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Singleton services

Prerequisites:

前提条件：

For a sample app using the app-wide singleton service that this page describes, see the showcasing all the documented features of NgModules.

本页中描述的这种全应用级单例服务的例子位于，它示范了 NgModule 的所有已文档化的特性。

Providing a singleton service

提供单例服务

An injector created from a module definition will have services which are singletons with respect to that injector. To control the lifetime of services, one controls the creation and destruction of injectors. For example, a route will have an associated module. When the route is activated, an injector is created from that module as a child of the current injector. When you navigate away from the route, the injector is destroyed. This means that services declared in a route module will have a lifetime equal to that of the route. Similarly, services provided in an application module will have the same lifetime of the application, hence singleton.

那些在定义模块时创建的注入器将会拥有一些服务，这些服务对于该注入器来说都是单例的。要控制这些服务的生命周期，其实就是控制注入器的创建和销毁。 比如，路由定义中就可以有一个关联模块。当激活该路由时，就会给那个模块创建一个新注入器，并将其作为当前注入器的子注入器。当离开该路由时，这个新注入器也就被销毁了。 这也意味着在这个模块中声明的那些服务也随之销毁了，它们的生命周期与该路由完全相同。 类似的，在应用模块中提供的那些服务的生命周期也等同于该应用，因此是单例的。

The following example module is called, as a convention, CoreModule. This use of @NgModule creates organizational infrastructure and gives you a way of providing services from a designated NgModule.

下面的范例模块习惯上叫做 CoreModule。@NgModule 用来创建结构良好的基础设施，让你能够在一个指定的模块中提供服务。

Here, CoreModule provides the UserService, and because AppModule imports CoreModule, any services that CoreModule provides are available throughout the app, because it is a root of the injector tree. It will also be a singleton because the injector lifetime of the AppModule is for the duration of the application.

这里的 CoreModule 提供了 UserService，并且由于 AppModule 导入了 CoreModule，所以 CoreModule 中提供的任何服务也能在整个应用中使用，因为它是注入器树的根节点。 它还是单例的，因为在该应用运行期间，该注入器的生命周期等同于 AppModule 的。

Angular registers the UserService provider with the app root injector, making a singleton instance of the UserService available to any component that needs it, whether that component is eagerly or lazily loaded.

Angular 使用应用的根注入器注册了 UserService 提供商，可以让任何需要它的组件（无论它是立即加载的还是惰性加载的）都能使用 UserService 的单例。

The root AppModule could register the UserService directly, but as the app grows, it could have other services and components like spinners, modals, and so on. To keep your app organized, consider using a module such as CoreModule. This technique simplifies the root AppModule in its capacity as orchestrator of the application as a whole.

根模块 AppModule 当然也可以直接注册 UserService，不过随着应用的成长，可能还会出现其它的服务和组件，比如 列表框、模态框等等。 要想保持你应用的良好结构，就要考虑使用诸如 CoreModule 这样的模块。 这种方式简化了根模块 AppModule，让它只需要扮演整个应用的总指挥，而不必事必躬亲。

Now you can inject such services into components as needed. In terms of Angular NgModules, you only need to define the services in one @NgModule. See JS Modules vs. NgModules for more information on how to differentiate between the two.

现在，你可以把这些服务注入到需要它们的各个组件中了。 从 Angular 模块的角度来说，你只需要把这些服务定义在一个 @NgModule 中。 要想深入了解两者的区别，参见 JS 模块 vs. NgModule。

As a general rule, import modules with providers exactly once, preferably in the application's root module. That's also usually the best place to configure, wrap, and override them.

作为一个通用的规则，应该只导入一次带提供商的模块，最好在应用的根模块中。 那里也是配置、包装和改写这些服务的最佳位置。

For more detailed information on services, see the Services chapter of the Tour of Heroes tutorial.

要想深入了解关于服务的信息，参见《英雄指南》教程中的服务一章。

forRoot()

If a module provides both providers and declarations (components, directives, pipes) then loading it in a child injector such as a route, would duplicate the provider instances. The duplication of providers would cause issues as they would shadow the root instances, which are probably meant to be singletons. For this reason Angular provides a way to separate providers out of the module so that same module can be imported into the root module with providers and child modules without providers.

如果某个模块同时提供了服务提供商和可声明对象（组件、指令、管道），那么当在某个子注入器中加载它的时候（比如路由），就会生成多个该服务提供商的实例。 而存在多个实例会导致一些问题，因为这些实例会屏蔽掉根注入器中该服务提供商的实例，而它的本意可能是作为单例对象使用的。 因此，Angular 提供了一种方式来把服务提供商从该模块中分离出来，以便该模块既可以带着 providers 被根模块导入，也可以不带 providers 被子模块导入。

  1. Create a static method forRoot() (by convention) on the module.

    在该模块上创建一个静态方法 forRoot()（习惯名称）。

  2. Place the providers into the forRoot method as follows.

    把那些服务提供商放进 forRoot 方法中，参见下面的例子。

To make this more concrete, consider the RouterModule as an example. RouterModule needs to provide the Router service, as well as the RouterOutlet directive. RouterModule has to be imported by the root application module so that the application has a Router and the application has at least one RouterOutlet. It also must be imported by the individual route components so that they can place RouterOutlet directives into their template for sub-routes.

以 RouterModule 为例具体说说。RouterModule 要提供 Router 服务，还要提供 RouterOutlet 指令。 RouterModule 要由根应用模块导入，以便该应用拥有一个路由器，而且它还需要至少一个 RouterOutlet。 RouterModule 还必须由各个独立的路由组件导入，让它们能在自己的模板中使用 RouterOutlet 指令来支持其子路由。

If the RouterModule didn’t have forRoot() then each route component would instantiate a new Router instance, which would break the application as there can only be one Router. For this reason, the RouterModule has the RouterOutlet declaration so that it is available everywhere, but the Router provider is only in the forRoot(). The result is that the root application module imports RouterModule.forRoot(...) and gets a Router, whereas all route components import RouterModule which does not include the Router.

如果 RouterModule 没有 forRoot()，那么每个路由组件都会创建一个新的 Router 实例。这将会破坏整个应用，因为应用中只能有一个 Router。 RouterModule 拥有 RouterOutlet 指令，它应该随处可用，但是 Router 只能有一个，它应该在 forRoot() 中提供。 最终的结果就是，应用的根模块导入了 RouterModule.forRoot(...) 以获取 Router，而所有路由组件都导入了 RouterModule，它不包括这个 Router 服务。

If you have a module which provides both providers and declarations, use this pattern to separate them out.

如果你有一个同时提供服务提供商和可声明对象的模块，请使用下面的模式把它们分离开。

A module that adds providers to the application can offer a facility for configuring those providers as well through the forRoot() method.

那些需要把服务提供商加到应用中的模块可以通过某种类似 forRoot() 方法的方式配置那些服务提供商。

forRoot() takes a service configuration object and returns a ModuleWithProviders, which is a simple object with the following properties:

forRoot() 接收一个服务配置对象，然后返回一个 ModuleWithProviders ，它是一个带有下列属性的简单对象：

  • ngModule: in this example, the CoreModule class.

    ngModule： 在这个例子中就是 CoreModule 类

  • providers: the configured providers.

    providers - 配置好的服务提供商

In the live example the root AppModule imports the CoreModule and adds the providers to the AppModule providers. Specifically, Angular accumulates all imported providers before appending the items listed in @NgModule.providers. This sequence ensures that whatever you add explicitly to the AppModule providers takes precedence over the providers of imported modules.

在这个中，根 AppModule 导入了 CoreModule，并把它的 providers 添加到了 AppModule 的服务提供商中。 特别是，Angular 会在 @NgModule.providers 前面添加这些导入的服务提供商。 这种顺序保证了 AppModule 中的服务提供商总是会优先于那些从其它模块中导入的服务提供商。

Import CoreModule and use its forRoot() method one time, in AppModule, because it registers services and you only want to register those services one time in your app. If you were to register them more than once, you could end up with multiple instances of the service and a runtime error.

应该只在 AppModule 中导入 CoreModule 并只使用一次 forRoot() 方法，因为该方法中会注册服务，而你希望那些服务在该应用中只注册一次。 如果你多次注册它们，就可能会得到该服务的多个实例，并导致运行时错误。

You can also add a forRoot() method in the CoreModule that configures the core UserService.

你还可以在 CoreModule 中添加一个用于配置 UserService 的 forRoot() 方法。

In the following example, the optional, injected UserServiceConfig extends the core UserService. If a UserServiceConfig exists, the UserService sets the user name from that config.

在下面的例子中，可选的注入 UserServiceConfig 扩展了 Core 模块中的 UserService。如果 UserServiceConfig 存在，就从这个配置中设置用户名。

Here's forRoot() that takes a UserServiceConfig object:

下面是一个接受 UserServiceConfig 参数的 forRoot() 方法：

Lastly, call it within the imports list of the AppModule.

最后，在 AppModule 的 imports列表中调用它。

The app displays "Miss Marple" as the user instead of the default "Sherlock Holmes".

该应用不再显示默认的 “Sherlock Holmes”，而是用 “Miss Marple” 作为用户名称。

Remember to import CoreModule as a Javascript import at the top of the file; don't add it to more than one @NgModule imports list.

记住，在文件顶部使用 JavaScript 的 import 语句导入 CoreModule，但不要在多于一个 @NgModule 的 imports 列表中添加它。

Prevent reimport of the CoreModule

防止重复导入 CoreModule

Only the root AppModule should import the CoreModule. If a lazy-loaded module imports it too, the app can generate multiple instances of a service.

只有根模块 AppModule 才能导入 CoreModule。如果一个惰性加载模块也导入了它， 该应用就会为服务生成多个实例。

To guard against a lazy-loaded module re-importing CoreModule, add the following CoreModule constructor.

要想防止惰性加载模块重复导入 CoreModule，可以添加如下的 CoreModule 构造函数。

The constructor tells Angular to inject the CoreModule into itself. The injection would be circular if Angular looked for CoreModule in the current injector. The @SkipSelf decorator means "look for CoreModule in an ancestor injector, above me in the injector hierarchy."

这个构造函数要求 Angular 把 CoreModule 注入到它自己。 如果 Angular 在当前注入器中查找 CoreModule，这个注入过程就会陷入死循环。 而 @SkipSelf 装饰器表示 “在注入器树中那些高于我的祖先注入器中查找 CoreModule”。

If the constructor executes as intended in the AppModule, there would be no ancestor injector that could provide an instance of CoreModule and the injector should give up.

如果构造函数在 AppModule 中执行，那就没有祖先注入器能提供 CoreModule 的实例，于是注入器就会放弃查找。

By default, the injector throws an error when it can't find a requested provider. The @Optional decorator means not finding the service is OK. The injector returns null, the parentModule parameter is null, and the constructor concludes uneventfully.

默认情况下，当注入器找不到想找的提供商时，会抛出一个错误。 但 @Optional 装饰器表示找不到该服务也无所谓。 于是注入器会返回 null，parentModule 参数也就被赋成了空值，而构造函数没有任何异常。

It's a different story if you improperly import CoreModule into a lazy-loaded module such as CustomersModule.

但如果你把 CoreModule 导入到像 CustomerModule 这样的惰性加载模块中，事情就不一样了。

Angular creates a lazy-loaded module with its own injector, a child of the root injector. @SkipSelf causes Angular to look for a CoreModule in the parent injector, which this time is the root injector. Of course it finds the instance imported by the root AppModule. Now parentModule exists and the constructor throws the error.

Angular 会创建一个惰性加载模块，它具有自己的注入器，它是根注入器的子注入器。 @SkipSelf 让 Angular 在其父注入器中查找 CoreModule，这次，它的父注入器却是根注入器了（而上次的父注入器是空）。 当然，这次它找到了由根模块 AppModule 导入的实例。 该构造函数检测到存在 parentModule，于是抛出一个错误。

Here are the two files in their entirety for reference:

以下这两个文件仅供参考：

More on NgModules

关于 NgModule 的更多知识

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