268 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
268 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
# Dependency Injection (DI): Documentation
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This document describes in detail how the DI module works in Angular.
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## Core Abstractions
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The library is built on top of the following core abstractions: `Injector`, `Binding`, and `Dependency`.
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* An injector is created from a set of bindings.
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* An injector resolves dependencies and creates objects.
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* A binding maps a token, such as a string or class, to a factory function and a list of dependencies. So a binding defines how to create an object.
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* A dependency points to a token and contains extra information on how the object corresponding to that token should be injected.
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```
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[Injector]
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|*
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[Binding]
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|----------|-----------------|
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[Token] [FactoryFn] [Dependency]
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|---------|
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[Token] [Flags]
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```
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## Example
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```
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class Engine {
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}
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class Car {
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constructor(@Inject(Engine) engine) {
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}
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}
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Car).toClass(Car),
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bind(Engine).toClass(Engine)
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]);
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var car = inj.get(Car);
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```
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In this example we create two bindings: one for `Car` and one for `Engine`. `@Inject(Engine)` declares a dependency on Engine.
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## Injector
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An injector instantiates objects lazily, only when asked for, and then caches them.
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Compare
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```
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var car = inj.get(Car); //instantiates both an Engine and a Car
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```
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with
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```
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var engine = inj.get(Engine); //instantiates an Engine
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var car = inj.get(Car); //instantiates a Car (reuses Engine)
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```
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and with
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```
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var car = inj.get(Car); //instantiates both an Engine and a Car
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var engine = inj.get(Engine); //reads the Engine from the cache
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```
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To avoid bugs make sure the registered objects have side-effect-free constructors. In this case, an injector acts like a hash map, where the order in which the objects got created does not matter.
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## Child Injectors and Dependencies
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Injectors are hierarchical.
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```
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var parent = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Engine).toClass(TurboEngine)
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]);
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var child = parent.resolveAndCreateChild([Car]);
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var car = child.get(Car); // uses the Car binding from the child injector and Engine from the parent injector.
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```
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Injectors form a tree.
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```
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GrandParentInjector
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/ \
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Parent1Injector Parent2Injector
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ChildInjector
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```
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The dependency resolution algorithm works as follows:
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```
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// this is pseudocode.
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var inj = this;
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while (inj) {
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if (inj.hasKey(requestedKey)) {
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return inj.get(requestedKey);
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} else {
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inj = inj.parent;
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}
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}
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throw new NoProviderError(requestedKey);
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```
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So in the following example
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```
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class Car {
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constructor(e: Engine){}
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}
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```
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DI will start resolving `Engine` in the same injector where the `Car` binding is defined. It will check whether that injector has the `Engine` binding. If it is the case, it will return that instance. If not, the injector will ask its parent whether it has an instance of `Engine`. The process continues until either an instance of `Engine` has been found, or we have reached the root of the injector tree.
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### Constraints
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You can put upper and lower bound constraints on a dependency. For instance, the `@Self` decorator tells DI to look for `Engine` only in the same injector where `Car` is defined. So it will not walk up the tree.
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```
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class Car {
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constructor(@Self() e: Engine){}
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}
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```
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A more realistic example is having two bindings that have to be provided together (e.g., NgModel and NgRequiredValidator.)
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The `@Host` decorator tells DI to look for `Engine` in this injector, its parent, until it reaches a host (see the section on hosts.)
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```
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class Car {
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constructor(@Host() e: Engine){}
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}
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```
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The `@SkipSelf` decorator tells DI to look for `Engine` in the whole tree starting from the parent injector.
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```
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class Car {
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constructor(@SkipSelf() e: Engine){}
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}
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```
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### DI Does Not Walk Down
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Dependency resolution only walks up the tree. The following will throw because DI will look for an instance of `Engine` starting from `parent`.
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```
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var parent = Injector.resolveAndCreate([Car]);
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var child = parent.resolveAndCreateChild([
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bind(Engine).toClass(TurboEngine)
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]);
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parent.get(Car); // will throw NoProviderError
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```
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## Bindings
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You can bind to a class, a value, or a factory. It is also possible to alias existing bindings.
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```
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Car).toClass(Car),
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bind(Engine).toClass(Engine)
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]);
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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Car, // syntax sugar for bind(Car).toClass(Car)
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Engine
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]);
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Car).toValue(new Car(new Engine()))
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]);
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Car).toFactory((e) => new Car(e), [Engine]),
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bind(Engine).toFactory(() => new Engine())
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]);
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```
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You can bind any token.
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```
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Car).toFactory((e) => new Car(), ["engine!"]),
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bind("engine!").toClass(Engine)
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]);
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```
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If you want to alias an existing binding, you can do so using `toAlias`:
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```
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind(Engine).toClass(Engine),
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bind("engine!").toAlias(Engine)
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]);
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```
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which implies `inj.get(Engine) === inj.get("engine!")`.
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Note that tokens and factory functions are decoupled.
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```
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bind("some token").toFactory(someFactory);
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```
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The `someFactory` function does not have to know that it creates an object for `some token`.
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### Resolved Bindings
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When DI receives `bind(Car).toClass(Car)`, it needs to do a few things before it can create an instance of `Car`:
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- It needs to reflect on `Car` to create a factory function.
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- It needs to normalize the dependencies (e.g., calculate lower and upper bounds).
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The result of these two operations is a `ResolvedBinding`.
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The `resolveAndCreate` and `resolveAndCreateChild` functions resolve passed-in bindings before creating an injector. But you can resolve bindings yourself using `Injector.resolve([bind(Car).toClass(Car)])`. Creating an injector from pre-resolved bindings is faster, and may be needed for performance sensitive areas.
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You can create an injector using a list of resolved bindings.
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```
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var listOfResolvingProviders = Injector.resolve([Provider11, Provider2]);
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var inj = Injector.fromResolvedProviders(listOfResolvingProviders);
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inj.createChildFromResolvedProviders(listOfResolvedProviders);
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```
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### Transient Dependencies
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An injector has only one instance created by each registered binding.
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```
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inj.get(MyClass) === inj.get(MyClass); //always holds
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```
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If we need a transient dependency, something that we want a new instance of every single time, we have two options.
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We can create a child injector for each new instance:
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```
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var child = inj.resolveAndCreateChild([MyClass]);
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child.get(MyClass);
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```
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Or we can register a factory function:
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```
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var inj = Injector.resolveAndCreate([
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bind('MyClassFactory').toFactory(dep => () => new MyClass(dep), [SomeDependency])
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]);
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var factory = inj.get('MyClassFactory');
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var instance1 = factory(), instance2 = factory();
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// Depends on the implementation of MyClass, but generally holds.
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expect(instance1).not.toBe(instance2);
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```
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