angular-cn/router.md at 713fb3b58726926f4aea03d7411d4a5a550e4ee8

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In a single-page app, you change what the user sees by showing or hiding portions of the display that correspond to particular components, rather than going out to the server to get a new page. As users perform application tasks, they need to move between the different views that you have defined. To implement this kind of navigation within the single page of your app, you use the Angular Router.

To handle the navigation from one view to the next, you use the Angular router. The router enables navigation by interpreting a browser URL as an instruction to change the view.

To explore a sample app featuring the router's primary features, see the .

Prerequisites

Before creating a route, you should be familiar with the following:

Basics of components
Basics of templates
An Angular app—you can generate a basic Angular app using the Angular CLI.

For an introduction to Angular with a ready-made app, see Getting Started. For a more in-depth experience of building an Angular app, see the Tour of Heroes tutorial. Both guide you through using component classes and templates.

{@a basics}

Generate an app with routing enabled

The following command uses the Angular CLI to generate a basic Angular app with an app routing module, called AppRoutingModule, which is an NgModule where you can configure your routes. The app name in the following example is routing-app.

ng new routing-app --routing

When generating a new app, the CLI prompts you to select CSS or a CSS preprocessor. For this example, accept the default of CSS.

Adding components for routing

To use the Angular router, an app needs to have at least two components so that it can navigate from one to the other. To create a component using the CLI, enter the following at the command line where first is the name of your component:

ng generate component first

Repeat this step for a second component but give it a different name. Here, the new name is second.

ng generate component second

The CLI automatically appends Component, so if you were to write first-component, your component would be FirstComponentComponent.

{@a basics-base-href}

`<base href>`

This guide works with a CLI-generated Angular app. If you are working manually, make sure that you have <base href="/"> in the <head> of your index.html file. This assumes that the app folder is the application root, and uses "/".

Importing your new components

To use your new components, import them into AppRoutingModule at the top of the file, as follows:

import { FirstComponent } from './first/first.component'; import { SecondComponent } from './second/second.component';

{@a basic-route}

Defining a basic route

There are three fundamental building blocks to creating a route.

Import the AppRoutingModule into AppModule and add it to the imports array.

The Angular CLI performs this step for you. However, if you are creating an app manually or working with an existing, non-CLI app, verify that the imports and configuration are correct. The following is the default AppModule using the CLI with the --routing flag.

Import RouterModule and Routes into your routing module.

The Angular CLI performs this step automatically. The CLI also sets up a Routes array for your routes and configures the imports and exports arrays for @NgModule().

Define your routes in your Routes array.

Each route in this array is a JavaScript object that contains two properties. The first property, path, defines the URL path for the route. The second property, component, defines the component Angular should use for the corresponding path.

Add your routes to your application.

Now that you have defined your routes, you can add them to your application. First, add links to the two components. Assign the anchor tag that you want to add the route to the routerLink attribute. Set the value of the attribute to the component to show when a user clicks on each link. Next, update your component template to include <router-outlet>. This element informs Angular to update the application view with the component for the selected route.

{@a route-order}

Route order

The order of routes is important because the Router uses a first-match wins strategy when matching routes, so more specific routes should be placed above less specific routes. List routes with a static path first, followed by an empty path route, which matches the default route. The wildcard route comes last because it matches every URL and the Router selects it only if no other routes match first.

{@a activated-route}

Getting route information

Often, as a user navigates your application, you want to pass information from one component to another. For example, consider an application that displays a shopping list of grocery items. Each item in the list has a unique id. To edit an item, users click an Edit button, which opens an EditGroceryItem component. You want that component to retrieve the id for the grocery item so it can display the right information to the user.

You can use a route to pass this type of information to your application components. To do so, you use the ActivatedRoute interface.

To get information from a route:

Import ActivatedRoute and ParamMap to your component.

<code-example path="router/src/app/heroes/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts" region="imports-route-info" header="In the component class (excerpt)">
</code-example>

These `import` statements add several important elements that your component needs.
To learn more about each, see the following API pages:

  * [`Router`](api/router)
  * [`ActivatedRoute`](api/router/ActivatedRoute)
  * [`ParamMap`](api/router/ParamMap)

Inject an instance of ActivatedRoute by adding it to your application's constructor:

<code-example path="router/src/app/heroes/hero-detail/hero-detail.component.ts" region="activated-route" header="In the component class (excerpt)">
</code-example>

Update the ngOnInit() method to access the ActivatedRoute and track the id parameter:
ngOnInit() { this.route.queryParams.subscribe(params => { this.name = params['name']; }); }

Note: The preceding example uses a variable, `name`, and assigns it the value based on the `name` parameter.

{@a wildcard-route-how-to}

Setting up wildcard routes

A well-functioning application should gracefully handle when users attempt to navigate to a part of your application that does not exist. To add this functionality to your application, you set up a wildcard route. The Angular router selects this route any time the requested URL doesn't match any router paths.

To set up a wildcard route, add the following code to your routes definition.

{ path: '**', component: }

The two asterisks, **, indicate to Angular that this routes definition is a wildcard route. For the component property, you can define any component in your application. Common choices include an application-specific PageNotFoundComponent, which you can define to display a 404 page to your users; or a redirect to your application's main component. A wildcard route is the last route because it matches any URL. For more detail on why order matters for routes, see Route order.

{@a 404-page-how-to}

Displaying a 404 page

To display a 404 page, set up a wildcard route with the component property set to the component you'd like to use for your 404 page as follows:

The last route with the path of ** is a wildcard route. The router selects this route if the requested URL doesn't match any of the paths earlier in the list and sends the user to the PageNotFoundComponent.

Setting up redirects

To set up a redirect, configure a route with the path you want to redirect from, the component you want to redirect to, and a pathMatch value that tells the router how to match the URL.

In this example, the third route is a redirect so that the router defaults to the first-component route. Notice that this redirect precedes the wildcard route. Here, path: '' means to use the initial relative URL ('').

For more details on pathMatch see Spotlight on pathMatch.

{@a nesting-routes}

Nesting routes

As your application grows more complex, you may want to create routes that are relative to a component other than your root component. These types of nested routes are called child routes. This means you're adding a second <router-outlet> to your app, because it is in addition to the <router-outlet> in AppComponent.

In this example, there are two additional child components, child-a, and child-b. Here, FirstComponent has its own <nav> and a second <router-outlet> in addition to the one in AppComponent.

A child route is like any other route, in that it needs both a path and a component. The one difference is that you place child routes in a children array within the parent route.

{@a using-relative-paths}

Using relative paths

Relative paths allow you to define paths that are relative to the current URL segment. The following example shows a relative route to another component, second-component. FirstComponent and SecondComponent are at the same level in the tree, however, the link to SecondComponent is situated within the FirstComponent, meaning that the router has to go up a level and then into the second directory to find the SecondComponent. Rather than writing out the whole path to get to SecondComponent, you can use the ../ notation to go up a level.

In addition to ../, you can use ./ or no leading slash to specify the current level.

Specifying a relative route

To specify a relative route, use the NavigationExtras relativeTo property. In the component class, import NavigationExtras from the @angular/router.

Then use relativeTo in your navigation method. After the link parameters array, which here contains items, add an object with the relativeTo property set to the ActivatedRoute, which is this.route.

The navigate() arguments configure the router to use the current route as a basis upon which to append items.

The goToItems() method interprets the destination URI as relative to the activated route and navigates to the items route.

Accessing query parameters and fragments

Sometimes, a feature of your application requires accessing a part of a route, such as a query parameter or a fragment. The Tour of Heroes app at this stage in the tutorial uses a list view in which you can click on a hero to see details. The router uses an id to show the correct hero's details.

First, import the following members in the component you want to navigate from.

import { ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs'; import { switchMap } from 'rxjs/operators';

Next inject the activated route service:

constructor(private route: ActivatedRoute) {}

Configure the class so that you have an observable, heroes$, a selectedId to hold the id number of the hero, and the heroes in the ngOnInit(), add the following code to get the id of the selected hero. This code snippet assumes that you have a heroes list, a hero service, a function to get your heroes, and the HTML to render your list and details, just as in the Tour of Heroes example.

heroes$: Observable; selectedId: number; heroes = HEROES;

ngOnInit() { this.heroes$ = this.route.paramMap.pipe( switchMap(params => { this.selectedId = Number(params.get('id')); return this.service.getHeroes(); }) ); }

Next, in the component that you want to navigate to, import the following members.

import { Router, ActivatedRoute, ParamMap } from '@angular/router'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

Inject ActivatedRoute and Router in the constructor of the component class so they are available to this component:

item$: Observable;

constructor( private route: ActivatedRoute, private router: Router ) {}

ngOnInit() { let id = this.route.snapshot.paramMap.get('id'); this.hero$ = this.service.getHero(id); }

gotoItems(item: Item) { let heroId = item ? hero.id : null; // Pass along the item id if available // so that the HeroList component can select that item. this.router.navigate(['/heroes', { id: itemId }]); }

{@a lazy-loading}

Lazy loading

You can configure your routes to lazy load modules, which means that Angular only loads modules as needed, rather than loading all modules when the app launches. Additionally, you can preload parts of your app in the background to improve the user experience.

For more information on lazy loading and preloading see the dedicated guide Lazy loading NgModules.

Preventing unauthorized access

Use route guards to prevent users from navigating to parts of an app without authorization. The following route guards are available in Angular:

To use route guards, consider using component-less routes as this facilitates guarding child routes.

Create a service for your guard:

ng generate guard your-guard

In your guard class, implement the guard you want to use. The following example uses CanActivate to guard the route.

export class YourGuard implements CanActivate { canActivate( next: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): boolean { // your logic goes here } }

In your routing module, use the appropriate property in your routes configuration. Here, canActivate tells the router to mediate navigation to this particular route.

{ path: '/your-path', component: YourComponent, canActivate: [YourGuard], }

For more information with a working example, see the routing tutorial section on route guards.

{@a router-tutorial}

Router tutorial: tour of heroes

While the Getting Started: Tour of Heroes tutorial introduces general Angular concepts, this Router Tutorial goes into greater detail regarding Angular's routing capabilities. This tutorial guides you through building upon basic router configuration to create child routes, read route parameters, lazy load NgModules, guard routes, and preload data to improve the user experience.

{@a router-tutorial-overview}

Router tutorial overview

This guide describes development of a multi-page routed sample application. Along the way, it highlights key features of the router such as:

Organizing the application features into modules.
Navigating to a component (Heroes link to "Heroes List").
Including a route parameter (passing the Hero id while routing to the "Hero Detail").
Child routes (the Crisis Center has its own routes).
The CanActivate guard (checking route access).
The CanActivateChild guard (checking child route access).
The CanDeactivate guard (ask permission to discard unsaved changes).
The Resolve guard (pre-fetching route data).
Lazy loading an NgModule.
The CanLoad guard (check before loading feature module assets).

This guide proceeds as a sequence of milestones as if you were building the app step-by-step, but assumes you are familiar with basic Angular concepts. For a general introduction to angular, see the Getting Started. For a more in-depth overview, see the Tour of Heroes tutorial.

For a working example of the final version of the app, see the .

The sample application in action

The sample application for this tutorial helps the Hero Employment Agency find crises for heroes to solve.

The application has three main feature areas:

A Crisis Center for maintaining the list of crises for assignment to heroes.
A Heroes area for maintaining the list of heroes employed by the agency.
An Admin area to manage the list of crises and heroes.

Try it by clicking on this live example link.

The app renders with a row of navigation buttons and the Heroes view with its list of heroes.

Select one hero and the app takes you to a hero editing screen.

Alter the name. Click the "Back" button and the app returns to the heroes list which displays the changed hero name. Notice that the name change took effect immediately.

Had you clicked the browser's back button instead of the app's "Back" button, the app would have returned you to the heroes list as well. Angular app navigation updates the browser history as normal web navigation does.

Now click the Crisis Center link for a list of ongoing crises.

Select a crisis and the application takes you to a crisis editing screen. The Crisis Detail appears in a child component on the same page, beneath the list.

Alter the name of a crisis. Notice that the corresponding name in the crisis list does not change.

Unlike Hero Detail, which updates as you type, Crisis Detail changes are temporary until you either save or discard them by pressing the "Save" or "Cancel" buttons. Both buttons navigate back to the Crisis Center and its list of crises.

Click the browser back button or the "Heroes" link to activate a dialog.

You can say "OK" and lose your changes or click "Cancel" and continue editing.

Behind this behavior is the router's CanDeactivate guard. The guard gives you a chance to clean-up or ask the user's permission before navigating away from the current view.

The Admin and Login buttons illustrate other router capabilities covered later in the guide.

{@a getting-started}

Milestone 1: Getting started

Begin with a basic version of the app that navigates between two empty views.

{@a import}

Generate a sample application with the Angular CLI.

ng new angular-router-sample

Define Routes

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions.

Each definition translates to a Route object which has two things: a path, the URL path segment for this route; and a component, the component associated with this route.

The router draws upon its registry of definitions when the browser URL changes or when application code tells the router to navigate along a route path.

The first route does the following:

When the browser's location URL changes to match the path segment /crisis-center, then the router activates an instance of the CrisisListComponent and displays its view.
When the application requests navigation to the path /crisis-center, the router activates an instance of CrisisListComponent, displays its view, and updates the browser's address location and history with the URL for that path.

The first configuration defines an array of two routes with minimal paths leading to the CrisisListComponent and HeroListComponent.

Generate the CrisisList and HeroList components so that the router has something to render.

ng generate component crisis-list ng generate component hero-list

Replace the contents of each component with the sample HTML below.

Register `Router` and `Routes`

In order to use the Router, you must first register the RouterModule from the @angular/router package. Define an array of routes, appRoutes, and pass them to the RouterModule.forRoot() method. The RouterModule.forRoot() method returns a module that containa the configured Router service provider, plus other providers that the routing library requires. Once the application is bootstrapped, the Router performs the initial navigation based on the current browser URL.

Note: The RouterModule.forRoot() method is a pattern used to register application-wide providers. Read more about application-wide providers in the Singleton services guide.

Adding the configured RouterModule to the AppModule is sufficient for minimal route configurations. However, as the application grows, refactor the routing configuration into a separate file and create a Routing Module. A routing module is a special type of Service Module dedicated to routing.

Registering the RouterModule.forRoot() in the AppModule imports array makes the Router service available everywhere in the application.

{@a shell}

Add the Router Outlet

The root AppComponent is the application shell. It has a title, a navigation bar with two links, and a router outlet where the router renders components.

The router outlet serves as a placeholder where the routed components are rendered.

{@a shell-template}

The corresponding component template looks like this:

{@a wildcard}

Define a Wildcard route

You've created two routes in the app so far, one to /crisis-center and the other to /heroes. Any other URL causes the router to throw an error and crash the app.

Add a wildcard route to intercept invalid URLs and handle them gracefully. A wildcard route has a path consisting of two asterisks. It matches every URL. Thus, the router selects this wildcard route if it can't match a route earlier in the configuration. A wildcard route can navigate to a custom "404 Not Found" component or redirect to an existing route.

The router selects the route with a first match wins strategy. Because a wildcard route is the least specific route, place it last in the route configuration.

To test this feature, add a button with a RouterLink to the HeroListComponent template and set the link to a non-existant route called "/sidekicks".

The application fails if the user clicks that button because you haven't defined a "/sidekicks" route yet.

Instead of adding the "/sidekicks" route, define a wildcard route and have it navigate to a PageNotFoundComponent.

Create the PageNotFoundComponent to display when users visit invalid URLs.

ng generate component page-not-found

Now when the user visits /sidekicks, or any other invalid URL, the browser displays "Page not found". The browser address bar continues to point to the invalid URL.

{@a redirect}

Set up redirects

When the application launches, the initial URL in the browser bar is by default:

localhost:4200

That doesn't match any of the hard-coded routes which means the router falls through to the wildcard route and displays the PageNotFoundComponent.

The application needs a default route to a valid page. The default page for this app is the list of heroes. The app should navigate there as if the user clicked the "Heroes" link or pasted localhost:4200/heroes into the address bar.

Add a redirect route that translates the initial relative URL ('') to the desired default path (/heroes).

Add the default route somewhere above the wildcard route. It's just above the wildcard route in the following excerpt showing the complete appRoutes for this milestone.

The browser address bar shows .../heroes as if you'd navigated there directly.

A redirect route requires a pathMatch property to tell the router how to match a URL to the path of a route. In this app, the router should select the route to the HeroListComponent only when the entire URL matches '', so set the pathMatch value to 'full'.

{@a pathmatch}

Spotlight on pathMatch

Technically, pathMatch = 'full' results in a route hit when the remaining, unmatched segments of the URL match ''. In this example, the redirect is in a top level route so the remaining URL and the entire URL are the same thing.

The other possible pathMatch value is 'prefix' which tells the router to match the redirect route when the remaining URL begins with the redirect route's prefix path. This doesn't apply to this sample app because if the pathMatch value were 'prefix', every URL would match ''.

Try setting it to 'prefix' and clicking the Go to sidekicks button. Since that's a bad URL, you should see the "Page not found" page. Instead, you're still on the "Heroes" page. Enter a bad URL in the browser address bar. You're instantly re-routed to /heroes. Every URL, good or bad, that falls through to this route definition is a match.

The default route should redirect to the HeroListComponent only when the entire url is ''. Remember to restore the redirect to pathMatch = 'full'.

Learn more in Victor Savkin's [post on redirects](http://vsavkin.tumblr.com/post/146722301646/ angular-router-empty-paths-componentless-routes).

Milestone 1 wrap up

Your sample app can switch between two views when the user clicks a link.

Milestone 1 has covered how to do the following:

Load the router library.
Add a nav bar to the shell template with anchor tags, routerLink and routerLinkActive directives.
Add a router-outlet to the shell template where views are displayed.
Configure the router module with RouterModule.forRoot().
Set the router to compose HTML5 browser URLs.
Handle invalid routes with a wildcard route.
Navigate to the default route when the app launches with an empty path.

The starter app's structure looks like this:

angular-router-sample

<div class='file'>
  src
</div>

<div class='children'>

  <div class='file'>
    app
  </div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      crisis-list
    </div>

    <div class='children'>

      <div class='file'>

        crisis-list.component.css

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        crisis-list.component.html

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        crisis-list.component.ts

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-list
    </div>

    <div class='children'>

      <div class='file'>

        hero-list.component.css

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        hero-list.component.html

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        hero-list.component.ts

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      page-not-found
    </div>

    <div class='children'>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.css

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.html

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.ts

      </div>

    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      app.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      app.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      app.component.ts
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      app.module.ts
    </div>

  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    main.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    index.html
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    styles.css
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    tsconfig.json
  </div>

</div>

<div class='file'>
  node_modules ...
</div>

<div class='file'>
  package.json
</div>

Here are the files in this milestone.

{@a routing-module}

Milestone 2: Routing module

This milestone shows you how to configure a special-purpose module called a Routing Module, which holds your app's routing configuration.

The Routing Module has several characteristics:

Separates routing concerns from other application concerns.
Provides a module to replace or remove when testing the application.
Provides a well-known location for routing service providers such as guards and resolvers.
Does not declare components.

{@a integrate-routing}

Integrate routing with your app

The sample routing application does not include routing by default. When you use the Angular CLI to create a project that does use routing, set the --routing option for the project or app, and for each NgModule. When you create or initialize a new project (using the CLI ng new command) or a new app (using the ng generate app command), specify the --routing option. This tells the CLI to include the @angular/router npm package and create a file named app-routing.module.ts. You can then use routing in any NgModule that you add to the project or app.

For example, the following command generates an NgModule that can use routing.

ng generate module my-module --routing

This creates a separate file named my-module-routing.module.ts to store the NgModule's routes. The file includes an empty Routes object that you can fill with routes to different components and NgModules.

{@a routing-refactor}

Refactor the routing configuration into a routing module

Create an AppRouting module in the /app folder to contain the routing configuration.

ng generate module app-routing --module app --flat

Import the CrisisListComponent, HeroListComponent, and PageNotFoundComponent symbols just like you did in the app.module.ts. Then move the Router imports and routing configuration, including RouterModule.forRoot(), into this routing module.

Re-export the Angular RouterModule by adding it to the module exports array. By re-exporting the RouterModule here, the components declared in AppModule have access to router directives such as RouterLink and RouterOutlet.

After these steps, the file should look like this.

Next, update the app.module.ts file by removing RouterModule.forRoot in the imports array.

Later, this guide shows you how to create multiple routing modules and import those routing modules in the correct order.

The application continues to work just the same, and you can use AppRoutingModule as the central place to maintain future routing configuration.

{@a why-routing-module}

Benfits of a routing module

The routing module, often called the AppRoutingModule, replaces the routing configuration in the root or feature module.

The routing module is helpful as your app grows and when the configuration includes specialized guard and resolver services.

Some developers skip the routing module when the configuration is minimal and merge the routing configuration directly into the companion module (for example, AppModule).

Most apps should implement a routing module for consistency. It keeps the code clean when configuration becomes complex. It makes testing the feature module easier. Its existence calls attention to the fact that a module is routed. It is where developers expect to find and expand routing configuration.

{@a heroes-feature}

Milestone 3: Heroes feature

This milestone covers the following:

Organizing the app and routes into feature areas using modules.
Navigating imperatively from one component to another.
Passing required and optional information in route parameters.

This sample app recreates the heroes feature in the "Services" section of the Tour of Heroes tutorial, and reuses much of the code from the .

A typical application has multiple feature areas, each dedicated to a particular business purpose with its own folder.

This section shows you how refactor the app into different feature modules, import them into the main module and navigate among them.

{@a heroes-functionality}

Add heroes functionality

Follow these steps:

To manage the heroes, create a HeroesModule with routing in the heroes folder and register it with the root AppModule.

ng generate module heroes/heroes --module app --flat --routing

Move the placeholder hero-list folder that's in the app folder into the heroes folder.
Copy the contents of the heroes/heroes.component.html from the "Services" tutorial into the hero-list.component.html template.
- Re-label the <h2> to <h2>HEROES</h2>.
- Delete the <app-hero-detail> component at the bottom of the template.
Copy the contents of the heroes/heroes.component.css from the live example into the hero-list.component.css file.
Copy the contents of the heroes/heroes.component.ts from the live example into the hero-list.component.ts file.
- Change the component class name to HeroListComponent.
- Change the selector to app-hero-list.

Selectors are not required for routed components because components are dynamically inserted when the page is rendered. However, they are useful for identifying and targeting them in your HTML element tree.

Copy the hero-detail folder, the hero.ts, hero.service.ts, and mock-heroes.ts files into the heroes subfolder.
Copy the message.service.ts into the src/app folder.
Update the relative path import to the message.service in the hero.service.ts file.

Next, update the HeroesModule metadata.

Import and add the HeroDetailComponent and HeroListComponent to the declarations array in the HeroesModule.

The hero management file structure is as follows:

src/app/heroes

<div class='file'>
  hero-detail
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-detail.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-detail.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-detail.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  hero-list
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-list.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-list.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      hero-list.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  hero.service.ts
</div>

<div class='file'>
  hero.ts
</div>

<div class='file'>
  heroes-routing.module.ts
</div>

<div class='file'>
  heroes.module.ts
</div>

<div class='file'>
  mock-heroes.ts
</div>

</div>

{@a hero-routing-requirements}

Hero feature routing requirements

The heroes feature has two interacting components, the hero list and the hero detail. When you navigate to list view, it gets a list of heroes and displays them. When you click on a hero, the detail view has to display that particular hero.

You tell the detail view which hero to display by including the selected hero's id in the route URL.

Import the hero components from their new locations in the src/app/heroes/ folder and define the two hero routes.

Now that you have routes for the Heroes module, register them with the Router via the RouterModule as you did in the AppRoutingModule, with an important difference.

In the AppRoutingModule, you used the static RouterModule.forRoot() method to register the routes and application level service providers. In a feature module you use the static forChild() method.

Only call RouterModule.forRoot() in the root AppRoutingModule (or the AppModule if that's where you register top level application routes). In any other module, you must call the RouterModule.forChild() method to register additional routes.

The updated HeroesRoutingModule looks like this:

Consider giving each feature module its own route configuration file. Though the feature routes are currently minimal, routes have a tendency to grow more complex even in small apps.

{@a remove-duplicate-hero-routes}

Remove duplicate hero routes

The hero routes are currently defined in two places: in the HeroesRoutingModule, by way of the HeroesModule, and in the AppRoutingModule.

Routes provided by feature modules are combined together into their imported module's routes by the router. This allows you to continue defining the feature module routes without modifying the main route configuration.

Remove the HeroListComponent import and the /heroes route from the app-routing.module.ts.

Leave the default and the wildcard routes as these are still in use at the top level of the application.

{@a merge-hero-routes}

Remove heroes declarations

Because the HeroesModule now provides the HeroListComponent, remove it from the AppModule's declarations array. Now that you have a separate HeroesModule, you can evolve the hero feature with more components and different routes.

After these steps, the AppModule should look like this:

{@a routing-module-order}

Module import order

Notice that in the module imports array, the AppRoutingModule is last and comes after the HeroesModule.

The order of route configuration is important because the router accepts the first route that matches a navigation request path.

When all routes were in one AppRoutingModule, you put the default and wildcard routes last, after the /heroes route, so that the router had a chance to match a URL to the /heroes route before hitting the wildcard route and navigating to "Page not found".

Each routing module augments the route configuration in the order of import. If you listed AppRoutingModule first, the wildcard route would be registered before the hero routes. The wildcard route—which matches every URL—would intercept the attempt to navigate to a hero route.

Reverse the routing modules to see a click of the heroes link resulting in "Page not found". Learn about inspecting the runtime router configuration below.

Route Parameters

{@a route-def-with-parameter}

Route definition with a parameter

Return to the HeroesRoutingModule and look at the route definitions again. The route to HeroDetailComponent has an :id token in the path.

The :id token creates a slot in the path for a Route Parameter. In this case, this configuration causes the router to insert the id of a hero into that slot.

If you tell the router to navigate to the detail component and display "Magneta", you expect a hero id to appear in the browser URL like this:

localhost:4200/hero/15

If a user enters that URL into the browser address bar, the router should recognize the pattern and go to the same "Magneta" detail view.

Route parameter: Required or optional?

Embedding the route parameter token, :id, in the route definition path is a good choice for this scenario because the id is required by the HeroDetailComponent and because the value 15 in the path clearly distinguishes the route to "Magneta" from a route for some other hero.

{@a route-parameters}

Setting the route parameters in the list view

After navigating to the HeroDetailComponent, you expect to see the details of the selected hero. You need two pieces of information: the routing path to the component and the hero's id.

Accordingly, the link parameters array has two items: the routing path and a route parameter that specifies the id of the selected hero.

The router composes the destination URL from the array like this: localhost:4200/hero/15.

The router extracts the route parameter (id:15) from the URL and supplies it to the HeroDetailComponent via the ActivatedRoute service.

{@a activated-route-in-action}

`Activated Route` in action

Import the Router, ActivatedRoute, and ParamMap tokens from the router package.

Import the switchMap operator because you need it later to process the Observable route parameters.

{@a hero-detail-ctor}

Add the services as private variables to the constructor so that Angular injects them (makes them visible to the component).

In the ngOnInit() method, use the ActivatedRoute service to retrieve the parameters for the route, pull the hero id from the parameters, and retrieve the hero to display.

When the map changes, paramMap gets the id parameter from the changed parameters.

Then you tell the HeroService to fetch the hero with that id and return the result of the HeroService request.

The switchMap operator does two things. It flattens the Observable<Hero> that HeroService returns and cancels previous pending requests. If the user re-navigates to this route with a new id while the HeroService is still retrieving the old id, switchMap discards that old request and returns the hero for the new id.

AsyncPipe handles the observable subscription and the component's hero property will be (re)set with the retrieved hero.

ParamMap API

The ParamMap API is inspired by the URLSearchParams interface. It provides methods to handle parameter access for both route parameters (paramMap) and query parameters (queryParamMap).

<th>
  Description
</th>

Member
`has(name)`	Returns `true` if the parameter name is in the map of parameters. </td>
`get(name)`	Returns the parameter name value (a `string`) if present, or `null` if the parameter name is not in the map. Returns the _first_ element if the parameter value is actually an array of values. </td>
`getAll(name)`	Returns a `string array` of the parameter name value if found, or an empty `array` if the parameter name value is not in the map. Use `getAll` when a single parameter could have multiple values. </td>
`keys`	Returns a `string array` of all parameter names in the map. </td>

{@a reuse}

Observable paramMap and component reuse

In this example, you retrieve the route parameter map from an Observable. That implies that the route parameter map can change during the lifetime of this component.

By default, the router re-uses a component instance when it re-navigates to the same component type without visiting a different component first. The route parameters could change each time.

Suppose a parent component navigation bar had "forward" and "back" buttons that scrolled through the list of heroes. Each click navigated imperatively to the HeroDetailComponent with the next or previous id.

You wouldn't want the router to remove the current HeroDetailComponent instance from the DOM only to re-create it for the next id as this would re-render the view. For better UX, the router re-uses the same component instance and updates the parameter.

Since ngOnInit() is only called once per component instantiation, you can detect when the route parameters change from within the same instance using the observable paramMap property.

When subscribing to an observable in a component, you almost always unsubscribe when the component is destroyed.

However, ActivatedRoute observables are among the exceptions because ActivatedRoute and its observables are insulated from the Router itself. The Router destroys a routed component when it is no longer needed along with the injected ActivatedRoute.

{@a snapshot}

`snapshot`: the no-observable alternative

This application won't re-use the HeroDetailComponent. The user always returns to the hero list to select another hero to view. There's no way to navigate from one hero detail to another hero detail without visiting the list component in between. Therefore, the router creates a new HeroDetailComponent instance every time.

When you know for certain that a HeroDetailComponent instance will never be re-used, you can use snapshot.

route.snapshot provides the initial value of the route parameter map. You can access the parameters directly without subscribing or adding observable operators as in the following:

snapshot only gets the initial value of the parameter map with this technique. Use the observable paramMap approach if there's a possibility that the router could re-use the component. This tutorial sample app uses with the observable paramMap.

{@a nav-to-list}

Navigating back to the list component

The HeroDetailComponent "Back" button uses the gotoHeroes() method that navigates imperatively back to the HeroListComponent.

The router navigate() method takes the same one-item link parameters array that you can bind to a [routerLink] directive. It holds the path to the HeroListComponent:

{@a optional-route-parameters}

Route Parameters: Required or optional?

Use route parameters to specify a required parameter value within the route URL as you do when navigating to the HeroDetailComponent in order to view the hero with id 15:

localhost:4200/hero/15

You can also add optional information to a route request. For example, when returning to the hero-detail.component.ts list from the hero detail view, it would be nice if the viewed hero were preselected in the list.

You implement this feature by including the viewed hero's id in the URL as an optional parameter when returning from the HeroDetailComponent.

Optional information can also include other forms such as:

Loosely structured search criteria; for example, name='wind*'.
Multiple values; for example, after='12/31/2015' & before='1/1/2017'—in no particular order—before='1/1/2017' & after='12/31/2015'— in a variety of formats—during='currentYear'.

As these kinds of parameters don't fit easily in a URL path, you can use optional parameters for conveying arbitrarily complex information during navigation. Optional parameters aren't involved in pattern matching and afford flexibility of expression.

The router supports navigation with optional parameters as well as required route parameters. Define optional parameters in a separate object after you define the required route parameters.

In general, use a required route parameter when the value is mandatory (for example, if necessary to distinguish one route path from another); and an optional parameter when the value is optional, complex, and/or multivariate.

{@a optionally-selecting}

Heroes list: optionally selecting a hero

When navigating to the HeroDetailComponent you specified the required id of the hero-to-edit in the route parameter and made it the second item of the link parameters array.

The router embedded the id value in the navigation URL because you had defined it as a route parameter with an :id placeholder token in the route path:

When the user clicks the back button, the HeroDetailComponent constructs another link parameters array which it uses to navigate back to the HeroListComponent.

This array lacks a route parameter because previously you didn't need to send information to the HeroListComponent.

Now, send the id of the current hero with the navigation request so that the HeroListComponent can highlight that hero in its list.

Send the id with an object that contains an optional id parameter. For demonstration purposes, there's an extra junk parameter (foo) in the object that the HeroListComponent should ignore. Here's the revised navigation statement:

The application still works. Clicking "back" returns to the hero list view.

Look at the browser address bar.

It should look something like this, depending on where you run it:

localhost:4200/heroes;id=15;foo=foo

The id value appears in the URL as (;id=15;foo=foo), not in the URL path. The path for the "Heroes" route doesn't have an :id token.

The optional route parameters are not separated by "?" and "&" as they would be in the URL query string. They are separated by semicolons ";". This is matrix URL notation.

Matrix URL notation is an idea first introduced in a 1996 proposal by the founder of the web, Tim Berners-Lee.

Although matrix notation never made it into the HTML standard, it is legal and it became popular among browser routing systems as a way to isolate parameters belonging to parent and child routes. As such, the Router provides support for the matrix notation across browsers.

{@a route-parameters-activated-route}

Route parameters in the `ActivatedRoute` service

In its current state of development, the list of heroes is unchanged. No hero row is highlighted.

The HeroListComponent needs code that expects parameters.

Previously, when navigating from the HeroListComponent to the HeroDetailComponent, you subscribed to the route parameter map Observable and made it available to the HeroDetailComponent in the ActivatedRoute service. You injected that service in the constructor of the HeroDetailComponent.

This time you'll be navigating in the opposite direction, from the HeroDetailComponent to the HeroListComponent.

First, extend the router import statement to include the ActivatedRoute service symbol:

Import the switchMap operator to perform an operation on the Observable of route parameter map.

Inject the ActivatedRoute in the HeroListComponent constructor.

The ActivatedRoute.paramMap property is an Observable map of route parameters. The paramMap emits a new map of values that includes id when the user navigates to the component. In ngOnInit() you subscribe to those values, set the selectedId, and get the heroes.

Update the template with a class binding. The binding adds the selected CSS class when the comparison returns true and removes it when false. Look for it within the repeated <li> tag as shown here:

Add some styles to apply when the list item is selected.

When the user navigates from the heroes list to the "Magneta" hero and back, "Magneta" appears selected:

The optional foo route parameter is harmless and the router continues to ignore it.

{@a route-animation}

Adding routable animations

This section shows you how to add some animations to the HeroDetailComponent.

First, import the BrowserAnimationsModule and add it to the imports array:

Next, add a data object to the routes for HeroListComponent and HeroDetailComponent. Transitions are based on states and you use the animation data from the route to provide a named animation state for the transitions.

Create an animations.ts file in the root src/app/ folder. The contents look like this:

This file does the following:

Imports the animation symbols that build the animation triggers, control state, and manage transitions between states.
Exports a constant named slideInAnimation set to an animation trigger named routeAnimation.
Defines one transition when switching back and forth from the heroes and hero routes to ease the component in from the left of the screen as it enters the application view (:enter), the other to animate the component to the right as it leaves the application view (:leave).

Back in the AppComponent, import the RouterOutlet token from the @angular/router package and the slideInAnimation from './animations.ts.

Add an animations array to the @Component metadata that contains the slideInAnimation.

In order to use the routable animations, wrap the RouterOutlet inside an element, use the @routeAnimation trigger, and bind it to the element.

For the @routeAnimation transitions to key off states, provide it with the data from the ActivatedRoute. The RouterOutlet is exposed as an outlet template variable, so you bind a reference to the router outlet. This example uses a variable of routerOutlet.

The @routeAnimation property is bound to the getAnimationData() with the provided routerOutlet reference, so the next step is to define that function in the AppComponent. The getAnimationData() function returns the animation property from the data provided through the ActivatedRoute. The animation property matches the transition names you used in the slideInAnimation defined in animations.ts.

When switching between the two routes, the HeroDetailComponent and HeroListComponent now ease in from the left when routed to and will slide to the right when navigating away.

{@a milestone-3-wrap-up}

Milestone 3 wrap up

This section has covered the following:

Organizing the app into feature areas.
Navigating imperatively from one component to another.
Passing information along in route parameters and subscribe to them in the component.
Importing the feature area NgModule into the AppModule.
Applying routable animations based on the page.

After these changes, the folder structure is as follows:

angular-router-sample

<div class='file'>
  src
</div>

<div class='children'>

  <div class='file'>
    app
  </div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      crisis-list
    </div>

      <div class='children'>

        <div class='file'>
          crisis-list.component.css
        </div>

        <div class='file'>
          crisis-list.component.html
        </div>

        <div class='file'>
          crisis-list.component.ts
        </div>

      </div>

    <div class='file'>
      heroes
    </div>

    <div class='children'>

      <div class='file'>
        hero-detail
      </div>

        <div class='children'>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-detail.component.css
          </div>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-detail.component.html
          </div>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-detail.component.ts
          </div>

        </div>

      <div class='file'>
        hero-list
      </div>

        <div class='children'>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-list.component.css
          </div>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-list.component.html
          </div>

          <div class='file'>
            hero-list.component.ts
          </div>

        </div>

      <div class='file'>
        hero.service.ts
      </div>

      <div class='file'>
        hero.ts
      </div>

      <div class='file'>
        heroes-routing.module.ts
      </div>

      <div class='file'>
        heroes.module.ts
      </div>

      <div class='file'>
        mock-heroes.ts
      </div>

    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      page-not-found
    </div>

    <div class='children'>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.css

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.html

      </div>

      <div class='file'>

        page-not-found.component.ts

      </div>

    </div>

  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    animations.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    app.component.css
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    app.component.html
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    app.component.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    app.module.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    app-routing.module.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    main.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    message.service.ts
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    index.html
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    styles.css
  </div>

  <div class='file'>
    tsconfig.json
  </div>

</div>

<div class='file'>
  node_modules ...
</div>

<div class='file'>
  package.json
</div>

Here are the relevant files for this version of the sample application.

{@a milestone-4}

Milestone 4: Crisis center feature

This section shows you how to add child routes and use relative routing in your app.

To add more features to the app's current crisis center, take similar steps as for the heroes feature:

Create a crisis-center subfolder in the src/app folder.
Copy the files and folders from app/heroes into the new crisis-center folder.
In the new files, change every mention of "hero" to "crisis", and "heroes" to "crises".
Rename the NgModule files to crisis-center.module.ts and crisis-center-routing.module.ts.

Use mock crises instead of mock heroes:

The resulting crisis center is a foundation for introducing a new concept—child routing. You can leave Heroes in its current state as a contrast with the Crisis Center.

In keeping with the Separation of Concerns principle, changes to the Crisis Center don't affect the AppModule or any other feature's component.

{@a crisis-child-routes}

A crisis center with child routes

This section shows you how to organize the crisis center to conform to the following recommended pattern for Angular applications:

Each feature area resides in its own folder.
Each feature has its own Angular feature module.
Each area has its own area root component.
Each area root component has its own router outlet and child routes.
Feature area routes rarely (if ever) cross with routes of other features.

If your app had many feature areas, the app component trees might look like this:

{@a child-routing-component}

Child routing component

Generate a CrisisCenter component in the crisis-center folder:

ng generate component crisis-center/crisis-center

Update the component template with the following markup:

The CrisisCenterComponent has the following in common with the AppComponent:

It is the root of the crisis center area, just as AppComponent is the root of the entire application.
It is a shell for the crisis management feature area, just as the AppComponent is a shell to manage the high-level workflow.

Like most shells, the CrisisCenterComponent class is minimal because it has no business logic, and its template has no links, just a title and <router-outlet> for the crisis center child component.

{@a child-route-config}

Child route configuration

As a host page for the "Crisis Center" feature, generate a CrisisCenterHome component in the crisis-center folder.

ng generate component crisis-center/crisis-center-home

Update the template with a welcome message to the Crisis Center.

Update the crisis-center-routing.module.ts you renamed after copying it from heroes-routing.module.ts file. This time, you define child routes within the parent crisis-center route.

Notice that the parent crisis-center route has a children property with a single route containing the CrisisListComponent. The CrisisListComponent route also has a children array with two routes.

These two routes navigate to the crisis center child components, CrisisCenterHomeComponent and CrisisDetailComponent, respectively.

There are important differences in the way the router treats child routes.

The router displays the components of these routes in the RouterOutlet of the CrisisCenterComponent, not in the RouterOutlet of the AppComponent shell.

The CrisisListComponent contains the crisis list and a RouterOutlet to display the Crisis Center Home and Crisis Detail route components.

The Crisis Detail route is a child of the Crisis List. The router reuses components by default, so the Crisis Detail component will be re-used as you select different crises. In contrast, back in the Hero Detail route, the component was recreated each time you selected a different hero from the list of heroes.

At the top level, paths that begin with / refer to the root of the application. But child routes extend the path of the parent route. With each step down the route tree, you add a slash followed by the route path, unless the path is empty.

Apply that logic to navigation within the crisis center for which the parent path is /crisis-center.

To navigate to the CrisisCenterHomeComponent, the full URL is /crisis-center (/crisis-center + '' + '').
To navigate to the CrisisDetailComponent for a crisis with id=2, the full URL is /crisis-center/2 (/crisis-center + '' + '/2').

The absolute URL for the latter example, including the localhost origin, is as follows:

localhost:4200/crisis-center/2

Here's the complete crisis-center-routing.module.ts file with its imports.

{@a import-crisis-module}

Import crisis center module into the `AppModule` routes

As with the HeroesModule, you must add the CrisisCenterModule to the imports array of the AppModule before the AppRoutingModule:

<code-pane path="router/src/app/crisis-center/crisis-center.module.ts"header="src/app/crisis-center/crisis-center.module.ts">

Remove the initial crisis center route from the app-routing.module.ts because now the HeroesModule and the CrisisCenter modules provide teh feature routes.

The app-routing.module.ts file retains the top-level application routes such as the default and wildcard routes.

{@a relative-navigation}

While building out the crisis center feature, you navigated to the crisis detail route using an absolute path that begins with a slash.

The router matches such absolute paths to routes starting from the top of the route configuration.

You could continue to use absolute paths like this to navigate inside the Crisis Center feature, but that pins the links to the parent routing structure. If you changed the parent /crisis-center path, you would have to change the link parameters array.

You can free the links from this dependency by defining paths that are relative to the current URL segment. Navigation within the feature area remains intact even if you change the parent route path to the feature.

The router supports directory-like syntax in a link parameters list to help guide route name lookup:

./ or no leading slash is relative to the current level.

../ to go up one level in the route path.

You can combine relative navigation syntax with an ancestor path. If you must navigate to a sibling route, you could use the ../<sibling> convention to go up one level, then over and down the sibling route path.

To navigate a relative path with the Router.navigate method, you must supply the ActivatedRoute to give the router knowledge of where you are in the current route tree.

After the link parameters array, add an object with a relativeTo property set to the ActivatedRoute. The router then calculates the target URL based on the active route's location.

Always specify the complete absolute path when calling router's navigateByUrl() method.

{@a nav-to-crisis}

Navigate to crisis list with a relative URL

You've already injected the ActivatedRoute that you need to compose the relative navigation path.

When using a RouterLink to navigate instead of the Router service, you'd use the same link parameters array, but you wouldn't provide the object with the relativeTo property. The ActivatedRoute is implicit in a RouterLink directive.

Update the gotoCrises() method of the CrisisDetailComponent to navigate back to the Crisis Center list using relative path navigation.

Notice that the path goes up a level using the ../ syntax. If the current crisis id is 3, the resulting path back to the crisis list is /crisis-center/;id=3;foo=foo.

{@a named-outlets}

Displaying multiple routes in named outlets

You decide to give users a way to contact the crisis center. When a user clicks a "Contact" button, you want to display a message in a popup view.

The popup should stay open, even when switching between pages in the application, until the user closes it by sending the message or canceling. Clearly you can't put the popup in the same outlet as the other pages.

Until now, you've defined a single outlet and you've nested child routes under that outlet to group routes together. The router only supports one primary unnamed outlet per template.

A template can also have any number of named outlets. Each named outlet has its own set of routes with their own components. Multiple outlets can display different content, determined by different routes, all at the same time.

Add an outlet named "popup" in the AppComponent, directly below the unnamed outlet.

That's where a popup will go, once you learn how to route a popup component to it.

{@a secondary-routes}

Secondary routes

Named outlets are the targets of secondary routes.

Secondary routes look like primary routes and you configure them the same way. They differ in a few key respects.

They are independent of each other.
They work in combination with other routes.
They are displayed in named outlets.

Generate a new component to compose the message.

ng generate component compose-message

It displays a short form with a header, an input box for the message, and two buttons, "Send" and "Cancel".

Here's the component, its template and styles:

It looks similar to any other component in this guide, but there are two key differences.

Note that the send() method simulates latency by waiting a second before "sending" the message and closing the popup.

The closePopup() method closes the popup view by navigating to the popup outlet with a null which the section on clearing secondary routes covers.

{@a add-secondary-route}

Add a secondary route

Open the AppRoutingModule and add a new compose route to the appRoutes.

In addition to the path and component properties, there's a new property called outlet, which is set to 'popup'. This route now targets the popup outlet and the ComposeMessageComponent will display there.

To give users a way to open the popup, add a "Contact" link to the AppComponent template.

Although the compose route is configured to the "popup" outlet, that's not sufficient for connecting the route to a RouterLink directive. You have to specify the named outlet in a link parameters array and bind it to the RouterLink with a property binding.

The link parameters array contains an object with a single outlets property whose value is another object keyed by one (or more) outlet names. In this case there is only the "popup" outlet property and its value is another link parameters array that specifies the compose route.

In other words, when the user clicks this link, the router displays the component associated with the compose route in the popup outlet.

This outlets object within an outer object was unnecessary when there was only one route and one unnamed outlet.

The router assumed that your route specification targeted the unnamed primary outlet and created these objects for you.

Routing to a named outlet has revealed a router feature: you can target multiple outlets with multiple routes in the same RouterLink directive.

{@a secondary-route-navigation}

Navigate to the Crisis Center and click "Contact". you should see something like the following URL in the browser address bar.

http://.../crisis-center(popup:compose)

The relevant part of the URL follows the ...:

The crisis-center is the primary navigation.
Parentheses surround the secondary route.
The secondary route consists of an outlet name (popup), a colon separator, and the secondary route path (compose).

Click the Heroes link and look at the URL again.

http://.../heroes(popup:compose)

The primary navigation part has changed; the secondary route is the same.

The router is keeping track of two separate branches in a navigation tree and generating a representation of that tree in the URL.

You can add many more outlets and routes, at the top level and in nested levels, creating a navigation tree with many branches and the router will generate the URLs to go with it.

You can tell the router to navigate an entire tree at once by filling out the outlets object and then pass that object inside a link parameters array to the router.navigate method.

{@a clear-secondary-routes}

Clearing secondary routes

Like regular outlets, secondary outlets persists until you navigate away to a new component.

Each secondary outlet has its own navigation, independent of the navigation driving the primary outlet. Changing a current route that displays in the primary outlet has no effect on the popup outlet. That's why the popup stays visible as you navigate among the crises and heroes.

The closePopup() method again:

Clicking the "send" or "cancel" buttons clears the popup view. The closePopup() function navigates imperatively with the Router.navigate() method, passing in a link parameters array.

Like the array bound to the Contact RouterLink in the AppComponent, this one includes an object with an outlets property. The outlets property value is another object with outlet names for keys. The only named outlet is 'popup'.

This time, the value of 'popup' is null. That's not a route, but it is a legitimate value. Setting the popup RouterOutlet to null clears the outlet and removes the secondary popup route from the current URL.

{@a guards}

{@a milestone-5-route-guards}

Milestone 5: Route guards

At the moment, any user can navigate anywhere in the application anytime, but sometimes you need to control access to different parts of your app for various reasons. Some of which may include the following:

Perhaps the user is not authorized to navigate to the target component.
Maybe the user must login (authenticate) first.
Maybe you should fetch some data before you display the target component.
You might want to save pending changes before leaving a component.
You might ask the user if it's OK to discard pending changes rather than save them.

You add guards to the route configuration to handle these scenarios.

A guard's return value controls the router's behavior:

If it returns true, the navigation process continues.
If it returns false, the navigation process stops and the user stays put.
If it returns a UrlTree, the current navigation cancels and a new navigation is initiated to the UrlTree returned.

Note: The guard can also tell the router to navigate elsewhere, effectively canceling the current navigation. When doing so inside a guard, the guard should return false;

The guard might return its boolean answer synchronously. But in many cases, the guard can't produce an answer synchronously. The guard could ask the user a question, save changes to the server, or fetch fresh data. These are all asynchronous operations.

Accordingly, a routing guard can return an Observable<boolean> or a Promise<boolean> and the router will wait for the observable to resolve to true or false.

Note: The observable provided to the Router must also complete. If the observable does not complete, the navigation does not continue.

The router supports multiple guard interfaces:

CanActivate to mediate navigation to a route.
CanActivateChild to mediate navigation to a child route.
CanDeactivate to mediate navigation away from the current route.
Resolve to perform route data retrieval before route activation.
CanLoad to mediate navigation to a feature module loaded asynchronously.

You can have multiple guards at every level of a routing hierarchy. The router checks the CanDeactivate and CanActivateChild guards first, from the deepest child route to the top. Then it checks the CanActivate guards from the top down to the deepest child route. If the feature module is loaded asynchronously, the CanLoad guard is checked before the module is loaded. If any guard returns false, pending guards that have not completed will be canceled, and the entire navigation is canceled.

There are several examples over the next few sections.

{@a can-activate-guard}

`CanActivate`: requiring authentication

Applications often restrict access to a feature area based on who the user is. You could permit access only to authenticated users or to users with a specific role. You might block or limit access until the user's account is activated.

The CanActivate guard is the tool to manage these navigation business rules.

Add an admin feature module

This section guides you through extending the crisis center with some new administrative features. Start by adding a new feature module named AdminModule.

Generate an admin folder with a feature module file and a routing configuration file.

ng generate module admin --routing

Next, generate the supporting components.

ng generate component admin/admin-dashboard ng generate component admin/admin ng generate component admin/manage-crises ng generate component admin/manage-heroes

The admin feature file structure looks like this:

src/app/admin

<div class='file'>
  admin
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      admin.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      admin.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      admin.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  admin-dashboard
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      admin-dashboard.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      admin-dashboard.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      admin-dashboard.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  manage-crises
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-crises.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-crises.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-crises.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  manage-heroes
</div>

  <div class='children'>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-heroes.component.css
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-heroes.component.html
    </div>

    <div class='file'>
      manage-heroes.component.ts
    </div>

  </div>

<div class='file'>
  admin.module.ts
</div>

<div class='file'>
  admin-routing.module.ts
</div>

The admin feature module contains the AdminComponent used for routing within the feature module, a dashboard route and two unfinished components to manage crises and heroes.

Although the admin dashboard RouterLink only contains a relative slash without an additional URL segment, it is a match to any route within the admin feature area. You only want the Dashboard link to be active when the user visits that route. Adding an additional binding to the Dashboard routerLink,[routerLinkActiveOptions]="{ exact: true }", marks the ./ link as active when the user navigates to the /admin URL and not when navigating to any of the child routes.

{@a component-less-route}

Component-less route: grouping routes without a component

The initial admin routing configuration:

The child route under the AdminComponent has a path and a children property but it's not using a component. This defines a component-less route.

To group the Crisis Center management routes under the admin path a component is unnecessary. Additionally, a component-less route makes it easier to guard child routes.

Next, import the AdminModule into app.module.ts and add it to the imports array to register the admin routes.

Add an "Admin" link to the AppComponent shell so that users can get to this feature.

{@a guard-admin-feature}

Guard the admin feature

Currently, every route within the Crisis Center is open to everyone. The new admin feature should be accessible only to authenticated users.

Write a canActivate() guard method to redirect anonymous users to the login page when they try to enter the admin area.

Generate an AuthGuard in the auth folder.

ng generate guard auth/auth

To demonstrate the fundamentals, this example only logs to the console, returns true immediately, and allows navigation to proceed:

Next, open admin-routing.module.ts , import the AuthGuard class, and update the admin route with a canActivate guard property that references it:

The admin feature is now protected by the guard, but the guard requires more customization to work fully.

{@a teach-auth}

Authenticate with `AuthGuard`

Make the AuthGuard mimic authentication.

The AuthGuard should call an application service that can login a user and retain information about the current user. Generate a new AuthService in the auth folder:

ng generate service auth/auth

Update the AuthService to log in the user:

Although it doesn't actually log in, it has an isLoggedIn flag to tell you whether the user is authenticated. Its login() method simulates an API call to an external service by returning an observable that resolves successfully after a short pause. The redirectUrl property stores the URL that the user wanted to access so you can navigate to it after authentication.

To keep things minimal, this example redirects unauthenticated users to /admin.

Revise the AuthGuard to call the AuthService.

Notice that you inject the AuthService and the Router in the constructor. You haven't provided the AuthService yet but it's good to know that you can inject helpful services into routing guards.

This guard returns a synchronous boolean result. If the user is logged in, it returns true and the navigation continues.

The ActivatedRouteSnapshot contains the future route that will be activated and the RouterStateSnapshot contains the future RouterState of the application, should you pass through the guard check.

If the user is not logged in, you store the attempted URL the user came from using the RouterStateSnapshot.url and tell the router to redirect to a login page—a page you haven't created yet. Returning a UrlTree tells the Router to cancel the current navigation and schedule a new one to redirect the user.

{@a add-login-component}

Add the `LoginComponent`

You need a LoginComponent for the user to log in to the app. After logging in, you'll redirect to the stored URL if available, or use the default URL. There is nothing new about this component or the way you use it in the router configuration.

ng generate component auth/login

Register a /login route in the auth/auth-routing.module.ts. In app.module.ts, import and add the AuthModule to the AppModule imports.

{@a can-activate-child-guard}

`CanActivateChild`: guarding child routes

You can also protect child routes with the CanActivateChild guard. The CanActivateChild guard is similar to the CanActivate guard. The key difference is that it runs before any child route is activated.

You protected the admin feature module from unauthorized access. You should also protect child routes within the feature module.

Extend the AuthGuard to protect when navigating between the admin routes. Open auth.guard.ts and add the CanActivateChild interface to the imported tokens from the router package.

Next, implement the canActivateChild() method which takes the same arguments as the canActivate() method: an ActivatedRouteSnapshot and RouterStateSnapshot. The canActivateChild() method can return an Observable<boolean|UrlTree> or Promise<boolean|UrlTree> for async checks and a boolean or UrlTree for sync checks. This one returns either true to allow the user to access the admin feature module or UrlTree to redirect the user to the login page instead:

Add the same AuthGuard to the component-less admin route to protect all other child routes at one time instead of adding the AuthGuard to each route individually.

{@a can-deactivate-guard}

`CanDeactivate`: handling unsaved changes

Back in the "Heroes" workflow, the app accepts every change to a hero immediately without validation.

In the real world, you might have to accumulate the users changes, validate across fields, validate on the server, or hold changes in a pending state until the user confirms them as a group or cancels and reverts all changes.

When the user navigates away, you can let the user decide what to do with unsaved changes. If the user cancels, you'll stay put and allow more changes. If the user approves, the app can save.

You still might delay navigation until the save succeeds. If you let the user move to the next screen immediately and saving were to fail (perhaps the data is ruled invalid), you would lose the context of the error.

You need to stop the navigation while you wait, asynchronously, for the server to return with its answer.

The CanDeactivate guard helps you decide what to do with unsaved changes and how to proceed.

{@a cancel-save}

Cancel and save

Users update crisis information in the CrisisDetailComponent. Unlike the HeroDetailComponent, the user changes do not update the crisis entity immediately. Instead, the app updates the entity when the user presses the Save button and discards the changes when the user presses the Cancel button.

Both buttons navigate back to the crisis list after save or cancel.

In this scenario, the user could click the heroes link, cancel, push the browser back button, or navigate away without saving.

This example app asks the user to be explicit with a confirmation dialog box that waits asynchronously for the user's response.

You could wait for the user's answer with synchronous, blocking code, however, the app is more responsive—and can do other work—by waiting for the user's answer asynchronously.

Generate a Dialog service to handle user confirmation.

ng generate service dialog

Add a confirm() method to the DialogService to prompt the user to confirm their intent. The window.confirm is a blocking action that displays a modal dialog and waits for user interaction.

It returns an Observable that resolves when the user eventually decides what to do: either to discard changes and navigate away (true) or to preserve the pending changes and stay in the crisis editor (false).

{@a CanDeactivate}

Generate a guard that checks for the presence of a canDeactivate() method in a component—any component.

ng generate guard can-deactivate

Paste the following code into your guard.

While the guard doesn't have to know which component has a deactivate method, it can detect that the CrisisDetailComponent component has the canDeactivate() method and call it. The guard not knowing the details of any component's deactivation method makes the guard reusable.

Alternatively, you could make a component-specific CanDeactivate guard for the CrisisDetailComponent. The canDeactivate() method provides you with the current instance of the component, the current ActivatedRoute, and RouterStateSnapshot in case you needed to access some external information. This would be useful if you only wanted to use this guard for this component and needed to get the component's properties or confirm whether the router should allow navigation away from it.

Looking back at the CrisisDetailComponent, it implements the confirmation workflow for unsaved changes.

Notice that the canDeactivate() method can return synchronously; it returns true immediately if there is no crisis or there are no pending changes. But it can also return a Promise or an Observable and the router will wait for that to resolve to truthy (navigate) or falsy (stay on the current route).

Add the Guard to the crisis detail route in crisis-center-routing.module.ts using the canDeactivate array property.

Now you have given the user a safeguard against unsaved changes.

{@a Resolve}

{@a resolve-guard}

Resolve: pre-fetching component data

In the Hero Detail and Crisis Detail, the app waited until the route was activated to fetch the respective hero or crisis.

If you were using a real world API, there might be some delay before the data to display is returned from the server. You don't want to display a blank component while waiting for the data.

To improve this behavior, you can pre-fetch data from the server using a resolver so it's ready the moment the route is activated. This also allows you to handle errors before routing to the component. There's no point in navigating to a crisis detail for an id that doesn't have a record. It'd be better to send the user back to the Crisis List that shows only valid crisis centers.

In summary, you want to delay rendering the routed component until all necessary data has been fetched.

{@a fetch-before-navigating}

Fetch data before navigating

At the moment, the CrisisDetailComponent retrieves the selected crisis. If the crisis is not found, the router navigates back to the crisis list view.

The experience might be better if all of this were handled first, before the route is activated. A CrisisDetailResolver service could retrieve a Crisis or navigate away, if the Crisis did not exist, before activating the route and creating the CrisisDetailComponent.

Generate a CrisisDetailResolver service file within the Crisis Center feature area.

ng generate service crisis-center/crisis-detail-resolver

Move the relevant parts of the crisis retrieval logic in CrisisDetailComponent.ngOnInit() into the CrisisDetailResolverService. Import the Crisis model, CrisisService, and the Router so you can navigate elsewhere if you can't fetch the crisis.

Be explicit and implement the Resolve interface with a type of Crisis.

Inject the CrisisService and Router and implement the resolve() method. That method could return a Promise, an Observable, or a synchronous return value.

The CrisisService.getCrisis() method returns an observable in order to prevent the route from loading until the data is fetched. The Router guards require an observable to complete, which means it has emitted all of its values. You use the take operator with an argument of 1 to ensure that the Observable completes after retrieving the first value from the Observable returned by the getCrisis() method.

If it doesn't return a valid Crisis, then return an empty Observable, cancel the previous in-progress navigation to the CrisisDetailComponent, and navigate the user back to the CrisisListComponent. The updated resolver service looks like this:

Import this resolver in the crisis-center-routing.module.ts and add a resolve object to the CrisisDetailComponent route configuration.

The CrisisDetailComponent should no longer fetch the crisis. When you re-configured the route, you changed where the crisis is. Update the CrisisDetailComponent to get the crisis from the ActivatedRoute.data.crisis property instead;

Note the following three important points:

The router's Resolve interface is optional. The CrisisDetailResolverService doesn't inherit from a base class. The router looks for that method and calls it if found.
The router calls the resolver in any case where the the user could navigate away so you don't have to code for each use case.
Returning an empty Observable in at least one resolver will cancel navigation.

The relevant Crisis Center code for this milestone follows.

Guards

{@a query-parameters}

{@a fragment}

Query parameters and fragments

In the route parameters section, you only dealt with parameters specific to the route. However, you can use query parameters to get optional parameters available to all routes.

Fragments refer to certain elements on the page identified with an id attribute.

Update the AuthGuard to provide a session_id query that will remain after navigating to another route.

Add an anchor element so you can jump to a certain point on the page.

Add the NavigationExtras object to the router.navigate() method that navigates you to the /login route.

You can also preserve query parameters and fragments across navigations without having to provide them again when navigating. In the LoginComponent, you'll add an object as the second argument in the router.navigateUrl() function and provide the queryParamsHandling and preserveFragment to pass along the current query parameters and fragment to the next route.

The queryParamsHandling feature also provides a merge option, which preserves and combines the current query parameters with any provided query parameters when navigating.

To navigate to the Admin Dashboard route after logging in, update admin-dashboard.component.ts to handle the query parameters and fragment.

Query parameters and fragments are also available through the ActivatedRoute service. Just like route parameters, the query parameters and fragments are provided as an Observable. The updated Crisis Admin component feeds the Observable directly into the template using the AsyncPipe.

Now, you can click on the Admin button, which takes you to the Login page with the provided queryParamMap and fragment. After you click the login button, notice that you have been redirected to the Admin Dashboard page with the query parameters and fragment still intact in the address bar.

You can use these persistent bits of information for things that need to be provided across pages like authentication tokens or session ids.

The query params and fragment can also be preserved using a RouterLink with the queryParamsHandling and preserveFragment bindings respectively.

{@a asynchronous-routing}

Milestone 6: Asynchronous routing

As you've worked through the milestones, the application has naturally gotten larger. At some point you'll reach a point where the application takes a long time to load.

To remedy this issue, use asynchronous routing, which loads feature modules lazily, on request. Lazy loading has multiple benefits.

You can load feature areas only when requested by the user.
You can speed up load time for users that only visit certain areas of the application.
You can continue expanding lazy loaded feature areas without increasing the size of the initial load bundle.

You're already part of the way there. By organizing the application into modules—AppModule, HeroesModule, AdminModule and CrisisCenterModule—you have natural candidates for lazy loading.

Some modules, like AppModule, must be loaded from the start. But others can and should be lazy loaded. The AdminModule, for example, is needed by a few authorized users, so you should only load it when requested by the right people.

{@a lazy-loading-route-config}

Lazy Loading route configuration

Change the admin path in the admin-routing.module.ts from 'admin' to an empty string, '', the empty path.

Use empty path routes to group routes together without adding any additional path segments to the URL. Users will still visit /admin and the AdminComponent still serves as the Routing Component containing child routes.

Open the AppRoutingModule and add a new admin route to its appRoutes array.

Give it a loadChildren property instead of a children property. The loadChildren property takes a function that returns a promise using the browser's built-in syntax for lazy loading code using dynamic imports import('...'). The path is the location of the AdminModule (relative to the app root). After the code is requested and loaded, the Promise resolves an object that contains the NgModule, in this case the AdminModule.

Note: When using absolute paths, the NgModule file location must begin with src/app in order to resolve correctly. For custom path mapping with absolute paths, you must configure the baseUrl and paths properties in the project tsconfig.json.

When the router navigates to this route, it uses the loadChildren string to dynamically load the AdminModule. Then it adds the AdminModule routes to its current route configuration. Finally, it loads the requested route to the destination admin component.

The lazy loading and re-configuration happen just once, when the route is first requested; the module and routes are available immediately for subsequent requests.

Angular provides a built-in module loader that supports SystemJS to load modules asynchronously. If you were using another bundling tool, such as Webpack, you would use the Webpack mechanism for asynchronously loading modules.

Take the final step and detach the admin feature set from the main application. The root AppModule must neither load nor reference the AdminModule or its files.

In app.module.ts, remove the AdminModule import statement from the top of the file and remove the AdminModule from the NgModule's imports array.

{@a can-load-guard}

`CanLoad`: guarding unauthorized loading of feature modules

You're already protecting the AdminModule with a CanActivate guard that prevents unauthorized users from accessing the admin feature area. It redirects to the login page if the user is not authorized.

But the router is still loading the AdminModule even if the user can't visit any of its components. Ideally, you'd only load the AdminModule if the user is logged in.

Add a CanLoad guard that only loads the AdminModule once the user is logged in and attempts to access the admin feature area.

The existing AuthGuard already has the essential logic in its checkLogin() method to support the CanLoad guard.

Open auth.guard.ts. Import the CanLoad interface from @angular/router. Add it to the AuthGuard class's implements list. Then implement canLoad() as follows:

The router sets the canLoad() method's route parameter to the intended destination URL. The checkLogin() method redirects to that URL once the user has logged in.

Now import the AuthGuard into the AppRoutingModule and add the AuthGuard to the canLoad array property for the admin route. The completed admin route looks like this:

{@a preloading}

Preloading: background loading of feature areas

In addition to loading modules on-demand, you can load modules asynchronously with preloading.

The AppModule is eagerly loaded when the application starts, meaning that it loads right away. Now the AdminModule loads only when the user clicks on a link, which is called lazy loading.

Preloading allows you to load modules in the background so that the data is ready to render when the user activates a particular route. Consider the Crisis Center. It isn't the first view that a user sees. By default, the Heroes are the first view. For the smallest initial payload and fastest launch time, you should eagerly load the AppModule and the HeroesModule.

You could lazy load the Crisis Center. But you're almost certain that the user will visit the Crisis Center within minutes of launching the app. Ideally, the app would launch with just the AppModule and the HeroesModule loaded and then, almost immediately, load the CrisisCenterModule in the background. By the time the user navigates to the Crisis Center, its module will have been loaded and ready.

{@a how-preloading}

How preloading works

After each successful navigation, the router looks in its configuration for an unloaded module that it can preload. Whether it preloads a module, and which modules it preloads, depends upon the preload strategy.

The Router offers two preloading strategies:

No preloading, which is the default. Lazy loaded feature areas are still loaded on-demand.
Preloading of all lazy loaded feature areas.

The router either never preloads, or preloads every lazy loaded module. The Router also supports custom preloading strategies for fine control over which modules to preload and when.

This section guides you through updating the CrisisCenterModule to load lazily by default and use the PreloadAllModules strategy to load all lazy loaded modules.

{@a lazy-load-crisis-center}

Lazy load the crisis center

Update the route configuration to lazy load the CrisisCenterModule. Take the same steps you used to configure AdminModule for lazy loading.

Change the crisis-center path in the CrisisCenterRoutingModule to an empty string.
Add a crisis-center route to the AppRoutingModule.
Set the loadChildren string to load the CrisisCenterModule.
Remove all mention of the CrisisCenterModule from app.module.ts.

Here are the updated modules before enabling preload:

You could try this now and confirm that the CrisisCenterModule loads after you click the "Crisis Center" button.

To enable preloading of all lazy loaded modules, import the PreloadAllModules token from the Angular router package.

The second argument in the RouterModule.forRoot() method takes an object for additional configuration options. The preloadingStrategy is one of those options. Add the PreloadAllModules token to the forRoot() call:

This configures the Router preloader to immediately load all lazy loaded routes (routes with a loadChildren property).

When you visit http://localhost:4200, the /heroes route loads immediately upon launch and the router starts loading the CrisisCenterModule right after the HeroesModule loads.

Currently, the AdminModule does not preload because CanLoad is blocking it.

{@a preload-canload}

`CanLoad` blocks preload

The PreloadAllModules strategy does not load feature areas protected by a CanLoad guard.

You added a CanLoad guard to the route in the AdminModule a few steps back to block loading of that module until the user is authorized. That CanLoad guard takes precedence over the preload strategy.

If you want to preload a module as well as guard against unauthorized access, remove the canLoad() guard method and rely on the canActivate() guard alone.

{@a custom-preloading}

Custom Preloading Strategy

Preloading every lazy loaded module works well in many situations. However, in consideration of things such as low bandwidth and user metrics, you can use a custom preloading strategy for specific feature modules.

This section guides you through adding a custom strategy that only preloads routes whose data.preload flag is set to true. Recall that you can add anything to the data property of a route.

Set the data.preload flag in the crisis-center route in the AppRoutingModule.

Generate a new SelectivePreloadingStrategy service.

ng generate service selective-preloading-strategy

Replace the contents of selective-preloading-strategy.service.ts with the following:

SelectivePreloadingStrategyService implements the PreloadingStrategy, which has one method, preload().

The router calls the preload() method with two arguments:

The route to consider.
A loader function that can load the routed module asynchronously.

An implementation of preload must return an Observable. If the route does preload, it returns the observable returned by calling the loader function. If the route does not preload, it returns an Observable of null.

In this sample, the preload() method loads the route if the route's data.preload flag is truthy.

As a side-effect, SelectivePreloadingStrategyService logs the path of a selected route in its public preloadedModules array.

Shortly, you'll extend the AdminDashboardComponent to inject this service and display its preloadedModules array.

But first, make a few changes to the AppRoutingModule.

Import SelectivePreloadingStrategyService into AppRoutingModule.
Replace the PreloadAllModules strategy in the call to forRoot() with this SelectivePreloadingStrategyService.
Add the SelectivePreloadingStrategyService strategy to the AppRoutingModule providers array so you can inject it elsewhere in the app.

Now edit the AdminDashboardComponent to display the log of preloaded routes.

Import the SelectivePreloadingStrategyService.
Inject it into the dashboard's constructor.
Update the template to display the strategy service's preloadedModules array.

Now the file is as follows:

Once the application loads the initial route, the CrisisCenterModule is preloaded. Verify this by logging in to the Admin feature area and noting that the crisis-center is listed in the Preloaded Modules. It also logs to the browser's console.

{@a redirect-advanced}

Migrating URLs with redirects

You've setup the routes for navigating around your application and used navigation imperatively and declaratively. But like any application, requirements change over time. You've setup links and navigation to /heroes and /hero/:id from the HeroListComponent and HeroDetailComponent components. If there were a requirement that links to heroes become superheroes, you would still want the previous URLs to navigate correctly. You also don't want to update every link in your application, so redirects makes refactoring routes trivial.

{@a url-refactor}

Changing `/heroes` to `/superheroes`

This section guides you through migrating the Hero routes to new URLs. The Router checks for redirects in your configuration before navigating, so each redirect is triggered when needed. To support this change, add redirects from the old routes to the new routes in the heroes-routing.module.

Notice two different types of redirects. The first change is from /heroes to /superheroes without any parameters. The second change is from /hero/:id to /superhero/:id, which includes the :id route parameter. Router redirects also use powerful pattern-matching, so the Router inspects the URL and replaces route parameters in the path with their appropriate destination. Previously, you navigated to a URL such as /hero/15 with a route parameter id of 15.

The Router also supports query parameters and the fragment when using redirects.

When using absolute redirects, the Router will use the query parameters and the fragment from the redirectTo in the route config.
When using relative redirects, the Router use the query params and the fragment from the source URL.

Currently, the empty path route redirects to /heroes, which redirects to /superheroes. This won't work because the Router handles redirects once at each level of routing configuration. This prevents chaining of redirects, which can lead to endless redirect loops.

Instead, update the empty path route in app-routing.module.ts to redirect to /superheroes.

A routerLink isn't tied to route configuration, so update the associated router links to remain active when the new route is active. Update the app.component.ts template for the /heroes routerLink.

Update the goToHeroes() method in the hero-detail.component.ts to navigate back to /superheroes with the optional route parameters.

With the redirects setup, all previous routes now point to their new destinations and both URLs still function as intended.

{@a inspect-config}

Inspect the router's configuration

To determine if your routes are actually evaluated in the proper order, you can inspect the router's configuration.

Do this by injecting the router and logging to the console its config property. For example, update the AppModule as follows and look in the browser console window to see the finished route configuration.

{@a final-app}

Final app

For the completed router app, see the for the final source code.

{@a link-parameters-array}

Link parameters array

A link parameters array holds the following ingredients for router navigation:

The path of the route to the destination component.
Required and optional route parameters that go into the route URL.

You can bind the RouterLink directive to such an array like this:

The following is a two-element array when specifying a route parameter:

You can provide optional route parameters in an object, as in { foo: 'foo' }:

These three examples cover the needs of an app with one level of routing. However, with a child router, such as in the crisis center, you create new link array possibilities.

The following minimal RouterLink example builds upon a specified default child route for the crisis center.

Note the following:

The first item in the array identifies the parent route (/crisis-center).
There are no parameters for this parent route.
There is no default for the child route so you need to pick one.
You're navigating to the CrisisListComponent, whose route path is /, but you don't need to explicitly add the slash.

Consider the following router link that navigates from the root of the application down to the Dragon Crisis:

The first item in the array identifies the parent route (/crisis-center).
There are no parameters for this parent route.
The second item identifies the child route details about a particular crisis (/:id).
The details child route requires an id route parameter.
You added the id of the Dragon Crisis as the second item in the array (1).
The resulting path is /crisis-center/1.

You could also redefine the AppComponent template with Crisis Center routes exclusively:

In summary, you can write applications with one, two or more levels of routing. The link parameters array affords the flexibility to represent any routing depth and any legal sequence of route paths, (required) router parameters, and (optional) route parameter objects.

{@a browser-url-styles}

{@a location-strategy}

`LocationStrategy` and browser URL styles

When the router navigates to a new component view, it updates the browser's location and history with a URL for that view. As this is a strictly local URL the browser won't send this URL to the server and will not reload the page.

Modern HTML5 browsers support history.pushState, a technique that changes a browser's location and history without triggering a server page request. The router can compose a "natural" URL that is indistinguishable from one that would otherwise require a page load.

Here's the Crisis Center URL in this "HTML5 pushState" style:

localhost:3002/crisis-center/

Older browsers send page requests to the server when the location URL changes unless the change occurs after a "#" (called the "hash"). Routers can take advantage of this exception by composing in-application route URLs with hashes. Here's a "hash URL" that routes to the Crisis Center.

localhost:3002/src/#/crisis-center/

The router supports both styles with two LocationStrategy providers:

PathLocationStrategy—the default "HTML5 pushState" style.
HashLocationStrategy—the "hash URL" style.

The RouterModule.forRoot() function sets the LocationStrategy to the PathLocationStrategy, which makes it the default strategy. You also have the option of switching to the HashLocationStrategy with an override during the bootstrapping process.

For more information on providers and the bootstrap process, see Dependency Injection.

Choosing a routing strategy

You must choose a routing strategy early in the development of you project because once the application is in production, visitors to your site use and depend on application URL references.

Almost all Angular projects should use the default HTML5 style. It produces URLs that are easier for users to understand and it preserves the option to do server-side rendering.

Rendering critical pages on the server is a technique that can greatly improve perceived responsiveness when the app first loads. An app that would otherwise take ten or more seconds to start could be rendered on the server and delivered to the user's device in less than a second.

This option is only available if application URLs look like normal web URLs without hashes (#) in the middle.

`<base href>`

The router uses the browser's history.pushState for navigation. pushState allows you to customize in-app URL paths; for example, localhost:4200/crisis-center. The in-app URLs can be indistinguishable from server URLs.

Modern HTML5 browsers were the first to support pushState which is why many people refer to these URLs as "HTML5 style" URLs.

HTML5 style navigation is the router default. In the LocationStrategy and browser URL styles section, learn why HTML5 style is preferable, how to adjust its behavior, and how to switch to the older hash (#) style, if necessary.

You must add a <base href> element to the app's index.html for pushState routing to work. The browser uses the <base href> value to prefix relative URLs when referencing CSS files, scripts, and images.

Add the <base> element just after the <head> tag. If the app folder is the application root, as it is for this application, set the href value in index.html as shown here.

HTML5 URLs and the `<base href>`

While the router uses the HTML5 pushState style by default, you must configure that strategy with a <base href>.

The preferred way to configure the strategy is to add a <base href> element tag in the <head> of the index.html.

Without that tag, the browser may not be able to load resources (images, CSS, scripts) when "deep linking" into the app.

Some developers may not be able to add the <base> element, perhaps because they don't have access to <head> or the index.html.

Those developers may still use HTML5 URLs by taking the following two steps:

Provide the router with an appropriate [APP_BASE_HREF][] value.
Use root URLs for all web resources: CSS, images, scripts, and template HTML files.

{@a hashlocationstrategy}

`HashLocationStrategy`

You can use HashLocationStrategy by providing the useHash: true in an object as the second argument of the RouterModule.forRoot() in the AppModule.

Router Reference

The folllowing sections highlight some core router concepts.

{@a basics-router-imports}

Router imports

The Angular Router is an optional service that presents a particular component view for a given URL. It is not part of the Angular core and thus is in its own library package, @angular/router.

Import what you need from it as you would from any other Angular package.

For more on browser URL styles, see LocationStrategy and browser URL styles.

{@a basics-config}

Configuration

A routed Angular application has one singleton instance of the Router service. When the browser's URL changes, that router looks for a corresponding Route from which it can determine the component to display.

A router has no routes until you configure it. The following example creates five route definitions, configures the router via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to the AppModule's imports array.

{@a example-config}

The appRoutes array of routes describes how to navigate. Pass it to the RouterModule.forRoot() method in the module imports to configure the router.

Each Route maps a URL path to a component. There are no leading slashes in the path. The router parses and builds the final URL for you, which allows you to use both relative and absolute paths when navigating between application views.

The :id in the second route is a token for a route parameter. In a URL such as /hero/42, "42" is the value of the id parameter. The corresponding HeroDetailComponent uses that value to find and present the hero whose id is 42.

The data property in the third route is a place to store arbitrary data associated with this specific route. The data property is accessible within each activated route. Use it to store items such as page titles, breadcrumb text, and other read-only, static data. You can use the resolve guard to retrieve dynamic data.

The empty path in the fourth route represents the default path for the application—the place to go when the path in the URL is empty, as it typically is at the start. This default route redirects to the route for the /heroes URL and, therefore, displays the HeroesListComponent.

If you need to see what events are happening during the navigation lifecycle, there is the enableTracing option as part of the router's default configuration. This outputs each router event that took place during each navigation lifecycle to the browser console. Use enableTracing only for debugging purposes. You set the enableTracing: true option in the object passed as the second argument to the RouterModule.forRoot() method.

{@a basics-router-outlet}

Router outlet

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library that is used like a component. It acts as a placeholder that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the components for that outlet.

<router-outlet></router-outlet>

Given the configuration above, when the browser URL for this application becomes /heroes, the router matches that URL to the route path /heroes and displays the HeroListComponent as a sibling element to the RouterOutlet that you've placed in the host component's template.

{@a basics-router-links}

{@a router-link}

Router links

To navigate as a result of some user action such as the click of an anchor tag, use RouterLink.

Consider the following template:

The RouterLink directives on the anchor tags give the router control over those elements. The navigation paths are fixed, so you can assign a string to the routerLink (a "one-time" binding).

Had the navigation path been more dynamic, you could have bound to a template expression that returned an array of route link parameters; that is, the link parameters array. The router resolves that array into a complete URL.

{@a router-link-active}

Active router links

The RouterLinkActive directive toggles CSS classes for active RouterLink bindings based on the current RouterState.

On each anchor tag, you see a property binding to the RouterLinkActive directive that looks like routerLinkActive="...".

The template expression to the right of the equal sign, =, contains a space-delimited string of CSS classes that the Router adds when this link is active (and removes when the link is inactive). You set the RouterLinkActive directive to a string of classes such as [routerLinkActive]="'active fluffy'" or bind it to a component property that returns such a string.

Active route links cascade down through each level of the route tree, so parent and child router links can be active at the same time. To override this behavior, you can bind to the [routerLinkActiveOptions] input binding with the { exact: true } expression. By using { exact: true }, a given RouterLink will only be active if its URL is an exact match to the current URL.

{@a basics-router-state}

Router state

After the end of each successful navigation lifecycle, the router builds a tree of ActivatedRoute objects that make up the current state of the router. You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the application using the Router service and the routerState property.

Each ActivatedRoute in the RouterState provides methods to traverse up and down the route tree to get information from parent, child and sibling routes.

{@a activated-route}

Activated route

The route path and parameters are available through an injected router service called the ActivatedRoute. It has a great deal of useful information including:

<th>
  Description
</th>

<tr>
<td>
  <code>parent</code>
</td>
<td>

The route's parent `ActivatedRoute` when this route is a [child route](#child-routing-component).

</td>

Property
`url`	An `Observable` of the route path(s), represented as an array of strings for each part of the route path. </td>
`data`	An `Observable` that contains the `data` object provided for the route. Also contains any resolved values from the [resolve guard](#resolve-guard). </td>
`paramMap`	An `Observable` that contains a [map](api/router/ParamMap) of the required and [optional parameters](#optional-route-parameters) specific to the route. The map supports retrieving single and multiple values from the same parameter. </td>
`queryParamMap`	An `Observable` that contains a [map](api/router/ParamMap) of the [query parameters](#query-parameters) available to all routes. The map supports retrieving single and multiple values from the query parameter. </td>
`fragment`	An `Observable` of the URL [fragment](#fragment) available to all routes. </td>
`outlet`	The name of the `RouterOutlet` used to render the route. For an unnamed outlet, the outlet name is primary. </td>
`routeConfig`	`The route configuration used for the route that contains the origin path. </td>`
`firstChild`	Contains the first `ActivatedRoute` in the list of this route's child routes. </td>
`children`	`Contains all the [child routes](#child-routing-component) activated under the current route. </td>`

Two older properties are still available, however, their replacements are preferable as they may be deprecated in a future Angular version.

params: An Observable that contains the required and optional parameters specific to the route. Use paramMap instead.
queryParams: An Observable that contains the query parameters available to all routes. Use queryParamMap instead.

Router events

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the Router.events property. These events range from when the navigation starts and ends to many points in between. The full list of navigation events is displayed in the table below.

<th>
  Description
</th>

Router Event
`NavigationStart`	`An [event](api/router/NavigationStart) triggered when navigation starts. </td>`
`RouteConfigLoadStart`	An [event](api/router/RouteConfigLoadStart) triggered before the `Router` [lazy loads](#asynchronous-routing) a route configuration. </td>
`RouteConfigLoadEnd`	`An [event](api/router/RouteConfigLoadEnd) triggered after a route has been lazy loaded. </td>`
`RoutesRecognized`	`An [event](api/router/RoutesRecognized) triggered when the Router parses the URL and the routes are recognized. </td>`
`GuardsCheckStart`	`An [event](api/router/GuardsCheckStart) triggered when the Router begins the Guards phase of routing. </td>`
`ChildActivationStart`	`An [event](api/router/ChildActivationStart) triggered when the Router begins activating a route's children. </td>`
`ActivationStart`	`An [event](api/router/ActivationStart) triggered when the Router begins activating a route. </td>`
`GuardsCheckEnd`	`An [event](api/router/GuardsCheckEnd) triggered when the Router finishes the Guards phase of routing successfully. </td>`
`ResolveStart`	`An [event](api/router/ResolveStart) triggered when the Router begins the Resolve phase of routing. </td>`
`ResolveEnd`	`An [event](api/router/ResolveEnd) triggered when the Router finishes the Resolve phase of routing successfuly. </td>`
`ChildActivationEnd`	`An [event](api/router/ChildActivationEnd) triggered when the Router finishes activating a route's children. </td>`
`ActivationEnd`	`An [event](api/router/ActivationStart) triggered when the Router finishes activating a route. </td>`
`NavigationEnd`	`An [event](api/router/NavigationEnd) triggered when navigation ends successfully. </td>`
`NavigationCancel`	An [event](api/router/NavigationCancel) triggered when navigation is canceled. This can happen when a [Route Guard](#guards) returns false during navigation, or redirects by returning a `UrlTree`. </td>
`NavigationError`	`An [event](api/router/NavigationError) triggered when navigation fails due to an unexpected error. </td>`
`Scroll`	`An [event](api/router/Scroll) that represents a scrolling event. </td>`

When you enable the enableTracing option, Angular logs these events to the console. For an example of filtering router navigation events, see the router section of the Observables in Angular guide.

Router terminology

Here are the key Router terms and their meanings:

<th>
  Router Part
</th>

<th>
  Meaning
</th>

<td>
  <code>Router</code>
</td>

<td>
  Displays the application component for the active URL.
  Manages navigation from one component to the next.
</td>

<td>
  <code>RouterModule</code>
</td>

<td>
  A separate NgModule that provides the necessary service providers
  and directives for navigating through application views.
</td>

<td>
  <code>Routes</code>
</td>

<td>
  Defines an array of Routes, each mapping a URL path to a component.
</td>

<td>
  <code>Route</code>
</td>

<td>
  Defines how the router should navigate to a component based on a URL pattern.
  Most routes consist of a path and a component type.
</td>

<td>
  <code>RouterOutlet</code>
</td>

<td>
  The directive (<code>&lt;router-outlet></code>) that marks where the router displays a view.
</td>

<td>
  <code>RouterLink</code>
</td>

<td>
  The directive for binding a clickable HTML element to a route. Clicking an element with a <code>routerLink</code> directive that is bound to a <i>string</i> or a <i>link parameters array</i> triggers a navigation.
</td>

<td>
  <code>RouterLinkActive</code>
</td>

<td>
  The directive for adding/removing classes from an HTML element when an associated <code>routerLink</code> contained on or inside the element becomes active/inactive.
</td>

<td>
  <code>ActivatedRoute</code>
</td>

<td>
  A service that is provided to each route component that contains route specific information such as route parameters, static data, resolve data, global query params, and the global fragment.
</td>

<td>
  <code>RouterState</code>
</td>

<td>
  The current state of the router including a tree of the currently activated routes together with convenience methods for traversing the route tree.
</td>

<td>
  <b><i>Link parameters array</i></b>
</td>

<td>
  An array that the router interprets as a routing instruction.
  You can bind that array to a <code>RouterLink</code> or pass the array as an argument to the <code>Router.navigate</code> method.
</td>

<td>
  <b><i>Routing component</i></b>
</td>

<td>
  An Angular component with a <code>RouterOutlet</code> that displays views based on router navigations.
</td>

153 KiB Raw Blame History

In-app navigation: routing to views

Prerequisites

Generate an app with routing enabled

Adding components for routing

<base href>

Importing your new components

Defining a basic route

Route order

Getting route information

Setting up wildcard routes

Displaying a 404 page

Setting up redirects

Nesting routes

Using relative paths

Specifying a relative route

Accessing query parameters and fragments

Lazy loading

Preventing unauthorized access

Router tutorial: tour of heroes

Router tutorial overview

The sample application in action

Milestone 1: Getting started

Define Routes

Register Router and Routes

Add the Router Outlet

Define a Wildcard route

Set up redirects

Milestone 1 wrap up

Milestone 2: Routing module

Integrate routing with your app

Refactor the routing configuration into a routing module

Benfits of a routing module

Milestone 3: Heroes feature

Add heroes functionality

Hero feature routing requirements

Remove duplicate hero routes

Remove heroes declarations

Module import order

Route Parameters

Route definition with a parameter

Setting the route parameters in the list view

Activated Route in action

ParamMap API

Observable paramMap and component reuse

snapshot: the no-observable alternative

Navigating back to the list component

Route Parameters: Required or optional?

Heroes list: optionally selecting a hero

Route parameters in the ActivatedRoute service

Adding routable animations

Milestone 3 wrap up

Milestone 4: Crisis center feature

A crisis center with child routes

Child routing component

Child route configuration

Import crisis center module into the AppModule routes

Relative navigation

Navigate to crisis list with a relative URL

Displaying multiple routes in named outlets

Secondary routes

Add a secondary route

Secondary route navigation: merging routes during navigation

Clearing secondary routes

Milestone 5: Route guards

CanActivate: requiring authentication

Add an admin feature module

Component-less route: grouping routes without a component

Guard the admin feature

Authenticate with AuthGuard

Add the LoginComponent

CanActivateChild: guarding child routes

CanDeactivate: handling unsaved changes

Cancel and save

Resolve: pre-fetching component data

Fetch data before navigating

Query parameters and fragments

Milestone 6: Asynchronous routing

Lazy Loading route configuration

CanLoad: guarding unauthorized loading of feature modules

153 KiB

Raw Blame History

`<base href>`

Register `Router` and `Routes`

`Activated Route` in action

`snapshot`: the no-observable alternative

Route parameters in the `ActivatedRoute` service

Import crisis center module into the `AppModule` routes

`CanActivate`: requiring authentication

Authenticate with `AuthGuard`

Add the `LoginComponent`

`CanActivateChild`: guarding child routes

`CanDeactivate`: handling unsaved changes

`CanLoad`: guarding unauthorized loading of feature modules

`CanLoad` blocks preload

Changing `/heroes` to `/superheroes`

`LocationStrategy` and browser URL styles

`<base href>`

HTML5 URLs and the `<base href>`

`HashLocationStrategy`