angular-cn/aio/content/guide/template-reference-variables.md

# Template variables

Template variables help you use data from one part of a template in another part of the template.
With template variables, you can perform tasks such as respond to user input or finely tune your application's forms.

A template variable can refer to the following:

* a DOM element within a template
* a directive
* an element
* [TemplateRef](api/core/TemplateRef)
* a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components" title="MDN: Web Components">web component</a>

<div class="alert is-helpful">

See the <live-example></live-example> for a working example containing the code snippets in this guide.

</div>

## Syntax

In the template, you use the hash symbol, `#`, to declare a template variable.
The following template variable, `#phone`, declares a `phone` variable on an `<input>` element.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="ref-var" header="src/app/app.component.html"></code-example>

You can refer to a template variable anywhere in the component's template.
Here, a `<button>` further down the template refers to the `phone` variable.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="ref-phone" header="src/app/app.component.html"></code-example>

## How Angular assigns values to template variables

Angular assigns a template variable a value based on where you declare the variable:

* If you declare the variable on a component, the variable refers to the component instance.
* If you declare the variable on a standard HTML tag, the variable refers to the element.
* If you declare the variable on an `<ng-template>` element, the variable refers to a `TemplateRef` instance, which represents the template.
  For more information on `<ng-template>`, see the [ng-template](guide/structural-directives#the-ng-template) section of [Structural directives](guide/structural-directives).
* If the variable specifies a name on the right-hand side, such as `#var="ngModel"`, the variable refers to the directive or component on the element with a matching `exportAs` name.
<!-- What does the second half of this mean?^^ Can we explain this more fully? Could I see a working example? -kw -->

### Using `NgForm` with template variables

In most cases, Angular sets the template variable's value to the element on which it occurs.
In the previous example, `phone` refers to the phone number `<input>`.
The button's click handler passes the `<input>` value to the component's `callPhone()` method.

The `NgForm` directive demonstrates getting a reference to a different value by reference a directive's `exportAs` name.
In the following example, the template variable, `itemForm`, appears three times separated by HTML.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="ngForm" header="src/app/hero-form.component.html"></code-example>

Without the `ngForm` attribute value, the reference value of `itemForm` would be
the [HTMLFormElement](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLFormElement), `<form>`.
There is, however, a difference between a `Component` and a `Directive` in that Angular references a `Component` without specifying the attribute value, and a `Directive` does not change the implicit reference, or the element.
<!-- What is the train of thought from talking about a form element to the difference between a component and a directive? Why is the component directive conversation relevant here?  -kw -->

With `NgForm`, `itemForm` is a reference to the [NgForm](api/forms/NgForm "API: NgForm") directive with the ability to track the value and validity of every control in the form.

Unlike the native `<form>` element, the `NgForm` directive has a `form` property.
The `NgForm` `form` property allows you to disable the submit button if the `itemForm.form.valid` is invalid.


## Template variable scope

You can refer to a template variable anywhere within its surrounding template.
[Structural directives](guide/built-in-directives), such as `*ngIf` and `*ngFor`, or `<ng-template>` act as a template boundary.
You cannot access template variables outside of these boundaries.

<div class="alert is-helpful">

Define a variable only once in the template so the runtime value remains predictable.

</div>

### Accessing in a nested template

An inner template can access template variables that the outer template defines.

In the following example, changing the text in the `<input>` changes the value in the `<span>` because Angular immediately updates changes through the template variable, `ref1`.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="template-ref-vars-scope1" header="src/app/app.component.html"></code-example>

In this case, there is an implied `<ng-template>` around the `<span>` and the definition of the variable is outside of it.
Accessing a template variable from the parent template works because the child template inherits the context from the parent template.

Rewriting the above code in a more verbose form explicitly shows the `<ng-template>`.

```html

<input #ref1 type="text" [(ngModel)]="firstExample" />

<!-- New template -->
<ng-template [ngIf]="true">
  <!-- Since the context is inherited, the value is available to the new template -->
  <span>Value: {{ ref1.value }}</span>
</ng-template>

```

However, accessing a template variable from outside the parent template doesn't work.

```html
  <input *ngIf="true" #ref2 type="text" [(ngModel)]="secondExample" />
  <span>Value: {{ ref2?.value }}</span> <!-- doesn't work -->
```

The verbose form shows that `ref2` is outside the parent template.

```
<ng-template [ngIf]="true">
  <!-- The reference is defined within a template -->
  <input #ref2 type="text" [(ngModel)]="secondExample" />
</ng-template>
<!-- ref2 accessed from outside that template doesn't work -->
<span>Value: {{ ref2?.value }}</span>
```

Consider the following example that uses `*ngFor`.

```
<ng-container *ngFor="let i of [1,2]">
  <input #ref type="text" [value]="i" />
</ng-container>
{{ ref.value }}
```

Here, `ref.value` doesn't work.
The structural directive, `*ngFor` instantiates the template twice because `*ngFor` iterates over the two items in the array.
It is impossible to define what the `ref.value` reference signifies.

With structural directives, such as `*ngFor` or `*ngIf`, there is no way for Angular to know if a template is ever instantiated.

As a result, Angular isn't able to access the value and returns an error.

### Accessing a template variable within `<ng-template>`

When you declare the variable on an `<ng-template>`, the variable refers to a `TemplateRef` instance, which represents the template.

<code-example path="template-reference-variables/src/app/app.component.html" region="template-ref" header="src/app/app.component.html"></code-example>

In this example, clicking the button calls the `log()` function, which outputs the value of `#ref3` to the console.
Because the `#ref` variable is on an `<ng-template>`, the value is `TemplateRef`.

The following is the expanded browser console output of the `TemplateRef()` function with the name of `TemplateRef`.

<code-example language="sh">

&#9660; ƒ TemplateRef()
name: "TemplateRef"
__proto__: Function

</code-example>