHAR to a VARCHAR ARRAY.

MV_TO_STRING

MV_TO_STRING(arr, str)

Function type: Multi-value string

Joins all elements of the array together by the given delimiter.

NTILE

NTILE(tiles)

Function type: Window

Divides the rows within a window as evenly as possible into the number of tiles, also called buckets, and returns the value of the tile that the row falls into.

NULLIF

NULLIF(value1, value2)

Function type: Scalar, other

Returns NULL if two values are equal, else returns the first value.

NVL

NVL(e1, e2)

Function type: Scalar, other

Returns e2 if e1 is null, else returns e1.

PARSE_JSON

Function type: JSON

PARSE_JSON(expr)

Parses expr into a COMPLEX<json> object. This operator deserializes JSON values when processing them, translating stringified JSON into a nested structure. If the input is not a VARCHAR or it is invalid JSON, this function will result in an error.

PARSE_LONG

Converts a string into a long(BIGINT) with the given radix, or into DECIMAL(base 10) if a radix is not provided.

Syntax:PARSE_LONG(string[, radix])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example converts the string representation of the binary, radix 2, number 1100 into its long (BIGINT) equivalent.

SELECT 
  '1100' AS "binary_as_string", 
  PARSE_LONG('1110', 2) AS "bigint_value"

Returns the following:

`binary_as_string`	`bigint_value`
`1100`	`14`

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PERCENT_RANK

PERCENT_RANK()

Function type: Window

Returns the relative rank of the row calculated as a percentage according to the formula: RANK() OVER (window) / COUNT(1) OVER (window).

POSITION

Returns the one-based index position of a substring within an expression, optionally starting from a given one-based index. If substring is not found, returns 0.

Syntax: POSITION(substring IN expr [FROM startingIndex])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the one-based index of the substring PR in the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource starting from index 5.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  POSITION('PR' IN "OriginCityName" FROM 5) AS "index"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`index`
`San Juan, PR`	`11`
`Boston, MA`	`0`

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POWER

Calculates a numerical expression raised to the specified power.

Syntax: POWER(base, exponent)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example raises 5 to the power of 2.

SELECT POWER(5, 2) AS "power"

Returns the following:

`power`
`25`

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RADIANS

Converts an angle from degrees to radians.

Syntax: RADIANS(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example converts an angle of 180 degrees to radians

SELECT RADIANS(180) AS "radians"

Returns the following:

`radians`
`3.141592653589793`

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RANK

RANK()

Function type: Window

Returns the rank with gaps for a row within a window. For example, if two rows tie for rank 1, the next rank is 3.

REGEXP_EXTRACT

Apply regular expression pattern to expr and extract the Nth capture group. If N is unspecified or zero, returns the first substring that matches the pattern. Returns null if there is no matching pattern.

Syntax: REGEXP_EXTRACT(expr, pattern[, N])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example uses regular expressions to find city names inside the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource by matching what comes before the comma.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  REGEXP_EXTRACT("OriginCityName", '([^,]+)', 0) AS "pattern_match"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`pattern_match`
`San Juan, PR`	`San Juan`

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REGEXP_LIKE

Returns true if the regular expression pattern finds a match in expr. Returns false otherwise.

Syntax: REGEXP_LIKE(expr, pattern)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns true when the OriginCityName column from flight-carriers has a city name containing a space.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  REGEXP_LIKE("OriginCityName", '[A-Za-z]+\s[A-Za-z]+') AS "pattern_found"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`pattern_found`
`San Juan, PR`	`true`
`Boston, MA`	`false`

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REGEXP_REPLACE

Replaces all occurrences of a regular expression in a string expression with a replacement string. Refer to capture groups in the replacement string using $group syntax. For example: $1 or $2.

Syntax: REGEXP_REPLACE(expr, pattern, replacement)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example matches three consecutive words, where each word is its own capture group, and replaces the matched words with the word in the second capture group punctuated with exclamation marks.

SELECT 
  'foo bar baz' AS "original_string",
  REGEXP_REPLACE('foo bar baz', '([A-Za-z]+) ([A-Za-z]+) ([A-Za-z]+)' , '$2!') AS "modified_string"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`modified_string`
`foo bar baz`	`bar!`

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REPEAT

Repeats the string expression N times, where N is an integer.

Syntax: REPEAT(expr, N)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the string expression abc repeated 3 times.

SELECT 
  'abc' AS "original_string",
  REPEAT('abc', 3) AS "with_repetition"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`with_repetition`
`abc`	`abcabcabc`

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REPLACE

Replaces instances of a substring with a replacement string in the given expression.

Syntax: REPLACE(expr, substring, replacement)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example replaces instances of the substring abc with XYZ.

SELECT 
  'abc 123 abc 123' AS "original_string",
   REPLACE('abc 123 abc 123', 'abc', 'XYZ') AS "modified_string"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`modified_string`
`abc 123 abc 123`	`XYZ 123 XYZ 123`

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REVERSE

Reverses the given expression.

Syntax: REVERSE(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example reverses the string expression abc.

SELECT 
  'abc' AS "original_string",
  REVERSE('abc') AS "reversal"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`reversal`
`abc`	`cba`

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RIGHT

Returns the N rightmost characters of an expression, where N is an integer value.

Syntax: RIGHT(expr, N)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the 3 rightmost characters of the expression ABCDEFG.

SELECT
  'ABCDEFG' AS "expression",
  RIGHT('ABCDEFG', 3) AS "rightmost_characters"

Returns the following:

`expression`	`rightmost_characters`
`ABCDEFG`	`EFG`

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ROUND

Calculates the rounded value for a numerical expression.

Syntax: ROUND(expr[, digits])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following applies the ROUND function to 0 decimal points on the pickup_longitude column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "pickup_longitude" AS "pickup_longitude",
  ROUND("pickup_longitude", 0) as "rounded_pickup_longitude"
FROM "taxi-trips"
WHERE "pickup_longitude" IS NOT NULL
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`pickup_longitude`	`rounded_pickup_longitude`
`-73.9377670288086`	`-74`

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ROW_NUMBER

ROW_NUMBER()

Function type: Window

Returns the number of the row within the window starting from 1.

RPAD

Returns a string of size length from expr. When the length of expr is less than length, right pads expr with chars, which defaults to the space character. Truncates expr to length if length is shorter than the length of expr.

Syntax: RPAD(expr, length[, chars])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example right pads the value of OriginStateName from the flight-carriers datasource to return a total of 11 characters.

SELECT 
  "OriginStateName" AS "origin_state",
  RPAD("OriginStateName", 11, '+') AS "add_right_padding"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 3

Returns the following:

`origin_state`	`add_right_padding`
`Puerto Rico`	`Puerto Rico`
`Massachusetts`	`Massachuset`
`Florida`	`Florida++++`

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RTRIM

Trims characters from the trailing end of an expression. Defaults chars to a space if none is provided.

Syntax: RTRIM(expr[, chars])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example trims the _ characters from the trailing end of the string expression.

SELECT 
  '___abc___' AS "original_string",
  RTRIM('___abc___', '_') AS "trim_end"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`trim_end`
`___abc___`	`___abc`

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SAFE_DIVIDE

Returns x divided by y, guarded on division by 0.

Syntax: SAFE_DIVIDE(x, y)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates divisions of integer 78 by integer 10.

SELECT SAFE_DIVIDE(78, 10) AS "safe_division"

Returns the following:

`safe_division`
`7`

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SIN

Calculates the trigonometric sine of an angle expressed in radians.

Syntax: SIN(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the sine of angle PI/3 radians.

SELECT SIN(PI / 3) AS "sine"

Returns the following:

`sine`
`0.8660254037844386`

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SQRT

Calculates the square root of a numeric expression.

Syntax: SQRT(<NUMERIC>)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the square root of 25.

SELECT SQRT(25) AS "square_root"

Returns the following:

`square_root`
`5`

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STDDEV

STDDEV(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Alias for STDDEV_SAMP.

STDDEV_POP

STDDEV_POP(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the population standard deviation of a set of values.

STDDEV_SAMP

STDDEV_SAMP(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the sample standard deviation of a set of values.

STRING_AGG

STRING_AGG(expr, separator, [size])

Function type: Aggregation

Collects all values of an expression into a single string.

STRING_TO_ARRAY

STRING_TO_ARRAY(str1, str2)

Function type: Array

Splits str1 into an array on the delimiter specified by str2, which is a regular expression.

STRING_FORMAT

Returns a string formatted in the manner of Java's String.format.

Syntax: STRING_FORMAT(pattern[, args...])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example uses Java String format to pass in Flight_Number_Reporting_Airline and origin_airport columns, from the flight-carriers datasource, as arguments into the string.

SELECT 
  "Flight_Number_Reporting_Airline" AS "flight_number",
  "Origin" AS "origin_airport",
  STRING_FORMAT('Flight No.%d departing from %s', "Flight_Number_Reporting_Airline", "Origin") AS "departure_announcement"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`flight_number`	`origin_airport`	`departure_announcement`
`314`	`SJU`	`Flight No.314 departing from SJU`

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STRING_TO_MV

STRING_TO_MV(str1, str2)

Function type: Multi-value string

Splits str1 into an multi-value string on the delimiter specified by str2, which is a regular expression.

STRLEN

Alias for LENGTH.

Syntax: STRLEN(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

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STRPOS

Returns the one-based index position of a substring within an expression. If substring is not found, returns 0.

Syntax: STRPOS(expr, substring)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example returns the one-based index position of World.

SELECT 
  'Hello World!' AS "original_string",
  STRPOS('Hello World!', 'World') AS "index"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`index`
`Hello World!`	`7`

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SUBSTR

Alias for SUBSTRING.

Syntax: SUBSTR(expr, index[, length])
Function type: Scalar, string

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SUBSTRING

Returns a substring of the expression starting at a given one-based index. If length is omitted, extracts characters to the end of the string, otherwise returns a substring of length characters.

Syntax: SUBSTRING(expr, index[, length])
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example extracts a substring from the string expression abcdefghi of length 3 starting at index 4

SELECT 
  'abcdefghi' AS "original_string",
  SUBSTRING('abcdefghi', 4, 3) AS "substring"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`substring`
`abcdefghi`	`def`

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SUM

SUM(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the sum of a set of values.

TAN

Calculates the trigonometric tangent of an angle expressed in radians.

Syntax: TAN(expr)
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following example calculates the tangent of angle PI/3 radians.

SELECT TAN(PI / 3) AS "tangent"

Returns the following:

`tangent`
`1.7320508075688767`

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TDIGEST_GENERATE_SKETCH

TDIGEST_GENERATE_SKETCH(expr, [compression])

Function type: Aggregation

Generates a T-digest sketch from values of the specified expression.

TDIGEST_QUANTILE

TDIGEST_QUANTILE(expr, quantileFraction, [compression])

Function type: Aggregation

Returns the quantile for the specified fraction from a T-Digest sketch constructed from values of the expression.

TEXTCAT

Concatenates two string expressions.

Syntax: TEXTCAT(expr, expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example concatenates the OriginState column from the flight-carriers datasource to , USA.

SELECT
  "OriginState" AS "origin_state",
  TEXTCAT("OriginState", ', USA') AS "concatenate_state_with_USA"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_state`	`concatenate_state_with_USA`
`PR`	`PR, USA`

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THETA_SKETCH_ESTIMATE

THETA_SKETCH_ESTIMATE(expr)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns the distinct count estimate from a Theta sketch.

THETA_SKETCH_ESTIMATE_WITH_ERROR_BOUNDS

THETA_SKETCH_ESTIMATE_WITH_ERROR_BOUNDS(expr, errorBoundsStdDev)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns the distinct count estimate and error bounds from a Theta sketch.

THETA_SKETCH_INTERSECT

THETA_SKETCH_INTERSECT([size], expr0, expr1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns an intersection of Theta sketches.

THETA_SKETCH_NOT

THETA_SKETCH_NOT([size], expr0, expr1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a set difference of Theta sketches.

THETA_SKETCH_UNION

THETA_SKETCH_UNION([size], expr0, expr1, ...)

Function type: Scalar, sketch

Returns a union of Theta sketches.

TIME_CEIL

Rounds up a timestamp to a given ISO 8601 time period. You can specify origin to provide a reference timestamp from which to start rounding. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_CEIL(timestamp_expr, period[, origin[, timezone]])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example rounds up the __time column from the taxi-trips datasource to the nearest 45th minute in reference to the timestamp 2013-08-01 08:0:00.

SELECT 
  "__time" AS "original_timestamp",
  TIME_CEIL("__time", 'PT45M', TIMESTAMP '2013-08-01 08:0:00') AS "time_ceiling"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`original_timestamp`	`time_ceiling`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`2013-08-01T08:45:00.000Z`
`2013-08-01T09:13:00.000Z`	`2013-08-01T09:30:00.000Z`

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TIME_EXTRACT

Extracts the value of unit from the timestamp and returns it as a number. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_EXTRACT(timestamp_expr[, unit[, timezone]])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example extracts the hour from the __time column in the taxi-trips datasource and offsets its timezone by -04:00 hours.

SELECT 
  "__time" AS "original_timestamp",
  TIME_EXTRACT("__time", 'hour', '-04:00') AS "extract_hour"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`original_timestamp`	`extract_hour`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`4`
`2013-08-01T09:13:00.000Z`	`5`

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TIME_FLOOR

Rounds down a timestamp to a given ISO 8601 time period. You can specify origin to provide a reference timestamp from which to start rounding. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_FLOOR(timestamp_expr, period[, origin[, timezone]])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example rounds down the __time column from the taxi-trips datasource to the nearest 45th minute in reference to the timestamp 2013-08-01 08:0:00.

SELECT 
  "__time" AS "original_timestamp",
  TIME_FLOOR("__time", 'PT45M', TIMESTAMP '2013-08-01 08:0:00') AS "time_floor"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 2

Returns the following:

`original_timestamp`	`time_floor`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`2013-08-01T08:00:00.000Z`
`2013-08-01T09:13:00.000Z`	`2013-08-01T08:45:00.000Z`

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TIME_FORMAT

Formats a timestamp as a string in a provided Joda DateTimeFormat pattern. If no pattern is provided, pattern defaults to ISO 8601. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_FORMAT(timestamp_expr[, pattern[, timezone]])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example formats the __time column from the flight-carriers datasource into a string format and offsets the result's timezone by -05:00 hours.

SELECT
  "__time" AS "original_time",
TIME_FORMAT( "__time", 'dd-MM-YYYY hh:mm aa zzz', '-05:00') AS "string"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`original_time`	`string`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`01-08-2013 03:14 AM -05:00`

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TIME_IN_INTERVAL

TIME_IN_INTERVAL(<TIMESTAMP>, <CHARACTER>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Returns whether a timestamp is contained within a particular interval, formatted as a string.

TIME_PARSE

Parses a string into a timestamp using a given Joda DateTimeFormat pattern. If no pattern is provided, pattern defaults to ISO 8601. Returns NULL if string cannot be parsed. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_PARSE(string_expr[, pattern[, timezone]])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example parses the FlightDate STRING column from the flight-carriers datasource into a valid timestamp with an offset of -05:00 hours.

SELECT
  "FlightDate" AS "original_string",
  TIME_PARSE("FlightDate", 'YYYY-MM-dd', '-05:00') AS "timestamp"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`timestamp`
`2005-11-01`	`2005-11-01T05:00:00.000Z`

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TIME_SHIFT

Shifts a timestamp by a given number of time units. The period parameter can be any ISO 8601 period. The step parameter can be negative. If provided, timezone should be a time zone name like America/Los_Angeles or an offset like -08:00.

Syntax: TIME_SHIFT(timestamp_expr, period, step[, timezone])
Function type: Scalar, date and time

Example

The following example shifts the __time column from the taxi-trips datasource back by 24 hours.

SELECT
  "__time" AS "original_timestamp",
  TIME_SHIFT("__time", 'PT1H', -24) AS "shift_back"
FROM "taxi-trips"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`original_timestamp`	`shift_back`
`2013-08-01T08:14:37.000Z`	`2013-07-31T08:14:37.000Z`

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TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS

TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS(<TIMESTAMP>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Returns the number of milliseconds since epoch for the given timestamp.

TIMESTAMPADD

TIMESTAMPADD(<unit>, <count>, <TIMESTAMP>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Adds a certain amount of time to a given timestamp.

TIMESTAMPDIFF

TIMESTAMPDIFF(<unit>, <TIMESTAMP>, <TIMESTAMP>)

Function type: Scalar, date and time

Takes the difference between two timestamps, returning the results in the given units.

TO_JSON_STRING

Function type: JSON

TO_JSON_STRING(expr) Serializes expr into a JSON string.

TRIM

Trims the leading and/or trailing characters of an expression. Defaults chars to a space if none is provided. Defaults to BOTH if no directional argument is provided.

Syntax: TRIM([BOTH|LEADING|TRAILING] [chars FROM] expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example trims _ characters from both ends of the string expression.

SELECT 
  '___abc___' AS "original_string",
  TRIM( BOTH '_' FROM '___abc___') AS "trim_expression"

Returns the following:

`original_string`	`trim_expression`
`___abc___`	`abc`

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TRUNC

Alias for TRUNCATE.

Syntax: TRUNC(expr[, digits])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

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TRUNCATE

Truncates a numerical expression to a specific number of decimal digits.

Syntax: TRUNCATE(expr[, digits])
Function type: Scalar, numeric

Example

The following applies the TRUNCATE function to 1 decimal place on the pickup_longitude column from the taxi-trips datasource.

SELECT
  "pickup_longitude" as "pickup_longitude",
  TRUNCATE("pickup_longitude", 1) as "truncate_pickup_longitude"
FROM "taxi-trips"
WHERE "pickup_longitude" IS NOT NULL
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`pickup_longitude`	`truncate_pickup_longitude`
`-73.9377670288086`	`-73.9`

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TRY_PARSE_JSON

Function type: JSON

TRY_PARSE_JSON(expr)

UNNEST

UNNEST(source_expression) as table_alias_name(column_alias_name)

Unnests a source expression that includes arrays into a target column with an aliased name.

For more information, see UNNEST.

UPPER

Returns the expression in uppercase.

Syntax: UPPER(expr)
Function type: Scalar, string

Example

The following example converts the OriginCityName column from the flight-carriers datasource to uppercase.

SELECT 
  "OriginCityName" AS "origin_city",
  UPPER("OriginCityName") AS "uppercase"
FROM "flight-carriers"
LIMIT 1

Returns the following:

`origin_city`	`uppercase`
`San Juan, PR`	`SAN JUAN, PR`

Learn more

VAR_POP

VAR_POP(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the population variance of a set of values.

VAR_SAMP

VAR_SAMP(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Calculates the sample variance of a set of values.

VARIANCE

VARIANCE(expr)

Function type: Aggregation

Alias for VAR_SAMP.

73 KiB Raw Blame History

ABS

ACOS

ANY_VALUE

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_BUILTIN

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_HLL

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DS_THETA

APPROX_QUANTILE

APPROX_QUANTILE_DS

APPROX_QUANTILE_FIXED_BUCKETS

ARRAY[]

ARRAY_AGG

ARRAY_APPEND

ARRAY_CONCAT

ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG

ARRAY_CONTAINS

ARRAY_LENGTH

ARRAY_OFFSET

ARRAY_OFFSET_OF

ARRAY_ORDINAL

ARRAY_ORDINAL_OF

ARRAY_OVERLAP

SCALAR_IN_ARRAY

ARRAY_PREPEND

ARRAY_SLICE

ARRAY_TO_MV

ARRAY_TO_STRING

ASIN

ATAN

ATAN2

AVG

BIT_AND

BIT_OR

BIT_XOR

BITWISE_AND

BITWISE_COMPLEMENT

BITWISE_CONVERT_DOUBLE_TO_LONG_BITS

BITWISE_CONVERT_LONG_BITS_TO_DOUBLE

BITWISE_OR

BITWISE_SHIFT_LEFT

BITWISE_SHIFT_RIGHT

BITWISE_XOR

BLOOM_FILTER

BLOOM_FILTER_TEST

BTRIM

CASE

CAST

CEIL (date and time)

CEIL (numeric)

CHAR_LENGTH

CHARACTER_LENGTH

COALESCE

CONCAT

CONTAINS_STRING

COS

COT

COUNT

CUME_DIST

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

DATE_TRUNC

DECODE_BASE64_COMPLEX

DECODE_BASE64_UTF8

DEGREES

DENSE_RANK

DIV

DS_CDF

DS_GET_QUANTILE

DS_GET_QUANTILES

DS_HISTOGRAM

DS_HLL

DS_QUANTILE_SUMMARY

DS_QUANTILES_SKETCH

DS_RANK

DS_THETA

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_INTERSECT

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_METRICS_SUM_ESTIMATE

DS_TUPLE_DOUBLES_NOT

73 KiB

Raw Blame History