1065 lines
42 KiB
Markdown
1065 lines
42 KiB
Markdown
# HTTP
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# HTTP 服务
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In this page, you'll make the following improvements.
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在这一章中，我们将进行如下增强：
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* Get the hero data from a server.
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从服务器获取英雄数据。
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* Let users add, edit, and delete hero names.
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让用户添加、编辑和删除英雄名。
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* Save the changes to the server.
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把这些更改保存到服务器。
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You'll teach the app to make corresponding HTTP calls to a remote server's web API.
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我们要让应用能够对远端服务器提供的Web API发起相应的HTTP调用。
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When you're done with this page, the app should look like this <live-example></live-example>.
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当我们完成这一章时，应用会变成这样：<live-example></live-example>。
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## Where you left off
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## 延续上一步教程
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In the [previous page](tutorial/toh-pt5), you learned to navigate between the dashboard and the fixed heroes list,
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editing a selected hero along the way.
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That's the starting point for this page.
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在[前一章](tutorial/toh-pt5)中，我们学会了在仪表盘和固定的英雄列表之间导航，并编辑选定的英雄。这也就是本章的起点。
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## Keep the app transpiling and running
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## 保持应用的转译与运行
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Enter the following command in the terminal window:
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在终端窗口输入如下命令：
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<code-example language="sh" class="code-shell">
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npm start
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</code-example>
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This command runs the TypeScript compiler in "watch mode", recompiling automatically when the code changes.
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The command simultaneously launches the app in a browser and refreshes the browser when the code changes.
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这个命令会在“监听”模式下运行TypeScript编译器，当代码变化时，它会自动重新编译。
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同时，该命令还会在浏览器中启动该应用，并且当代码变化时刷新浏览器。
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You can keep building the Tour of Heroes without pausing to recompile or refresh the browser.
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在后续构建《英雄指南》过程中，应用能持续运行，而不用中断服务来编译或刷新浏览器。
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## Providing HTTP Services
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## 提供 HTTP 服务
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The `HttpModule` is not a core NgModule.
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`HttpModule` is Angular's optional approach to web access. It exists as a separate add-on module called `@angular/http`
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and is shipped in a separate script file as part of the Angular npm package.
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`HttpModule`***并不是*** Angular 的核心模块。
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它是 Angular 用来进行 Web 访问的一种可选方式，并位于一个名叫 `@angular/http` 的独立附属模块中，并作为 Angular 的 npm 包之一而发布出来。
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You're ready to import from `@angular/http` because `systemjs.config` configured *SystemJS* to load that library when you need it.
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`systemjs.config`中已经配置好了 *SystemJS*，并在必要时加载它，因此我们已经准备好从`@angular/http`中导入它了。
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## Register for HTTP services
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## 注册 *HTTP* 服务
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The app will depend on the Angular `http` service, which itself depends on other supporting services.
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The `HttpModule` from the `@angular/http` library holds providers for a complete set of HTTP services.
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我们的应用将会依赖于 Angular 的`http`服务，它本身又依赖于其它支持类服务。
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来自`@angular/http`库中的`HttpModule`保存着这些 HTTP 相关服务提供商的全集。
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To allow access to these services from anywhere in the app,
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add `HttpModule` to the `imports` list of the `AppModule`.
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我们要能从本应用的任何地方访问这些服务，就要把`HttpModule`添加到`AppModule`的`imports`列表中。
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这里同时也是我们引导应用及其根组件`AppComponent`的地方。
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts" region="v1" title="src/app/app.module.ts (v1)">
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</code-example>
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Notice that you also supply `HttpModule` as part of the *imports* array in root NgModule `AppModule`.
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注意，现在`HttpModule`已经是根模块`AppModule`的`imports`数组的一部分了。
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## Simulate the web API
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## 模拟web API
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We recommend registering app-wide services in the root
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`AppModule` *providers*.
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我们建议在根模块`AppModule`的`providers`数组中注册全应用级的服务。
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Until you have a web server that can handle requests for hero data,
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the HTTP client will fetch and save data from
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a mock service, the *in-memory web API*.
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在拥有一个能处理Web请求的服务器之前，我们可以先用HTTP客户端通过一个模拟（Mock）服务（内存Web API）来获取和保存数据。
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Update <code>src/app/app.module.ts</code> with this version, which uses the mock service:
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修改<code>src/app/app.module.ts</code>，让它使用这个模拟服务：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts" region="v2" title="src/app/app.module.ts (v2)">
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</code-example>
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Rather than require a real API server, this example simulates communication with the remote server by adding the
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<a href="https://github.com/angular/in-memory-web-api" title="In-memory Web API">InMemoryWebApiModule</a>
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to the module `imports`, effectively replacing the `Http` client's XHR backend service with an in-memory alternative.
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导入`InMemoryWebApiModule`并将其加入到模块的`imports`数组。
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`InMemoryWebApiModule`将`Http`客户端默认的后端服务 —
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这是一个辅助服务，负责与远程服务器对话 —
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替换成了*内存 Web API*服务：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts" region="in-mem-web-api">
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</code-example>
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The `forRoot()` configuration method takes an `InMemoryDataService` class
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that primes the in-memory database.
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Add the file `in-memory-data.service.ts` in `app` with the following content:
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`forRoot()`配置方法需要`InMemoryDataService`类实例，用来向内存数据库填充数据：
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往`app`目录下新增一个文件`in-memory-data.service.ts`，填写下列内容：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts" region="init" title="src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts" linenums="false">
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</code-example>
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This file replaces `mock-heroes.ts`, which is now safe to delete.
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Added hero "Zero" to confirm that the data service can handle a hero with `id==0`.
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这个文件已经替换了`mock-heroes.ts`，可以删除`mock-heroes.ts`了。
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<div class="alert is-helpful">
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The in-memory web API is only useful in the early stages of development and for demonstrations such as this Tour of Heroes.
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Don't worry about the details of this backend substitution; you can
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skip it when you have a real web API server.
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内存Web API只在开发的早期阶段或写《英雄指南》这样的演示程序时才有用。有了它，你将来替换后端实现时就不用关心这些细节问题了。如果你已经有了一个真实的Web API服务器，尽管跳过它吧。
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</div>
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## Heroes and HTTP
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## 英雄与 HTTP
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In the current `HeroService` implementation, a Promise resolved with mock heroes is returned.
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在目前的`HeroService`的实现中，返回的是一个能解析（resolve）成模拟英雄列表的承诺（Promise）。
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<code-example path="toh-pt4/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="get-heroes" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (old getHeroes)">
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</code-example>
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This was implemented in anticipation of ultimately
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fetching heroes with an HTTP client, which must be an asynchronous operation.
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我们返回一个承诺 (Promise)，它用模拟版的英雄列表进行解析。
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它当时可能看起来显得有点过于复杂，不过我们预料到总有这么一天会通过 HTTP 客户端来获取英雄数据，
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而且我们知道，那一定是一个异步操作。
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Now convert `getHeroes()` to use HTTP.
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现在，我们把`getHeroes()`换成使用 HTTP。
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="getHeroes" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (updated getHeroes and new class members)">
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</code-example>
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Update the import statements as follows:
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更新后的导入声明如下：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="imports" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (updated imports)">
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</code-example>
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Refresh the browser. The hero data should successfully load from the
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mock server.
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刷新浏览器后，英雄数据就会从模拟服务器被成功读取。
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{@a http-promise}
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### HTTP Promise
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### Http 承诺（Promise）
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The Angular `http.get` returns an RxJS `Observable`.
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*Observables* are a powerful way to manage asynchronous data flows.
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You'll read about [Observables](tutorial/toh-pt6#observables) later in this page.
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Angular 的`http.get`返回一个 RxJS 的`Observable`对象。
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*Observable（可观察对象）*是一个管理异步数据流的强力方式。
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后面我们还会进一步学习[可观察对象](tutorial/toh-pt6#observables)。
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For now, you've converted the `Observable` to a `Promise` using the `toPromise` operator.
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*现在*，我们先利用`toPromise`操作符把`Observable`直接转换成`Promise`对象，回到已经熟悉的地盘。
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="to-promise">
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</code-example>
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The Angular `Observable` doesn't have a `toPromise` operator out of the box.
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不幸的是，Angular 的`Observable`并没有一个`toPromise`操作符... 没有打包在一起发布。Angular的`Observable`只是一个骨架实现。
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There are many operators like `toPromise` that extend `Observable` with useful capabilities.
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To use those capabilities, you have to add the operators themselves.
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That's as easy as importing them from the RxJS library like this:
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有很多像`toPromise`这样的操作符，用于扩展`Observable`，为其添加有用的能力。
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如果我们希望得到那些能力，就得自己添加那些操作符。
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那很容易，只要从 RxJS 库中导入它们就可以了，就像这样：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="rxjs">
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</code-example>
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<div class="l-sub-section">
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You'll add more operators, and learn why you must do so, [later in this tutorial](tutorial/toh-pt6#rxjs-imports).
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我们还要添加更多的操作符，并且必须这么做，要了解其中的原因，参见[本章稍后的部分](tutorial/toh-pt6#rxjs-imports)。
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</div>
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### Extracting the data in the *then* callback
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### 在 *then* 回调中提取出数据
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In the *Promise*'s `then()` callback , you call the `json` method of the HTTP `Response` to extract the
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data within the response.
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在 *promise* 的`then()`回调中，我们调用 HTTP 的`Reponse`对象的`json`方法，以提取出其中的数据。
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="to-data"></code-example>
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The response JSON has a single `data` property, which
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holds the array of heroes that the caller wants.
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So you grab that array and return it as the resolved Promise value.
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这个由`json`方法返回的对象只有一个`data`属性。
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这个`data`属性保存了*英雄*数组，这个数组才是调用者真正想要的。
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所以我们取得这个数组，并且把它作为承诺的值进行解析。
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<div class="alert is-important">
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Note the shape of the data that the server returns.
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This particular in-memory web API example returns an object with a `data` property.
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Your API might return something else. Adjust the code to match your web API.
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仔细看看这个由服务器返回的数据的形态。
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这个*内存 Web API* 的范例中所做的是返回一个带有`data`属性的对象。
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你的 API 也可以返回其它东西。请调整这些代码以匹配*你的 Web API*。
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</div>
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The caller is unaware that you fetched the heroes from the (mock) server.
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It receives a Promise of *heroes* just as it did before.
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调用者并不知道这些实现机制，它仍然像以前那样接收一个包含*英雄数据*的承诺。
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它也不知道我们已经改成了从服务器获取英雄数据。
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它也不必了解把 HTTP 响应转换成英雄数据时所作的这些复杂变换。
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看到美妙之处了吧，这正是将数据访问委托组一个服务的目的。
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### Error Handling
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### 错误处理
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At the end of `getHeroes()`, you `catch` server failures and pass them to an error handler.
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在`getHeroes()`的最后，我们`catch`了服务器的失败信息，并把它们传给了错误处理器：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="catch">
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</code-example>
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This is a critical step.
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You must anticipate HTTP failures, as they happen frequently for reasons beyond your control.
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这是一个关键的步骤！
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我们必须预料到 HTTP 请求会失败，因为有太多我们无法控制的原因可能导致它们频繁出现各种错误。
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="handleError">
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</code-example>
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This demo service logs the error to the console; in real life,
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you would handle the error in code. For a demo, this works.
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在这个范例服务中，我们把错误记录到控制台中；在真实世界中，我们应该用代码对错误进行处理。但对于演示来说，这就够了。
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The code also includes an error to
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the caller in a rejected promise, so that the caller can display a proper error message to the user.
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我们还要通过一个被拒绝 (rejected) 的承诺来把该错误用一个用户友好的格式返回给调用者，
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以便调用者能把一个合适的错误信息显示给用户。
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### Get hero by id
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### 通过id获取英雄
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When the `HeroDetailComponent` asks the `HeroService` to fetch a hero,
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the `HeroService` currently fetches all heroes and
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filters for the one with the matching `id`.
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That's fine for a simulation, but it's wasteful to ask a real server for all heroes when you only want one.
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Most web APIs support a _get-by-id_ request in the form `api/hero/:id` (such as `api/hero/11`).
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当`HeroDetailComponent`向`HeroService`请求获取一个英雄时，`HeroService`会获取所有英雄，并从中过滤出与`id`匹配的那一个。
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这对于例子来说倒是无可厚非，
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不过在真实服务中，这种为了获取一个英雄而请求全部英雄的做法就有点浪费了，
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许多Web API支持*get-by-id*请求，形如：`api/hero/:id`（如：`api/hero/11`）。
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Update the `HeroService.getHero()` method to make a _get-by-id_ request:
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修改 `HeroService.getHero()` 方法来发起一个 *get-by-id* 请求：
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<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="getHero" title="src/app/hero.service.ts"></code-example>
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This request is almost the same as `getHeroes()`.
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The hero id in the URL identifies which hero the server should update.
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此方法基本上与`getHeroes`方法一致，通过在URL中添加英雄的id来告诉服务器应该获取_那个_英雄，
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匹配`api/hero/:id`模式。
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Also, the `data` in the response is a single hero object rather than an array.
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我们还要把响应中返回的`data`改为一个英雄对象，而不再是对象数组。组。
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### Unchanged _getHeroes_ API
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### `getHeroes` API 没变
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Although you made significant internal changes to `getHeroes()` and `getHero()`,
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the public signatures didn't change.
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You still return a Promise from both methods.
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You won't have to update any of the components that call them.
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尽管我们在`getHeroes()`和`getHero()`方法的*内部*做了重大修改，
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但是他们的公共签名却没有变。这两个方法仍然返回的是一个Promise对象，
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所以并不需要修改任何调用他们的组件。
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Now it's time to add the ability to create and delete heroes.
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现在，我们该支持创建和删除英雄了。
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## Updating hero details
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## 更新英雄详情
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Try editing a hero's name in the hero detail view.
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As you type, the hero name is updated in the view heading.
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But if you click the Back button, the changes are lost.
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我们已经可以在英雄详情中编辑英雄的名字了。来试试吧。在输入的时候，页头上的英雄名字也会随之更新。
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不过当我们点了`Back（后退）`按钮时，这些修改就丢失了。
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Updates weren't lost before. What changed?
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When the app used a list of mock heroes, updates were applied directly to the
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hero objects within the single, app-wide, shared list. Now that you're fetching data
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from a server, if you want changes to persist, you must write them back to
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the server.
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|
||
以前是不会丢失更新的，怎么回事？
|
||
当该应用使用模拟出来的英雄列表时，修改的是一份全局共享的英雄列表，而现在改成了从服务器获取数据。
|
||
如果我们希望这些更改被持久化，我们就得把它们写回服务器。
|
||
|
||
### Add the ability to save hero details
|
||
|
||
### 保存英雄详情
|
||
|
||
At the end of the hero detail template, add a save button with a `click` event
|
||
binding that invokes a new component method named `save()`.
|
||
|
||
|
||
我们先来确保对英雄名字的编辑不会丢失。先在英雄详情模板的底部添加一个保存按钮，它绑定了一个`click`事件，事件绑定会调用组件中一个名叫`save()`的新方法：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail.component.html" region="save" title="src/app/hero-detail.component.html (save)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Add the following `save()` method, which persists hero name changes using the hero service
|
||
`update()` method and then navigates back to the previous view.
|
||
|
||
|
||
`save()`方法使用 hero 服务的`update()`方法来持久化对英雄名字的修改，然后导航回前一个视图：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail.component.ts" region="save" title="src/app/hero-detail.component.ts (save)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
### Add a hero service _update()_ method
|
||
|
||
### hero 服务的`update`方法
|
||
|
||
The overall structure of the `update()` method is similar to that of
|
||
`getHeroes()`, but it uses an HTTP `put()` to persist server-side changes.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
`update()`方法的大致结构与`getHeroes()`类似，不过我们使用 HTTP 的 `put()` 方法来把修改持久化到服务端：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="update" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (update)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
To identify which hero the server should update, the hero `id` is encoded in
|
||
the URL. The `put()` body is the JSON string encoding of the hero, obtained by
|
||
calling `JSON.stringify`. The body content type
|
||
(`application/json`) is identified in the request header.
|
||
|
||
我们通过一个编码在 URL 中的英雄 `id` 来告诉服务器应该更新哪个英雄。`put` 的 body 是该英雄的 JSON 字符串，它是通过调用`JSON.stringify`得到的。
|
||
并且在请求头中标记出的 body 的内容类型（`application/json`）。
|
||
|
||
Refresh the browser, change a hero name, save your change,
|
||
and click the browser Back button. Changes should now persist.
|
||
|
||
刷新浏览器试一下，对英雄名字的修改确实已经被持久化了。
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## Add the ability to add heroes
|
||
|
||
## 添加英雄
|
||
|
||
To add a hero, the app needs the hero's name. You can use an `input`
|
||
element paired with an add button.
|
||
|
||
要添加一个新的英雄，我们得先知道英雄的名字。我们使用一个 `input` 元素和一个添加按钮来实现。
|
||
|
||
Insert the following into the heroes component HTML, just after
|
||
the heading:
|
||
|
||
|
||
把下列代码插入 heroes 组件的 HTML 中，放在标题的下面：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.html" region="add" title="src/app/heroes.component.html (add)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
In response to a click event, call the component's click handler and then
|
||
clear the input field so that it's ready for another name.
|
||
|
||
|
||
当点击事件触发时，我们调用组件的点击处理器，然后清空这个输入框，以便用来输入另一个名字。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.ts" region="add" title="src/app/heroes.component.ts (add)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
When the given name is non-blank, the handler delegates creation of the
|
||
named hero to the hero service, and then adds the new hero to the array.
|
||
|
||
当指定的名字不为空的时候，点击处理器就会委托 hero 服务来创建一个具有此名字的英雄，
|
||
并把这个新的英雄添加到我们的数组中。
|
||
|
||
Implement the `create()` method in the `HeroService` class.
|
||
|
||
然后，我们在`HeroService`类中实现这个`create()`方法。
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="create" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (create)"></code-example>
|
||
|
||
Refresh the browser and create some heroes.
|
||
|
||
刷新浏览器，并创建一些新的英雄！
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## Add the ability to delete a hero
|
||
|
||
## 删除英雄
|
||
|
||
Each hero in the heroes view should have a delete button.
|
||
|
||
在英雄列表视图中的每个英雄都应该有一个删除按钮。
|
||
|
||
Add the following button element to the heroes component HTML, after the hero
|
||
name in the repeated `<li>` element.
|
||
|
||
|
||
把这个按钮元素添加到英雄列表组件的 HTML 中，把它放在`<li>`标签中的英雄名的后面：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.html" region="delete">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
The `<li>` element should now look like this:
|
||
|
||
|
||
`<li>`元素应该变成了这样：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.html" region="li-element" title="src/app/heroes.component.html (li-element)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
In addition to calling the component's `delete()` method, the delete button's
|
||
click handler code stops the propagation of the click event—you
|
||
don't want the `<li>` click handler to be triggered because doing so would
|
||
select the hero that the user will delete.
|
||
|
||
除了调用组件的`delete()`方法之外，这个删除按钮的点击处理器还应该阻止点击事件向上冒泡 —
|
||
我们并不希望触发`<li>`的事件处理器，否则它会选中我们要删除的这位英雄。
|
||
|
||
The logic of the `delete()` handler is a bit trickier:
|
||
|
||
|
||
`delete()`处理器的逻辑略复杂：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.ts" region="delete" title="src/app/heroes.component.ts (delete)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Of course you delegate hero deletion to the hero service, but the component
|
||
is still responsible for updating the display: it removes the deleted hero
|
||
from the array and resets the selected hero, if necessary.
|
||
|
||
当然，我们仍然把删除英雄的操作委托给了 hero 服务，
|
||
不过该组件仍然负责更新显示：它从数组中移除了被删除的英雄，如果删除的是正选中的英雄，还会清空选择。
|
||
|
||
|
||
To place the delete button at the far right of the hero entry,
|
||
add this CSS:
|
||
|
||
|
||
我们希望删除按钮被放在英雄条目的最右边。
|
||
于是 CSS 变成了这样：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.css" region="additions" title="src/app/heroes.component.css (additions)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
### Hero service _delete()_ method
|
||
|
||
### hero 服务的`delete()`方法
|
||
|
||
Add the hero service's `delete()` method, which uses the `delete()` HTTP method to remove the hero from the server:
|
||
|
||
|
||
hero 服务的`delete()`方法使用 HTTP 的 `delete()` 方法来从服务器上移除该英雄：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts" region="delete" title="src/app/hero.service.ts (delete)">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Refresh the browser and try the new delete functionality.
|
||
|
||
刷新浏览器，并试一下这个新的删除功能。
|
||
|
||
## Observables
|
||
|
||
## 可观察对象 (Observable)
|
||
|
||
Each `Http` service method returns an `Observable` of HTTP `Response` objects.
|
||
|
||
`Http`服务中的每个方法都返回一个 HTTP `Response`对象的`Observable`实例。
|
||
|
||
The `HeroService` converts that `Observable` into a `Promise` and returns the promise to the caller.
|
||
This section shows you how, when, and why to return the `Observable` directly.
|
||
|
||
我们的`HeroService`中把那个`Observable`对象转换成了`Promise`（承诺），并把这个承诺返回给了调用者。
|
||
这一节，我们将学会直接返回`Observable`，并且讨论何时以及为何那样做会更好。
|
||
|
||
### Background
|
||
|
||
### 背景
|
||
|
||
An *Observable* is a stream of events that you can process with array-like operators.
|
||
|
||
一个*可观察对象*是一个事件流，我们可以用数组型操作符来处理它。
|
||
|
||
Angular core has basic support for observables.
|
||
Developers augment that support with operators and extensions from the
|
||
<a href="http://reactivex.io/rxjs" target="_blank" title="RxJS">RxJS library</a>.
|
||
You'll see how shortly.
|
||
|
||
Angular 内核中提供了对可观察对象的基本支持。而我们这些开发人员可以自己从 <a href="http://reactivex.io/rxjs" target="_blank" title="RxJS">RxJS</a> 库中引入操作符和扩展。
|
||
我们会简短的讲解下如何做。
|
||
|
||
Recall that the `HeroService` chained the `toPromise` operator to the `Observable` result of `http.get()`.
|
||
That operator converted the `Observable` into a `Promise` and you passed that promise back to the caller.
|
||
|
||
快速回忆一下`HeroService`，它在`http.get()`返回的`Observable`后面串联了一个`toPromise`操作符。
|
||
该操作符把`Observable`转换成了`Promise`，并且我们把那个承诺返回给了调用者。
|
||
|
||
Converting to a Promise is often a good choice. You typically ask `http.get()` to fetch a single chunk of data.
|
||
When you receive the data, you're done.
|
||
The calling component can easily consume a single result in the form of a Promise.
|
||
|
||
转换成承诺通常是更好地选择，我们通常会要求`http.get()`获取单块数据。只要接收到数据，就算完成。
|
||
使用承诺这种形式的结果是让调用方更容易写，并且承诺已经在 JavaScript 程序员中被广泛接受了。
|
||
|
||
|
||
But requests aren't always done only once.
|
||
You may start one request,
|
||
cancel it, and make a different request before the server has responded to the first request.
|
||
|
||
但是请求并非总是“一次性”的。我们可以开始一个请求，
|
||
并且取消它，在服务器对第一个请求作出回应之前，再开始另一个不同的请求 。
|
||
像这样一个_请求-取消-新请求_的序列用*承诺*是很难实现的，但接下来我们会看到，它对于*可观察对象*却很简单。
|
||
|
||
A *request-cancel-new-request* sequence is difficult to implement with `Promise`s, but
|
||
easy with `Observable`s.
|
||
|
||
*请求-取消-新请求*的序列对于`Promise`来说是很难实现的，但是对`Observable`来说则很容易。
|
||
|
||
### Add the ability to search by name
|
||
|
||
### 支持按名搜索
|
||
|
||
You're going to add a *hero search* feature to the Tour of Heroes.
|
||
As the user types a name into a search box, you'll make repeated HTTP requests for heroes filtered by that name.
|
||
|
||
我们要为《英雄指南》添加一个*英雄搜索*特性。
|
||
当用户在搜索框中输入一个名字时，我们将不断发起 HTTP 请求，以获得按名字过滤的英雄。
|
||
|
||
Start by creating `HeroSearchService` that sends search queries to the server's web API.
|
||
|
||
|
||
我们先创建`HeroSearchService`服务，它会把搜索请求发送到我们服务器上的 Web API。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.service.ts" title="src/app/hero-search.service.ts">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
The `http.get()` call in `HeroSearchService` is similar to the one
|
||
in the `HeroService`, although the URL now has a query string.
|
||
|
||
`HeroSearchService`中的`http.get()`调用和`HeroService`中的很相似，只是这次带了查询字符串。
|
||
|
||
More importantly, you no longer call `toPromise()`.
|
||
Instead you return the *Observable* from the the `http.get()`,
|
||
after chaining it to another RxJS operator, <code>map()</code>,
|
||
to extract heroes from the response data.
|
||
|
||
更重要的是：我们不再调用`toPromise`方法，而是从`http.get`
|
||
方法中返回一个*Observable*对象，之后调用RxJS的<code>map</code>操作符
|
||
来从返回数据中提取英雄。
|
||
|
||
RxJS operator chaining makes response processing easy and readable.
|
||
See the [discussion below about operators](tutorial/toh-pt6#rxjs-imports).
|
||
|
||
链式RxJS操作可以让我们简单、易读的处理响应数据。详见[下面关于操作符的讨论](tutorial/toh-pt6#rxjs-imports)
|
||
|
||
### HeroSearchComponent
|
||
|
||
### HeroSearchComponent 组件
|
||
|
||
Let's create a new `HeroSearchComponent` that calls this new `HeroSearchService`.
|
||
|
||
我们再创建一个新的`HeroSearchComponent`来调用这个新的`HeroSearchService`。
|
||
|
||
The component template is simple—just a text box and a list of matching search results.
|
||
|
||
|
||
组件模板很简单，就是一个输入框和一个显示匹配的搜索结果的列表。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.html" title="src/app/hero-search.component.html">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Also, add styles for the new component.
|
||
|
||
我们还要往这个新组件中添加样式。
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.css" title="src/app/hero-search.component.css"></code-example>
|
||
|
||
As the user types in the search box, a *keyup* event binding calls the component's `search()`
|
||
method with the new search box value.
|
||
|
||
当用户在搜索框中输入时，一个 *keyup* 事件绑定会调用该组件的`search()`方法，并传入新的搜索框的值。
|
||
|
||
As expected, the `*ngFor` repeats hero objects from the component's `heroes` property.
|
||
|
||
不出所料，`*ngFor`从该组件的`heroes`属性重复获取 *hero* 对象。这也没啥特别的。
|
||
|
||
But as you'll soon see, the `heroes` property is now an *Observable* of hero arrays, rather than just a hero array.
|
||
The `*ngFor` can't do anything with an `Observable` until you route it through the `async` pipe (`AsyncPipe`).
|
||
The `async` pipe subscribes to the `Observable` and produces the array of heroes to `*ngFor`.
|
||
|
||
但是，接下来我们看到`heroes`属性现在是英雄列表的`Observable`对象，而不再只是英雄数组。
|
||
`*ngFor`不能用可观察对象做任何事，除非我们在它后面跟一个`async` pipe (`AsyncPipe`)。
|
||
这个`async`管道会订阅到这个可观察对象，并且为`*ngFor`生成一个英雄数组。
|
||
|
||
Create the `HeroSearchComponent` class and metadata.
|
||
|
||
|
||
该创建`HeroSearchComponent`类及其元数据了。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.ts" title="src/app/hero-search.component.ts">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
#### Search terms
|
||
|
||
#### 搜索词
|
||
|
||
Focus on the `searchTerms`:
|
||
|
||
|
||
仔细看下这个`searchTerms`：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.ts" region="searchTerms">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
A `Subject` is a producer of an _observable_ event stream;
|
||
`searchTerms` produces an `Observable` of strings, the filter criteria for the name search.
|
||
|
||
`Subject`（主题）是一个_可观察的_事件流中的生产者。
|
||
`searchTerms`生成一个产生字符串的`Observable`，用作按名称搜索时的过滤条件。Each call to `search()` puts a new string into this subject's _observable_ stream by calling `next()`.
|
||
|
||
每当调用`search()`时都会调用`next()`来把新的字符串放进该主题的_可观察_流中。
|
||
|
||
{@a ngoninit}
|
||
|
||
#### Initialize the *heroes* property (*ngOnInit*)
|
||
|
||
#### 初始化 *heroes* 属性(*ngOnInit*)
|
||
|
||
A `Subject` is also an `Observable`.
|
||
You can turn the stream
|
||
of search terms into a stream of `Hero` arrays and assign the result to the `heroes` property.
|
||
|
||
|
||
`Subject`也是一个`Observable`对象。
|
||
我们要把搜索词的流转换成`Hero`数组的流，并把结果赋值给`heroes`属性。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.ts" region="search">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Passing every user keystroke directly to the `HeroSearchService` would create an excessive amount of HTTP requests,
|
||
taxing server resources and burning through the cellular network data plan.
|
||
|
||
如果我们直接把每一次用户按键都直接传给`HeroSearchService`，就会发起一场 HTTP 请求风暴。
|
||
这可不好玩。我们不希望占用服务器资源，也不想耗光蜂窝移动网络的流量。
|
||
|
||
|
||
Instead, you can chain `Observable` operators that reduce the request flow to the string `Observable`.
|
||
You'll make fewer calls to the `HeroSearchService` and still get timely results. Here's how:
|
||
|
||
不过，我们可以在字符串的`Observable`后面串联一些`Observable`操作符，来归并这些请求。
|
||
我们将对`HeroSearchService`发起更少的调用，并且仍然获得足够及时的响应。做法如下：
|
||
|
||
* `debounceTime(300)` waits until the flow of new string events pauses for 300 milliseconds
|
||
before passing along the latest string. You'll never make requests more frequently than 300ms.
|
||
|
||
在传出最终字符串之前，`debounceTime(300)`将会等待，直到新增字符串的事件暂停了 300 毫秒。
|
||
我们实际发起请求的间隔永远不会小于 300ms。
|
||
|
||
* `distinctUntilChanged` ensures that a request is sent only if the filter text changed.
|
||
|
||
`distinctUntilChanged`确保只在过滤条件变化时才发送请求，
|
||
这样就不会重复请求同一个搜索词了。
|
||
|
||
* `switchMap()` calls the search service for each search term that makes it through `debounce` and `distinctUntilChanged`.
|
||
It cancels and discards previous search observables, returning only the latest search service observable.
|
||
|
||
`switchMap()`会为每个从`debounce`和`distinctUntilChanged`中通过的搜索词调用搜索服务。
|
||
它会取消并丢弃以前的搜索可观察对象，只保留最近的。
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="l-sub-section">
|
||
|
||
With the [switchMap operator](http://www.learnrxjs.io/operators/transformation/switchmap.html)
|
||
(formerly known as `flatMapLatest`),
|
||
every qualifying key event can trigger an `http()` method call.
|
||
Even with a 300ms pause between requests, you could have multiple HTTP requests in flight
|
||
and they may not return in the order sent.
|
||
|
||
借助[switchMap操作符](http://www.learnrxjs.io/operators/transformation/switchmap.html)
|
||
(正式名称是`flatMapLatest`)
|
||
每次符合条件的按键事件都会触发一次对`http()`方法的调用。即使在发送每个请求前都有 300 毫秒的延迟，
|
||
我们仍然可能同时拥有多个在途的 HTTP 请求，并且它们返回的顺序未必就是发送时的顺序。`switchMap()` preserves the original request order while returning
|
||
only the observable from the most recent `http` method call.
|
||
Results from prior calls are canceled and discarded.
|
||
|
||
`switchMap()`保留了原始的请求顺序，并且只返回最近一次 `http` 调用返回的可观察对象。
|
||
这是因为以前的调用都被取消或丢弃了。If the search text is empty, the `http()` method call is also short circuited
|
||
and an observable containing an empty array is returned.
|
||
|
||
如果搜索框为空，我们还可以短路掉这次`http()`方法调用，并且直接返回一个包含空数组的可观察对象。Note that until the service supports that feature, _canceling_ the `HeroSearchService` Observable
|
||
doesn't actually abort a pending HTTP request.
|
||
For now, unwanted results are discarded.
|
||
|
||
注意，*取消*`HeroSearchService`的可观察对象并不会实际中止 (abort) 一个未完成的 HTTP 请求，
|
||
除非服务支持这个特性，这个问题我们以后再讨论。
|
||
目前我们的做法只是丢弃不希望的结果。
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
* `catch` intercepts a failed observable.
|
||
The simple example prints the error to the console; a real life app would do better.
|
||
Then to clear the search result, you return an observable containing an empty array .
|
||
|
||
`catch`拦截失败的可观察对象。这个简单的例子中只是把错误信息打印到控制台（但实际的应用需要做更多事），然后返回一个包含空数组的可观察对象，以清空搜索结果。
|
||
|
||
|
||
{@a rxjs-imports}
|
||
|
||
### Import RxJS operators
|
||
|
||
### 导入 RxJS 操作符
|
||
|
||
Most RxJS operators are not included in Angular's base `Observable` implementation.
|
||
The base implementation includes only what Angular itself requires.
|
||
|
||
大部分RxJS操作符都不包括在Angular的`Observable`基本实现中，基本实现只包括Angular本身所需的功能。
|
||
|
||
When you need more RxJS features, extend `Observable` by *importing* the libraries in which they are defined.
|
||
Here are all the RxJS imports that _this_ component needs:
|
||
|
||
|
||
如果想要更多的RxJS功能，我们必须*导入*其所定义的库来扩展`Observable`对象，
|
||
以下是*这个*模块所需导入的所有RxJS操作符：
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.ts" region="rxjs-imports" title="src/app/hero-search.component.ts (rxjs imports)" linenums="false">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
The `import 'rxjs/add/...'` syntax may be unfamiliar.
|
||
It's missing the usual list of symbols between the braces: `{...}`.
|
||
|
||
你可能并不熟悉这种`import 'rxjs/add/...'`语法，它缺少了花括号中的导入列表：`{...}`。
|
||
|
||
You don't need the operator symbols themselves.
|
||
In each case, the mere act of importing the library
|
||
loads and executes the library's script file which, in turn, adds the operator to the `Observable` class.
|
||
|
||
这是因为我们并不需要操作符本身，这种情况下，我们所做的其实是导入这个库，加载并运行其中的脚本，
|
||
它会把操作符添加到`Observable`类中。
|
||
|
||
|
||
### Add the search component to the dashboard
|
||
|
||
### 为仪表盘添加搜索组件
|
||
|
||
Add the hero search HTML element to the bottom of the `DashboardComponent` template.
|
||
|
||
|
||
将表示“英雄搜索”组件的 HTML 元素添加到`DashboardComponent`模版的最后面。
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/dashboard.component.html" title="src/app/dashboard.component.html" linenums="false">
|
||
|
||
</code-example>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Finally, import `HeroSearchComponent` from
|
||
<code>hero-search.component.ts</code>
|
||
and add it to the `declarations` array.
|
||
|
||
最后，从<span ngio-ex>hero-search.component.ts</span>中导入`HeroSearchComponent`并将其添加到`declarations`数组中。
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code-example path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts" region="search" title="src/app/app.module.ts (search)"></code-example>
|
||
|
||
Run the app again. In the Dashboard, enter some text in the search box.
|
||
If you enter characters that match any existing hero names, you'll see something like this.
|
||
|
||
|
||
再次运行该应用，跳转到*仪表盘*，并在英雄下方的搜索框里输入一些文本。
|
||
运行效果如下：
|
||
|
||
<figure >
|
||
<img src='generated/images/guide/toh/toh-hero-search.png' alt="Hero Search Component">
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
## App structure and code
|
||
|
||
## 应用的结构与代码
|
||
|
||
Review the sample source code in the <live-example></live-example> for this page.
|
||
Verify that you have the following structure:
|
||
|
||
回顾一下本章<live-example></live-example>中的范例代码。
|
||
验证我们是否得到了如下结构：
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class='filetree'>
|
||
<div class='file'>angular-tour-of-heroes</div>
|
||
<div class='children'>
|
||
<div class='file'>src</div>
|
||
<div class='children'>
|
||
<div class='file'>app</div>
|
||
<div class='children'>
|
||
<div class='file'>app.component.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>app.component.css</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>app.module.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>app-routing.module.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>dashboard.component.css</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>dashboard.component.html</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>dashboard.component.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-detail.component.css</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-detail.component.html</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-detail.component.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-search.component.html (new)</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-search.component.css (new)</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-search.component.ts (new)</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero-search.service.ts (new)</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>hero.service.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>heroes.component.css</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>heroes.component.html</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>heroes.component.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>in-memory-data.service.ts (new)</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>main.ts</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>index.html</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>styles.css</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>systemjs.config.js</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>tsconfig.json</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>node_modules ...</div>
|
||
<div class='file'>package.json</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
## Summary
|
||
|
||
## 最后冲刺
|
||
|
||
You're at the end of your journey, and you've accomplished a lot.
|
||
|
||
旅程即将结束，不过我们已经收获颇丰。
|
||
|
||
* You added the necessary dependencies to use HTTP in the app.
|
||
|
||
我们添加了在应用程序中使用 HTTP 的必备依赖。
|
||
|
||
* You refactored `HeroService` to load heroes from a web API.
|
||
|
||
我们重构了`HeroService`，以通过 web API 来加载英雄数据。
|
||
|
||
* You extended `HeroService` to support `post()`, `put()`, and `delete()` methods.
|
||
|
||
我们扩展了`HeroService`来支持 `post()`、`put()` 和 `delete()` 方法。
|
||
|
||
* You updated the components to allow adding, editing, and deleting of heroes.
|
||
|
||
我们更新了组件，以允许用户添加、编辑和删除英雄。
|
||
|
||
* You configured an in-memory web API.
|
||
|
||
我们配置了一个内存 Web API。
|
||
|
||
* You learned how to use Observables.
|
||
|
||
我们学会了如何使用“可观察对象”。
|
||
|
||
Here are the files you added or changed in this page.
|
||
|
||
下面是我们**添加或修改**之后的文件汇总。
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code-tabs>
|
||
<code-pane title="app.comp...ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.component.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="app.mod...ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/app.module.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="heroes.comp...ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="heroes.comp...html" path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.html"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="heroes.comp...css" path="toh-pt6/src/app/heroes.component.css"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-detail.comp...ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail.component.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-detail.comp...html" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-detail.component.html"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero.service.ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero.service.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="in-memory-data.service.ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
</code-tabs>
|
||
|
||
<code-tabs>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-search.service.ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.service.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-search.component.ts" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.ts"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-search.component.html" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.html"></code-pane>
|
||
<code-pane title="hero-search.component.css" path="toh-pt6/src/app/hero-search.component.css"></code-pane>
|
||
</code-tabs>
|
||
|
||
## Next step
|
||
|
||
## 下一步
|
||
|
||
That concludes the "Tour of Heroes" tutorial.
|
||
You're ready to learn more about Angular development in the fundamentals section,
|
||
starting with the [Architecture](guide/architecture "Architecture") guide.
|
||
|
||
这就是《英雄指南》教程的全部内容。
|
||
现在可以深入学习 Angular 的开发原理了，你可以从[架构](guide/architecture "Architecture")开始学。
|