angular-cn/aio/content/guide/component-interaction.md

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# Component interaction
{@a top}
This cookbook contains recipes for common component communication scenarios
in which two or more components share information.
{@a toc}
<!--
# Contents
* [Pass data from parent to child with input binding](guide/component-interaction#parent-to-child)
* [Intercept input property changes with a setter](guide/component-interaction#parent-to-child-setter)
* [Intercept input property changes with `ngOnChanges()`](guide/component-interaction#parent-to-child-on-changes)
* [Parent calls an `@ViewChild()`](guide/component-interaction#parent-to-view-child)
* [Parent and children communicate via a service](guide/component-interaction#bidirectional-service)
-->
**See the <live-example name="component-interaction"></live-example>**.
{@a parent-to-child}
## Pass data from parent to child with input binding
`HeroChildComponent` has two ***input properties***,
typically adorned with [@Input() decorator](guide/inputs-outputs#input).
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/hero-child.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/hero-child.component.ts">
</code-example>
The second `@Input` aliases the child component property name `masterName` as `'master'`.
The `HeroParentComponent` nests the child `HeroChildComponent` inside an `*ngFor` repeater,
binding its `master` string property to the child's `master` alias,
and each iteration's `hero` instance to the child's `hero` property.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/hero-parent.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/hero-parent.component.ts">
</code-example>
The running application displays three heroes:
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/parent-to-child.png" alt="Parent-to-child">
</div>
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
E2E test that all children were instantiated and displayed as expected:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="parent-to-child" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
{@a parent-to-child-setter}
## Intercept input property changes with a setter
Use an input property setter to intercept and act upon a value from the parent.
The setter of the `name` input property in the child `NameChildComponent`
trims the whitespace from a name and replaces an empty value with default text.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/name-child.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/name-child.component.ts">
</code-example>
Here's the `NameParentComponent` demonstrating name variations including a name with all spaces:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/name-parent.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/name-parent.component.ts">
</code-example>
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/setter.png" alt="Parent-to-child-setter">
</div>
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
E2E tests of input property setter with empty and non-empty names:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="parent-to-child-setter" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
{@a parent-to-child-on-changes}
## Intercept input property changes with *ngOnChanges()*
Detect and act upon changes to input property values with the `ngOnChanges()` method of the `OnChanges` lifecycle hook interface.
<div class="alert is-helpful">
You may prefer this approach to the property setter when watching multiple, interacting input properties.
Learn about `ngOnChanges()` in the [Lifecycle Hooks](guide/lifecycle-hooks) chapter.
</div>
This `VersionChildComponent` detects changes to the `major` and `minor` input properties and composes a log message reporting these changes:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/version-child.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/version-child.component.ts">
</code-example>
The `VersionParentComponent` supplies the `minor` and `major` values and binds buttons to methods that change them.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/version-parent.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/version-parent.component.ts">
</code-example>
Here's the output of a button-pushing sequence:
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/parent-to-child-on-changes.gif" alt="Parent-to-child-onchanges">
</div>
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
Test that ***both*** input properties are set initially and that button clicks trigger
the expected `ngOnChanges` calls and values:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="parent-to-child-onchanges" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
{@a child-to-parent}
## Parent listens for child event
The child component exposes an `EventEmitter` property with which it `emits` events when something happens.
The parent binds to that event property and reacts to those events.
The child's `EventEmitter` property is an ***output property***,
typically adorned with an [@Output() decorator](guide/inputs-outputs#output)
as seen in this `VoterComponent`:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/voter.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/voter.component.ts">
</code-example>
Clicking a button triggers emission of a `true` or `false`, the boolean *payload*.
The parent `VoteTakerComponent` binds an event handler called `onVoted()` that responds to the child event
payload `$event` and updates a counter.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/votetaker.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/votetaker.component.ts">
</code-example>
The framework passes the event argument&mdash;represented by `$event`&mdash;to the handler method,
and the method processes it:
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/child-to-parent.gif" alt="Child-to-parent">
</div>
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
Test that clicking the *Agree* and *Disagree* buttons update the appropriate counters:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="child-to-parent" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
## Parent interacts with child via *local variable*
A parent component cannot use data binding to read child properties
or invoke child methods. You can do both
by creating a template reference variable for the child element
and then reference that variable *within the parent template*
as seen in the following example.
{@a countdown-timer-example}
The following is a child `CountdownTimerComponent` that repeatedly counts down to zero and launches a rocket.
It has `start` and `stop` methods that control the clock and it displays a
countdown status message in its own template.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-timer.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-timer.component.ts">
</code-example>
The `CountdownLocalVarParentComponent` that hosts the timer component is as follows:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-parent.component.ts" region="lv" header="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-parent.component.ts">
</code-example>
The parent component cannot data bind to the child's
`start` and `stop` methods nor to its `seconds` property.
You can place a local variable, `#timer`, on the tag `<countdown-timer>` representing the child component.
That gives you a reference to the child component and the ability to access
*any of its properties or methods* from within the parent template.
This example wires parent buttons to the child's `start` and `stop` and
uses interpolation to display the child's `seconds` property.
Here we see the parent and child working together.
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/countdown-timer-anim.gif" alt="countdown timer">
</div>
{@a countdown-tests}
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
Test that the seconds displayed in the parent template
match the seconds displayed in the child's status message.
Test also that clicking the *Stop* button pauses the countdown timer:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="countdown-timer-tests" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
{@a parent-to-view-child}
## Parent calls an _@ViewChild()_
The *local variable* approach is simple and easy. But it is limited because
the parent-child wiring must be done entirely within the parent template.
The parent component *itself* has no access to the child.
You can't use the *local variable* technique if an instance of the parent component *class*
must read or write child component values or must call child component methods.
When the parent component *class* requires that kind of access,
***inject*** the child component into the parent as a *ViewChild*.
The following example illustrates this technique with the same
[Countdown Timer](guide/component-interaction#countdown-timer-example) example.
Neither its appearance nor its behavior will change.
The child [CountdownTimerComponent](guide/component-interaction#countdown-timer-example) is the same as well.
<div class="alert is-helpful">
The switch from the *local variable* to the *ViewChild* technique
is solely for the purpose of demonstration.
</div>
Here is the parent, `CountdownViewChildParentComponent`:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-parent.component.ts" region="vc" header="component-interaction/src/app/countdown-parent.component.ts">
</code-example>
It takes a bit more work to get the child view into the parent component *class*.
First, you have to import references to the `ViewChild` decorator and the `AfterViewInit` lifecycle hook.
Next, inject the child `CountdownTimerComponent` into the private `timerComponent` property
via the `@ViewChild` property decoration.
The `#timer` local variable is gone from the component metadata.
Instead, bind the buttons to the parent component's own `start` and `stop` methods and
present the ticking seconds in an interpolation around the parent component's `seconds` method.
These methods access the injected timer component directly.
The `ngAfterViewInit()` lifecycle hook is an important wrinkle.
The timer component isn't available until *after* Angular displays the parent view.
So it displays `0` seconds initially.
Then Angular calls the `ngAfterViewInit` lifecycle hook at which time it is *too late*
to update the parent view's display of the countdown seconds.
Angular's unidirectional data flow rule prevents updating the parent view's
in the same cycle. The app has to *wait one turn* before it can display the seconds.
Use `setTimeout()` to wait one tick and then revise the `seconds()` method so
that it takes future values from the timer component.
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
Use [the same countdown timer tests](guide/component-interaction#countdown-tests) as before.
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)
{@a bidirectional-service}
## Parent and children communicate via a service
A parent component and its children share a service whose interface enables bi-directional communication
*within the family*.
The scope of the service instance is the parent component and its children.
Components outside this component subtree have no access to the service or their communications.
This `MissionService` connects the `MissionControlComponent` to multiple `AstronautComponent` children.
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/mission.service.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/mission.service.ts">
</code-example>
The `MissionControlComponent` both provides the instance of the service that it shares with its children
(through the `providers` metadata array) and injects that instance into itself through its constructor:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/missioncontrol.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/missioncontrol.component.ts">
</code-example>
The `AstronautComponent` also injects the service in its constructor.
Each `AstronautComponent` is a child of the `MissionControlComponent` and therefore receives its parent's service instance:
<code-example path="component-interaction/src/app/astronaut.component.ts" header="component-interaction/src/app/astronaut.component.ts">
</code-example>
<div class="alert is-helpful">
Notice that this example captures the `subscription` and `unsubscribe()` when the `AstronautComponent` is destroyed.
This is a memory-leak guard step. There is no actual risk in this app because the
lifetime of a `AstronautComponent` is the same as the lifetime of the app itself.
That *would not* always be true in a more complex application.
You don't add this guard to the `MissionControlComponent` because, as the parent,
it controls the lifetime of the `MissionService`.
</div>
The *History* log demonstrates that messages travel in both directions between
the parent `MissionControlComponent` and the `AstronautComponent` children,
facilitated by the service:
<div class="lightbox">
<img src="generated/images/guide/component-interaction/bidirectional-service.gif" alt="bidirectional-service">
</div>
<h3 class="no-toc">Test it</h3>
Tests click buttons of both the parent `MissionControlComponent` and the `AstronautComponent` children
and verify that the history meets expectations:
<code-example path="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts" region="bidirectional-service" header="component-interaction/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts">
</code-example>
[Back to top](guide/component-interaction#top)