druid/docs/content/misc/math-expr.md

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doc_page Apache Druid (incubating) Expressions

Apache Druid (incubating) Expressions

This feature is still experimental. It has not been optimized for performance yet, and its implementation is known to have significant inefficiencies.

This expression language supports the following operators (listed in decreasing order of precedence).

Operators Description
!, - Unary NOT and Minus
^ Binary power op
*, /, % Binary multiplicative
+, - Binary additive
<, <=, >, >=, ==, != Binary Comparison
&&, | Binary Logical AND, OR

Long, double, and string data types are supported. If a number contains a dot, it is interpreted as a double, otherwise it is interpreted as a long. That means, always add a '.' to your number if you want it interpreted as a double value. String literals should be quoted by single quotation marks.

Additionally, the expression language supports long, double, and string arrays. Array literals are created by wrapping square brackets around a list of scalar literals values delimited by a comma or space character. All values in an array literal must be the same type.

Expressions can contain variables. Variable names may contain letters, digits, '_' and '$'. Variable names must not begin with a digit. To escape other special characters, you can quote it with double quotation marks.

For logical operators, a number is true if and only if it is positive (0 or negative value means false). For string type, it's the evaluation result of 'Boolean.valueOf(string)'.

Multi-value string dimensions are supported and may be treated as either scalar or array typed values. When treated as a scalar type, an expression will automatically be transformed to apply the scalar operation across all values of the multi-valued type, to mimic Druid's native behavior. Values that result in arrays will be coerced back into the native Druid string type for aggregation. Druid aggregations on multi-value string dimensions on the individual values, not the 'array', behaving similar to the unnest operator available in many SQL dialects. However, by using the array_to_string function, aggregations may be done on a stringified version of the complete array, allowing the complete row to be preserved. Using string_to_array in an expression post-aggregator, allows transforming the stringified dimension back into the true native array type.

The following built-in functions are available.

General functions

name description
cast cast(expr,'LONG' or 'DOUBLE' or 'STRING' or 'LONG_ARRAY', or 'DOUBLE_ARRAY' or 'STRING_ARRAY') returns expr with specified type. exception can be thrown. Scalar types may be cast to array types and will take the form of a single element list (null will still be null).
if if(predicate,then,else) returns 'then' if 'predicate' evaluates to a positive number, otherwise it returns 'else'
nvl nvl(expr,expr-for-null) returns 'expr-for-null' if 'expr' is null (or empty string for string type)
like like(expr, pattern[, escape]) is equivalent to SQL expr LIKE pattern
case_searched case_searched(expr1, result1, [[expr2, result2, ...], else-result])
case_simple case_simple(expr, value1, result1, [[value2, result2, ...], else-result])
bloom_filter_test bloom_filter_test(expr, filter) tests the value of 'expr' against 'filter', a bloom filter serialized as a base64 string. See bloom filter extension documentation for additional details.

String functions

name description
concat concat(expr, expr...) concatenate a list of strings
format format(pattern[, args...]) returns a string formatted in the manner of Java's String.format.
like like(expr, pattern[, escape]) is equivalent to SQL expr LIKE pattern
lookup lookup(expr, lookup-name) looks up expr in a registered query-time lookup
parse_long parse_long(string[, radix]) parses a string as a long with the given radix, or 10 (decimal) if a radix is not provided.
regexp_extract regexp_extract(expr, pattern[, index]) applies a regular expression pattern and extracts a capture group index, or null if there is no match. If index is unspecified or zero, returns the substring that matched the pattern.
replace replace(expr, pattern, replacement) replaces pattern with replacement
substring substring(expr, index, length) behaves like java.lang.String's substring
right right(expr, length) returns the rightmost length characters from a string
left left(expr, length) returns the leftmost length characters from a string
strlen strlen(expr) returns length of a string in UTF-16 code units
strpos strpos(haystack, needle[, fromIndex]) returns the position of the needle within the haystack, with indexes starting from 0. The search will begin at fromIndex, or 0 if fromIndex is not specified. If the needle is not found then the function returns -1.
trim trim(expr[, chars]) remove leading and trailing characters from expr if they are present in chars. chars defaults to ' ' (space) if not provided.
ltrim ltrim(expr[, chars]) remove leading characters from expr if they are present in chars. chars defaults to ' ' (space) if not provided.
rtrim rtrim(expr[, chars]) remove trailing characters from expr if they are present in chars. chars defaults to ' ' (space) if not provided.
lower lower(expr) converts a string to lowercase
upper upper(expr) converts a string to uppercase
reverse reverse(expr) reverses a string
repeat repeat(expr, N) repeats a string N times
lpad lpad(expr, length, chars) returns a string of length from expr left-padded with chars. If length is shorter than the length of expr, the result is expr which is truncated to length. If either expr or chars are null, the result will be null.
rpad rpad(expr, length, chars) returns a string of length from expr right-padded with chars. If length is shorter than the length of expr, the result is expr which is truncated to length. If either expr or chars are null, the result will be null.

Time functions

name description
timestamp timestamp(expr[,format-string]) parses string expr into date then returns milli-seconds from java epoch. without 'format-string' it's regarded as ISO datetime format
unix_timestamp same with 'timestamp' function but returns seconds instead
timestamp_ceil timestamp_ceil(expr, period, [origin, [timezone]]) rounds up a timestamp, returning it as a new timestamp. Period can be any ISO8601 period, like P3M (quarters) or PT12H (half-days). The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00".
timestamp_floor timestamp_floor(expr, period, [origin, [timezone]]) rounds down a timestamp, returning it as a new timestamp. Period can be any ISO8601 period, like P3M (quarters) or PT12H (half-days). The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00".
timestamp_shift timestamp_shift(expr, period, step, [timezone]) shifts a timestamp by a period (step times), returning it as a new timestamp. Period can be any ISO8601 period. Step may be negative. The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00".
timestamp_extract timestamp_extract(expr, unit, [timezone]) extracts a time part from expr, returning it as a number. Unit can be EPOCH (number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC), SECOND, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY (day of month), DOW (day of week), DOY (day of year), WEEK (week of week year), MONTH (1 through 12), QUARTER (1 through 4), or YEAR. The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00"
timestamp_parse timestamp_parse(string expr, [pattern, [timezone]]) parses a string into a timestamp using a given Joda DateTimeFormat pattern. If the pattern is not provided, this parses time strings in either ISO8601 or SQL format. The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00", and will be used as the time zone for strings that do not include a time zone offset. Pattern and time zone must be literals. Strings that cannot be parsed as timestamps will be returned as nulls.
timestamp_format timestamp_format(expr, [pattern, [timezone]]) formats a timestamp as a string with a given Joda DateTimeFormat pattern, or ISO8601 if the pattern is not provided. The time zone, if provided, should be a time zone name like "America/Los_Angeles" or offset like "-08:00". Pattern and time zone must be literals.

Math functions

See javadoc of java.lang.Math for detailed explanation for each function.

name description
abs abs(x) would return the absolute value of x
acos acos(x) would return the arc cosine of x
asin asin(x) would return the arc sine of x
atan atan(x) would return the arc tangent of x
atan2 atan2(y, x) would return the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar * coordinates (r, theta)
cbrt cbrt(x) would return the cube root of x
ceil ceil(x) would return the smallest (closest to negative infinity) double value that is greater than or equal to x and is equal to a mathematical integer
copysign copysign(x) would return the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument
cos cos(x) would return the trigonometric cosine of x
cosh cosh(x) would return the hyperbolic cosine of x
cot cot(x) would return the trigonometric cotangent of an angle x
div div(x,y) is integer division of x by y
exp exp(x) would return Euler's number raised to the power of x
expm1 expm1(x) would return e^x-1
floor floor(x) would return the largest (closest to positive infinity) double value that is less than or equal to x and is equal to a mathematical integer
getExponent getExponent(x) would return the unbiased exponent used in the representation of x
hypot hypot(x, y) would return sqrt(x^2+y^2) without intermediate overflow or underflow
log log(x) would return the natural logarithm of x
log10 log10(x) would return the base 10 logarithm of x
log1p log1p(x) would the natural logarithm of x + 1
max max(x, y) would return the greater of two values
min min(x, y) would return the smaller of two values
nextafter nextafter(x, y) would return the floating-point number adjacent to the x in the direction of the y
nextUp nextUp(x) would return the floating-point value adjacent to x in the direction of positive infinity
pi pi would return the constant value of the π
pow pow(x, y) would return the value of the x raised to the power of y
remainder remainder(x, y) would return the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard
rint rint(x) would return value that is closest in value to x and is equal to a mathematical integer
round round(x, y) would return the value of the x rounded to the y decimal places. While x can be an integer or floating-point number, y must be an integer. The type of the return value is specified by that of x. y defaults to 0 if omitted. When y is negative, x is rounded on the left side of the y decimal points.
scalb scalb(d, sf) would return d * 2^sf rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set
signum signum(x) would return the signum function of the argument x
sin sin(x) would return the trigonometric sine of an angle x
sinh sinh(x) would return the hyperbolic sine of x
sqrt sqrt(x) would return the correctly rounded positive square root of x
tan tan(x) would return the trigonometric tangent of an angle x
tanh tanh(x) would return the hyperbolic tangent of x
todegrees todegrees(x) converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees
toradians toradians(x) converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians
ulp ulp(x) would return the size of an ulp of the argument x

Array Functions

function description
array_length(arr) returns length of array expression
array_offset(arr,long) returns the array element at the 0 based index supplied, or null for an out of range index
array_ordinal(arr,long) returns the array element at the 1 based index supplied, or null for an out of range index
array_contains(arr,expr) returns true if the array contains the element specified by expr, or contains all elements specified by expr if expr is an array
array_overlap(arr1,arr2) returns true if arr1 and arr2 have any elements in common
array_offset_of(arr,expr) returns the 0 based index of the first occurrence of expr in the array, or null if no matching elements exist in the array.
array_ordinal_of(arr,expr) returns the 1 based index of the first occurrence of expr in the array, or null if no matching elements exist in the array.
array_append(arr1,expr) appends expr to arr, the resulting array type determined by the type of the first array
array_concat(arr1,arr2) concatenates 2 arrays, the resulting array type determined by the type of the first array
array_to_string(arr,str) joins all elements of arr by the delimiter specified by str
string_to_array(str1,str2) splits str1 into an array on the delimiter specified by str2
array_slice(arr,start,end) return the subarray of arr from the 0 based index start(inclusive) to end(exclusive), or null, if start is less than 0, greater than length of arr or less than end
array_prepend(expr,arr) adds expr to arr at the beginning, the resulting array type determined by the type of the array

Apply Functions

function description
map(lambda,arr) applies a transform specified by a single argument lambda expression to all elements of arr, returning a new array
cartesian_map(lambda,arr1,arr2,...) applies a transform specified by a multi argument lambda expression to all elements of the cartesian product of all input arrays, returning a new array; the number of lambda arguments and array inputs must be the same
filter(lambda,arr) filters arr by a single argument lambda, returning a new array with all matching elements, or null if no elements match
fold(lambda,arr) folds a 2 argument lambda across arr. The first argument of the lambda is the array element and the second the accumulator, returning a single accumulated value.
cartesian_fold(lambda,arr1,arr2,...) folds a multi argument lambda across the cartesian product of all input arrays. The first arguments of the lambda is the array element and the last is the accumulator, returning a single accumulated value.
any(lambda,arr) returns true if any element in the array matches the lambda expression
all(lambda,arr) returns true if all elements in the array matches the lambda expression