34 KiB
Routing
路由
There are new requirements for the Tour of Heroes app:
有一些《英雄指南》的新需求:
-
Add a Dashboard view.
添加一个仪表盘视图。
-
Add the ability to navigate between the Heroes and Dashboard views.
在英雄列表和仪表盘视图之间导航。
-
When users click a hero name in either view, navigate to a detail view of the selected hero.
无论在哪个视图中点击一个英雄,都会导航到该英雄的详情页。
-
When users click a deep link in an email, open the detail view for a particular hero.
在邮件中点击一个深链接,会直接打开一个特定英雄的详情视图。
When you’re done, users will be able to navigate the app like this:
完成时,用户就能像这样在应用中导航:
Add the AppRoutingModule
添加 AppRoutingModule
An Angular best practice is to load and configure the router in a separate, top-level module
that is dedicated to routing and imported by the root AppModule
.
Angular 的最佳实践之一就是在一个独立的顶级模块中加载和配置路由器,它专注于路由功能,然后由根模块 AppModule
导入它。
By convention, the module class name is AppRoutingModule
and it belongs in the app-routing.module.ts
in the src/app
folder.
按照惯例,这个模块类的名字叫做 APPRoutingModule
,并且位于 src/app
下的 app-routing.module.ts
文件中。
Use the CLI to generate it.
使用 CLI 生成它。
ng generate module app-routing --flat --module=app
--flat
puts the file in src/app
instead of its own folder.
--module=app
tells the CLI to register it in the imports
array of the AppModule
.
--flat
把这个文件放进了 src/app
中,而不是单独的目录中。
--module=app
告诉 CLI 把它注册到 AppModule
的 imports
数组中。
The generated file looks like this:
生成的文件是这样的:
You generally don't declare components in a routing module so you can delete the
@NgModule.declarations
array and delete CommonModule
references too.
你通常不会在路由模块中声明组件,所以可以删除 @NgModule.declarations
并删除对 CommonModule
的引用。
You'll configure the router with Routes
in the RouterModule
so import those two symbols from the @angular/router
library.
你将会使用 RouterModule
中的 Routes
类来配置路由器,所以还要从 @angular/router
库中导入这两个符号。
Add an @NgModule.exports
array with RouterModule
in it.
Exporting RouterModule
makes router directives available for use
in the AppModule
components that will need them.
添加一个 @NgModule.exports
数组,其中放上 RouterModule
。
导出 RouterModule
让路由器的相关指令可以在 AppModule
中的组件中使用。
AppRoutingModule
looks like this now:
此刻的 AppRoutingModule
是这样的:
Add routes
添加路由定义
Routes tell the router which view to display when a user clicks a link or pastes a URL into the browser address bar.
路由定义 会告诉路由器,当用户点击某个链接或者在浏览器地址栏中输入某个 URL 时,要显示哪个视图。
A typical Angular Route
has two properties:
典型的 Angular 路由(Route
)有两个属性:
-
path
: a string that matches the URL in the browser address bar.path
:一个用于匹配浏览器地址栏中 URL 的字符串。 -
component
: the component that the router should create when navigating to this route.component
:当导航到此路由时,路由器应该创建哪个组件。
You intend to navigate to the HeroesComponent
when the URL is something like localhost:4200/heroes
.
如果你希望当 URL 为 localhost:4200/heroes
时,就导航到 HeroesComponent
。
Import the HeroesComponent
so you can reference it in a Route
.
Then define an array of routes with a single route
to that component.
首先要导入 HeroesComponent
,以便能在 Route
中引用它。
然后定义一个路由数组,其中的某个路由是指向这个组件的。
Once you've finished setting up, the router will match that URL to path: 'heroes'
and display the HeroesComponent
.
完成这些设置之后,路由器将会把 URL 匹配到 path: 'heroes'
,并显示 HeroesComponent
。
RouterModule.forRoot()
You first must initialize the router and start it listening for browser location changes.
你必须首先初始化路由器,并让它开始监听浏览器中的地址变化。
Add RouterModule
to the @NgModule.imports
array and
configure it with the routes
in one step by calling
RouterModule.forRoot()
within the imports
array, like this:
把 RouterModule
添加到 @NgModule.imports
数组中,并用 routes
来配置它。你只要调用 imports
数组中的
RouterModule.forRoot()
函数就行了。
The method is called forRoot()
because you configure the router at the application's root level.
The forRoot()
method supplies the service providers and directives needed for routing,
and performs the initial navigation based on the current browser URL.
这个方法之所以叫 forRoot()
,是因为你要在应用的顶级配置这个路由器。
forRoot()
方法会提供路由所需的服务提供商和指令,还会基于浏览器的当前 URL 执行首次导航。
Add RouterOutlet
添加路由出口 (RouterOutlet)
Open the AppComponent
template replace the <app-heroes>
element with a <router-outlet>
element.
打开 AppComponent
的模板,把 <app-heroes>
元素替换为 <router-outlet>
元素。
You removed <app-heroes>
because you will only display the HeroesComponent
when the user navigates to it.
之所以移除 <app-heroes>
是因为当用户进行导航时,你不再仅仅显示 HeroesComponent
。
The <router-outlet>
tells the router where to display routed views.
<router-outlet>
会告诉路由器要在哪里显示路由到的视图。
The RouterOutlet
is one of the router directives that became available to the AppComponent
because AppModule
imports AppRoutingModule
which exported RouterModule
.
能在 AppComponent
中使用 RouterOutlet
,是因为 AppModule
导入了 AppRoutingModule
,而 AppRoutingModule
中导出了 RouterModule
。
Try it
试试
You should still be running with this CLI command.
你的 CLI 命令应该仍在运行吧。
ng serve
The browser should refresh and display the app title but not the list of heroes.
浏览器应该刷新,并显示着应用的标题,但是没有显示英雄列表。
Look at the browser's address bar.
The URL ends in /
.
The route path to HeroesComponent
is /heroes
.
看看浏览器的地址栏。
URL 是以 /
结尾的。
而到 HeroesComponent
的路由路径是 /heroes
。
Append /heroes
to the URL in the browser address bar.
You should see the familiar heroes master/detail view.
在地址栏中把 /heroes
追加到 URL 后面。你应该能看到熟悉的主从结构的英雄显示界面。
{@a routerlink}
Add a navigation link (routerLink)
添加路由链接 (routerLink)
Users shouldn't have to paste a route URL into the address bar. They should be able to click a link to navigate.
不应该让用户只能把路由的 URL 粘贴到地址栏中。他们还应该能通过点击链接进行导航。
Add a <nav>
element and, within that, an anchor element that, when clicked,
triggers navigation to the HeroesComponent
.
The revised AppComponent
template looks like this:
添加一个 <nav>
元素,并在其中放一个链接 <a>
元素,当点击它时,就会触发一个到 HeroesComponent
的导航。
修改过的 AppComponent
模板如下:
A routerLink
attribute is set to "/heroes"
,
the string that the router matches to the route to HeroesComponent
.
The routerLink
is the selector for the RouterLink
directive
that turns user clicks into router navigations.
It's another of the public directives in the RouterModule
.
routerLink
属性的值为 "/heroes"
,路由器会用它来匹配出指向 HeroesComponent
的路由。
routerLink
是 RouterLink
指令的选择器,它会把用户的点击转换为路由器的导航操作。
它是 RouterModule
中公开的另一个指令。
The browser refreshes and displays the app title and heroes link, but not the heroes list.
刷新浏览器,显示出了应用的标题和指向英雄列表的链接,但并没有显示英雄列表。
Click the link.
The address bar updates to /heroes
and the list of heroes appears.
点击这个链接。地址栏变成了 /heroes
,并且显示出了英雄列表。
Make this and future navigation links look better by adding private CSS styles to app.component.css
as listed in the final code review below.
从下面的 最终代码中把私有 CSS 样式添加到 app.component.css
中,可以让导航链接变得更好看一点。
Add a dashboard view
添加仪表盘视图
Routing makes more sense when there are multiple views. So far there's only the heroes view.
当有多个视图时,路由会更有价值。不过目前还只有一个英雄列表视图。
Add a DashboardComponent
using the CLI:
使用 CLI 添加一个 DashboardComponent
:
ng generate component dashboard
The CLI generates the files for the DashboardComponent
and declares it in AppModule
.
CLI 生成了 DashboardComponent
的相关文件,并把它声明到 AppModule
中。
Replace the default file content in these three files as follows and then return for a little discussion:
把这三个文件中的内容改成这样,并回来做一个随堂讨论:
The template presents a grid of hero name links.
这个模板用来表示由英雄名字链接组成的一个阵列。
-
The
*ngFor
repeater creates as many links as are in the component'sheroes
array.*ngFor
复写器为组件的heroes
数组中的每个条目创建了一个链接。 -
The links are styled as colored blocks by the
dashboard.component.css
.这些链接被
dashboard.component.css
中的样式格式化成了一些色块。 -
The links don't go anywhere yet but they will shortly.
这些链接还没有指向任何地方,但很快就会了。
The class is similar to the HeroesComponent
class.
这个类和 HeroesComponent
类很像。
-
It defines a
heroes
array property.它定义了一个
heroes
数组属性。 -
The constructor expects Angular to inject the
HeroService
into a privateheroService
property.它的构造函数希望 Angular 把
HeroService
注入到私有的heroService
属性中。 -
The
ngOnInit()
lifecycle hook callsgetHeroes
.在
ngOnInit()
生命周期钩子中调用getHeroes
。
This getHeroes
reduces the number of heroes displayed to four
(2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th).
这个 getHeroes
函数把要显示的英雄的数量缩减为四个(第二、第三、第四、第五)。
Add the dashboard route
添加仪表盘路由
To navigate to the dashboard, the router needs an appropriate route.
要导航到仪表盘,路由器中就需要一个相应的路由。
Import the DashboardComponent
in the AppRoutingModule
.
把 DashboardComponent
导入到 AppRoutingModule
中。
Add a route to the AppRoutingModule.routes
array that matches a path to the DashboardComponent
.
把一个指向 DashboardComponent
的路由添加到 AppRoutingModule.routes
数组中。
Add a default route
添加默认路由
When the app starts, the browsers address bar points to the web site's root.
That doesn't match any existing route so the router doesn't navigate anywhere.
The space below the <router-outlet>
is blank.
当应用启动时,浏览器的地址栏指向了网站的根路径。
它没有匹配到任何现存路由,因此路由器也不会导航到任何地方。
<router-outlet>
下方是空白的。
To make the app navigate to the dashboard automatically, add the following
route to the AppRoutingModule.Routes
array.
要让应用自动导航到这个仪表盘,请把下列路由添加到 AppRoutingModule.Routes
数组中。
This route redirects a URL that fully matches the empty path to the route whose path is '/dashboard'
.
这个路由会把一个与空路径“完全匹配”的 URL 重定向到路径为 '/dashboard'
的路由。
After the browser refreshes, the router loads the DashboardComponent
and the browser address bar shows the /dashboard
URL.
浏览器刷新之后,路由器加载了 DashboardComponent
,并且浏览器的地址栏会显示出 /dashboard
这个 URL。
Add dashboard link to the shell
把仪表盘链接添加到壳组件中
The user should be able to navigate back and forth between the
DashboardComponent
and the HeroesComponent
by clicking links in the
navigation area near the top of the page.
应该允许用户通过点击页面顶部导航区的各个链接在 DashboardComponent
和 HeroesComponent
之间来回导航。
Add a dashboard navigation link to the AppComponent
shell template, just above the Heroes link.
把仪表盘的导航链接添加到壳组件 AppComponent
的模板中,就放在 Heroes 链接的前面。
After the browser refreshes you can navigate freely between the two views by clicking the links.
刷新浏览器,你就能通过点击这些链接在这两个视图之间自由导航了。
{@a hero-details}
Navigating to hero details
导航到英雄详情
The HeroDetailsComponent
displays details of a selected hero.
At the moment the HeroDetailsComponent
is only visible at the bottom of the HeroesComponent
HeroDetailComponent
可以显示所选英雄的详情。
此刻,HeroDetailsComponent
只能在 HeroesComponent
的底部看到。
The user should be able to get to these details in three ways.
用户应该能通过三种途径看到这些详情。
-
By clicking a hero in the dashboard.
通过在仪表盘中点击某个英雄。
-
By clicking a hero in the heroes list.
通过在英雄列表中点击某个英雄。
-
By pasting a "deep link" URL into the browser address bar that identifies the hero to display.
通过把一个“深链接” URL 粘贴到浏览器的地址栏中来指定要显示的英雄。
In this section, you'll enable navigation to the HeroDetailsComponent
and liberate it from the HeroesComponent
.
在这一节,你将能导航到 HeroDetailComponent
,并把它从 HeroesComponent
中解放出来。
Delete hero details from HeroesComponent
从 HeroesComponent
中删除英雄详情
When the user clicks a hero item in the HeroesComponent
,
the app should navigate to the HeroDetailComponent
,
replacing the heroes list view with the hero detail view.
The heroes list view should no longer show hero details as it does now.
当用户在 HeroesComponent
中点击某个英雄条目时,应用应该能导航到 HeroDetailComponent
,从英雄列表视图切换到英雄详情视图。
英雄列表视图将不再显示,而英雄详情视图要显示出来。
Open the HeroesComponent
template (heroes/heroes.component.html
) and
delete the <app-hero-detail>
element from the bottom.
打开 HeroesComponent
的模板文件(heroes/heroes.component.html
),并从底部删除 <app-hero-detail>
元素。
Clicking a hero item now does nothing.
You'll fix that shortly after you enable routing to the HeroDetailComponent
.
目前,点击某个英雄条目还没有反应。不过当你启用了到 HeroDetailComponent
的路由之后,很快就能修复它。
Add a hero detail route
添加英雄详情视图
A URL like ~/detail/11
would be a good URL for navigating to the Hero Detail view of the hero whose id
is 11
.
要导航到 id
为 11
的英雄的详情视图,类似于 ~/detail/11
的 URL 将是一个不错的 URL。
Open AppRoutingModule
and import HeroDetailComponent
.
打开 AppRoutingModule
并导入 HeroDetailComponent
。
Then add a parameterized route to the AppRoutingModule.routes
array that matches the path pattern to the hero detail view.
然后把一个参数化路由添加到 AppRoutingModule.routes
数组中,它要匹配指向英雄详情视图的路径。
The colon (:) in the path
indicates that :id
is a placeholder for a specific hero id
.
path
中的冒号(:
)表示 :id
是一个占位符,它表示某个特定英雄的 id
。
At this point, all application routes are in place.
此刻,应用中的所有路由都就绪了。
DashboardComponent hero links
DashboardComponent
中的英雄链接
The DashboardComponent
hero links do nothing at the moment.
此刻,DashboardComponent
中的英雄连接还没有反应。
Now that the router has a route to HeroDetailComponent
,
fix the dashboard hero links to navigate via the parameterized dashboard route.
路由器已经有一个指向 HeroDetailComponent
的路由了,
修改仪表盘中的英雄连接,让它们通过参数化的英雄详情路由进行导航。
You're using Angular interpolation binding within the *ngFor
repeater
to insert the current interation's hero.id
into each
routerLink
.
你正在 *ngFor
复写器中使用 Angular 的插值表达式来把当前迭代的 hero.id
插入到每个 routerLink
中。
{@a heroes-component-links}
HeroesComponent hero links
HeroesComponent
中的英雄链接
The hero items in the HeroesComponent
are <li>
elements whose click events
are bound to the component's onSelect()
method.
HeroesComponent
中的这些英雄条目都是 <li>
元素,它们的点击事件都绑定到了组件的 onSelect()
方法中。
Strip the <li>
back to just its *ngFor
,
wrap the badge and name in an anchor element (<a>
),
and add a routerLink
attribute to the anchor that
is the same as in the dashboard template
清理 <li>
,只保留它的 *ngFor
,把徽章(<badge>
)和名字包裹进一个 <a>
元素中,
并且像仪表盘的模板中那样为这个 <a>
元素添加一个 routerLink
属性。
You'll have to fix the private stylesheet (heroes.component.css
) to make
the list look as it did before.
Revised styles are in the final code review at the bottom of this guide.
你还要修改私有样式表(heroes.component.css
),让列表恢复到以前的外观。
修改后的样式表参见本指南底部的最终代码。
Remove dead code (optional)
移除死代码(可选)
While the HeroesComponent
class still works,
the onSelect()
method and selectedHero
property are no longer used.
虽然 HeroesComponent
类仍然能正常工作,但 onSelect()
方法和 selectedHero
属性已经没用了。
It's nice to tidy up and you'll be grateful to yourself later. Here's the class after pruning away the dead code.
最好清理掉它们,将来你会体会到这么做的好处。 下面是删除了死代码之后的类。
Routable HeroDetailComponent
支持路由的 HeroDetailComponent
Previously, the parent HeroesComponent
set the HeroDetailComponent.hero
property and the HeroDetailComponent
displayed the hero.
以前,父组件 HeroesComponent
会设置 HeroDetailComponent.hero
属性,然后 HeroDetailComponent
就会显示这个英雄。
HeroesComponent
doesn't do that anymore.
Now the router creates the HeroDetailComponent
in response to a URL such as ~/detail/11
.
HeroesComponent
已经不会再那么做了。
现在,当路由器会在响应形如 ~/detail/11
的 URL 时创建 HeroDetailComponent
。
The HeroDetailComponent
needs a new way to obtain the hero-to-display.
HeroDetailComponent
需要从一种新的途径获取要显示的英雄。
-
Get the route that created it,
获取创建本组件的路由,
-
Extract the
id
from the route从这个路由中提取出
id
-
Acquire the hero with that
id
from the server via theHeroService
通过
HeroService
从服务器上获取具有这个id
的英雄数据。
Add the following imports:
先添加下列导入语句:
{@a hero-detail-ctor}
Inject the ActivatedRoute
, HeroService
, and Location
services
into the constructor, saving their values in private fields:
然后把 ActivatedRoute
、HeroService
和 Location
服务注入到构造函数中,将它们的值保存到私有变量里:
The ActivatedRoute
holds information about the route to this instance of the HeroDetailComponent
.
This component is interested in the route's bag of parameters extracted from the URL.
The "id" parameter is the id
of the hero to display.
ActivatedRoute
保存着到这个 HeroDetailComponent
实例的路由信息。
这个组件对从 URL 中提取的路由参数感兴趣。
其中的 id
参数就是要现实的英雄的 id
。
The HeroService
gets hero data from the remote server
and this component will use it to get the hero-to-display.
HeroService
从远端服务器获取英雄数据,本组件将使用它来获取要显示的英雄。
The location
is an Angular service for interacting with the browser.
You'll use it later to navigate back to the view that navigated here.
location
是一个 Angular 的服务,用来与浏览器打交道。
稍后,你就会使用它来导航回上一个视图。
Extract the id route parameter
从路由参数中提取 id
In the ngOnInit()
lifecycle hook
call getHero()
and define it as follows.
在 ngOnInit()
生命周期钩子
中调用 getHero()
,代码如下:
The route.snapshot
is a static image of the route information shortly after the component was created.
route.snapshot
是一个路由信息的静态快照,抓取自组件刚刚创建完毕之后。
The paramMap
is a dictionary of route parameter values extracted from the URL.
The "id"
key returns the id
of the hero to fetch.
paramMap
是一个从 URL 中提取的路由参数值的字典。
"id"
对应的值就是要获取的英雄的 id
。
Route parameters are always strings.
The JavaScript (+) operator converts the string to a number,
which is what a hero id
should be.
路由参数总会是字符串。
JavaScript 的 (+) 操作符会把字符串转换成数字,英雄的 id
就是数字类型。
The browser refreshes and the app crashes with a compiler error.
HeroService
doesn't have a getHero()
method.
Add it now.
刷新浏览器,应用挂了。出现一个编译错误,因为 HeroService
没有一个名叫 getHero()
的方法。
这就添加它。
Add HeroService.getHero()
添加 HeroService.getHero()
Open HeroService
and add this getHero()
method
添加 HeroService
,并添加如下的 getHero()
方法
Note the backticks ( ` ) that
define a JavaScript
template literal for embedding the id
.
注意,反引号 ( ` ) 用于定义 JavaScript 的 模板字符串字面量,以便嵌入 id
。
Like getHeroes()
,
getHero()
has an asynchronous signature.
It returns a mock hero as an Observable
, using the RxJS of()
function.
像 getHeroes()
一样,getHero()
也有一个异步函数签名。
它用 RxJS 的 of()
函数返回一个 Observable
形式的模拟英雄数据。
You'll be able to re-implement getHero()
as a real Http
request
without having to change the HeroDetailComponent
that calls it.
你将来可以用一个真实的 Http
请求来重现实现 getHero()
,而不用修改调用了它的 HeroDetailComponent
。
Try it
试试
The browser refreshes and the app is working again. You can click a hero in the dashboard or in the heroes list and navigate to that hero's detail view.
刷新浏览器,应用又恢复正常了。 你可以在仪表盘或英雄列表中点击一个英雄来导航到该英雄的详情视图。
If you paste localhost:4200/detail/11
in the browser address bar,
the router navigates to the detail view for the hero with id: 11
, "Mr. Nice".
如果你在浏览器的地址栏中粘贴了 localhost:4200/detail/11
,路由器也会导航到 id: 11
的英雄("Mr. Nice")的详情视图。
{@a goback}
Find the way back
回到原路
By clicking the browser's back button, you can go back to the hero list or dashboard view, depending upon which sent you to the detail view.
通过点击浏览器的后退按钮,你可以回到英雄列表或仪表盘视图,这取决于你从哪里进入的详情视图。
It would be nice to have a button on the HeroDetail
view that can do that.
如果能在 HeroDetail
视图中也有这么一个按钮就更好了。
Add a go back button to the bottom of the component template and bind it
to the component's goBack()
method.
把一个后退按钮添加到组件模板的底部,并且把它绑定到组件的 goBack()
方法。
Add a goBack()
method to the component class that navigates backward one step
in the browser's history stack
using the Location
service that you injected previously.
在组件类中添加一个 goBack()
方法,利用你以前注入的 Location
服务在浏览器的历史栈中后退一步。
Refresh the browser and start clicking. Users can navigate around the app, from the dashboard to hero details and back, from heroes list to the mini detail to the hero details and back to the heroes again.
刷新浏览器,并开始点击。 用户能在应用中导航:从仪表盘到英雄详情再回来,从英雄列表到 mini 版英雄详情到英雄详情,再回到英雄列表。
You've met all of the navigational requirements that propelled this page.
你已经满足了在本章开头设定的所有导航需求。
Final code review
查看最终代码
Here are the code files discussed on this page and your app should look like this .
你的应用应该变成了这样 。本页所提及的代码文件如下:
{@a approutingmodule}
{@a appmodule}
AppRoutingModule and AppModule
AppRoutingModule 与 AppModule
{@a appcomponent}
AppComponent
{@a dashboardcomponent}
DashboardComponent
{@a heroescomponent}
HeroesComponent
{@a herodetailcomponent}
HeroDetailComponent
Summary
小结
-
You added the Angular router to navigate among different components.
添加了 Angular 路由器在各个不同组件之间导航。
-
You turned the
AppComponent
into a navigation shell with<a>
links and a<router-outlet>
.你使用一些
<a>
链接和一个<router-outlet>
把AppComponent
转换成了一个导航用的壳组件。 -
You configured the router in an
AppRoutingModule
你在
AppRoutingModule
中配置了路由器。 -
You defined simple routes, a redirect route, and a parameterized route.
你定义了一些简单路由、一个重定向路由和一个参数化路由。
-
You used the
routerLink
directive in anchor elements.你在
<a>
元素中使用了routerLink
指令。 -
You refactored a tightly-coupled master/detail view into a routed detail view.
你把一个紧耦合的主从视图重构成了带路由的详情视图。
-
You used router link parameters to navigate to the detail view of a user-selected hero.
你使用路由链接参数来导航到所选英雄的详情视图。
-
You shared the
HeroService
among multiple components.在多个组件之间共享了
HeroService
服务。