mirror of https://github.com/apache/druid.git
111 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
111 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
---
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id: sql-operators
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title: "Druid SQL Operators"
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sidebar_label: "Operators"
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---
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~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
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~ under the License.
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<!--
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The format of the tables that describe the functions and operators
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should not be changed without updating the script create-sql-docs
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in web-console/script/create-sql-docs, because the script detects
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patterns in this markdown file and parse it to TypeScript file for web console
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-->
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:::info
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Apache Druid supports two query languages: Druid SQL and [native queries](querying.md).
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This document describes the SQL language.
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:::
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Operators in [Druid SQL](./sql.md) typically operate on one or two values and return a result based on the values. Types of operators in Druid SQL include arithmetic, comparison, logical, and more, as described here.
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When performing math operations, Druid uses 64-bit integer (long) data type unless there are double or float values. If an operation uses float or double values, then the result is a double, which is a 64-bit float. The precision of float and double values is defined by [Java](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-5.html) and [the IEEE standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754).
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Keep the following guidelines in mind to help you manage precision issues:
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- Long values can store up to 2^63 accurately with an additional bit used for the sign.
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- Float values use 32 bits, and doubles use 64 bits. Both types are impacted by floating point precision. If you need exact decimal values, consider storing the number in a non-decimal format as a long value (up to the limit for longs). For example, if you need three decimal places, store the number multiplied by 1000 and then divide by 1000 when querying.
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## Arithmetic operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x + y` |Add|
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|`x - y` |Subtract|
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|`x * y` |Multiply|
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|`x / y` |Divide|
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## Datetime arithmetic operators
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For the datetime arithmetic operators, `interval_expr` can include interval literals like `INTERVAL '2' HOUR`.
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This operator treats days as uniformly 86400 seconds long, and does not take into account daylight savings time.
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To account for daylight savings time, use the [`TIME_SHIFT` function](sql-scalar.md#date-and-time-functions).
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Also see [`TIMESTAMPADD`](sql-scalar.md#date-and-time-functions) for datetime arithmetic.
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`timestamp_expr + interval_expr`|Add an amount of time to a timestamp.|
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|`timestamp_expr - interval_expr`|Subtract an amount of time from a timestamp.|
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## Concatenation operator
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Also see the [CONCAT function](sql-scalar.md#string-functions).
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|<code>x || y</code>|Concatenate strings `x` and `y`.|
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## Comparison operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x = y` |Equal to|
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|`x IS NOT DISTINCT FROM y`|Equal to, considering `NULL` as a value. Never returns `NULL`.|
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|`x <> y`|Not equal to|
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|`x IS DISTINCT FROM y`|Not equal to, considering `NULL` as a value. Never returns `NULL`.|
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|`x > y` |Greater than|
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|`x >= y`|Greater than or equal to|
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|`x < y` |Less than|
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|`x <= y`|Less than or equal to|
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## Logical operators
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|Operator|Description|
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|--------|-----------|
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|`x AND y`|Boolean AND|
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|`x OR y`|Boolean OR|
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|`NOT x`|Boolean NOT|
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|`x IS NULL`|True if _x_ is NULL or empty string|
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|`x IS NOT NULL`|True if _x_ is neither NULL nor empty string|
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|`x IS TRUE`|True if _x_ is true|
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|`x IS NOT TRUE`|True if _x_ is not true|
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|`x IS FALSE`|True if _x_ is false|
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|`x IS NOT FALSE`|True if _x_ is not false|
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|`x BETWEEN y AND z`|Equivalent to `x >= y AND x <= z`|
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|`x NOT BETWEEN y AND z`|Equivalent to `x < y OR x > z`|
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|`x LIKE pattern [ESCAPE esc]`|True if _x_ matches a SQL LIKE pattern (with an optional escape)|
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|`x NOT LIKE pattern [ESCAPE esc]`|True if _x_ does not match a SQL LIKE pattern (with an optional escape)|
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|`x IN (values)`|True if _x_ is one of the listed values|
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|`x NOT IN (values)`|True if _x_ is not one of the listed values|
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|`x IN (subquery)`|True if _x_ is returned by the subquery. This will be translated into a join; see [Query translation](sql-translation.md) for details.|
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|`x NOT IN (subquery)`|True if _x_ is not returned by the subquery. This will be translated into a join; see [Query translation](sql-translation.md) for details.|
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