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Using Angular with Visual Studio 2015

Visual Studio 2015 快速上手

{@a top}

Some developers prefer Visual Studio as their Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

有些开发者喜欢用 Visual Studio。

This cookbook describes the steps required to set up and use the Angular Getting Started files in Visual Studio 2015 within an ASP.NET 4.x project.

本文介绍了在Visual Studio 2015 的 ASP.NET 4.x 项目中，实现 Angular “快速上手”所需的步骤。

There is no live example for this cookbook because it describes Visual Studio, not the Angular Getting Started application itself.

本文中没有在线例子，因为它介绍的是 Visual Studio，而不是《快速上手》应用程序本身。

{@a asp-net-4}

ASP.NET 4.x Project

ASP.NET 4.x 项目

To set up the Getting Started files with an ASP.NET 4.x project in Visual Studio 2015, follow these steps:

要用 Visual Studio 2015 在ASP.NET 4.x 项目中设置**《快速上手》**文件，请遵循如下步骤：

If you prefer a File | New Project experience and are using ASP.NET Core, then consider the experimental ASP.NET Core + Angular template for Visual Studio 2015. Note that the resulting code does not map to the docs. Adjust accordingly.

如果你希望使用ASP.NET Core并体验全新项目， 参见预览版ASP.NET Core + Angular 的 Visual Studio 2015 模板。 注意，最终代码与本文不对应，请适当调节。

Prerequisite: Node.js

前提条件: Node.js

Install Node.js® and npm if they are not already on your machine. See Getting Started for supported versions and instructions.

如果你的电脑里没有 Node.js®和 npm，请安装**它们**。 参见快速上手以了解所支持的版本和安装步骤。

Prerequisite: Visual Studio 2015 Update 3

前提条件: Visual Studio 2015 Update 3

The minimum requirement for developing Angular applications with Visual Studio is Update 3. Earlier versions do not follow the best practices for developing applications with TypeScript. To view your version of Visual Studio 2015, go to Help | About Visual Studio.

使用 Visual Studio 开发 Angular 应用程序的最低要求是 Update 3。 早期版本没有遵循使用 TypeScript 开发应用程序的最佳实践。 要查看你的 Visual Studio 2015 版本号，到 Help | About Visual Studio。

If you don't have it, install Visual Studio 2015 Update 3. Or use Tools | Extensions and Updates to update to Update 3 directly from Visual Studio 2015.

如果还没有，安装**Visual Studio 2015 Update 3**。或者使用 Tools | Extensions and Updates 来直接在 Visual Studio 2015 中更新到 Update 3。

Prerequisite: Configure External Web tools

前提条件: 配置 External Web tools

Configure Visual Studio to use the global external web tools instead of the tools that ship with Visual Studio:

配置 Visual Studio 来使用全局 External Web Tools，而非 Visual Studio 默认的工具：

  • Open the Options dialog with Tools | Options.

    到 Tools | Options 打开 Options 对话框

  • In the tree on the left, select Projects and Solutions | External Web Tools.

    在左边树型项目中，选择 Projects and Solutions | External Web Tools。

  • On the right, move the $(PATH) entry above the $(DevEnvDir) entries. This tells Visual Studio to use the external tools (such as npm) found in the global path before using its own version of the external tools.

    在右侧，将 $(PATH) 移动到 $(DevEnvDir)上面。这样，Visual Stuio 就会在使用自带的外部工具时，优先使用全局路径中的外部工具（比如 npm）。

  • Click OK to close the dialog.

    点击 OK 关闭对话框。

  • Restart Visual Studio for this change to take effect.

    重启 Visual Studio，以让设置变化生效。

Visual Studio now looks first for external tools in the current workspace and if it doesn't find them, it looks in the global path. If Visual Studio doesn't find them in either location, it will use its own versions of the tools.

Visual Studio 将优先在当前的工作区查找外部工具，如果没有找到，便查找全局路径，如果还没有找到，Visual Studio 就使用自带的工具版本。

Prerequisite: Install TypeScript for Visual Studio 2015

前提条件: 安装 TypeScript 2.2 for Visual Studio 2015

While Visual Studio Update 3 ships with TypeScript support out of the box, it currently doesn’t ship with TypeScript 3.1, which you need to develop Angular applications.

Visual Studio Update 3 自带 TypeScript 支持，但它的 TypeScript 版本不是开发 Angular 应用所需的 3.1。

To install TypeScript 3.1:

要安装 TypeScript 3.1：

You can find out more about TypeScript 3.1 support in Visual Studio here.

你可以在**这里**查看更多 Visual Studio 中 TypeScript 3.1 的支持。

At this point, Visual Studio is ready. It’s a good idea to close Visual Studio and restart it to make sure everything is clean.

至此，Visual Studio 已经准备好了。重新启动 Visual Studio，这样就可以有一个崭新的开始了。

Step 1: Download the Angular Getting Started app

第一步: 现在“快速上手”文件

Go to the final code review in Getting Started and download the solution app project. These files contain a starter Angular app.

从 GitHub下载“快速上手”的源代码。如果下载的是一个压缩的 zip 文件，解压它。

Step 2: Create the Visual Studio ASP.NET project

第二步：创建 Visual Studio ASP.net 项目

Create the ASP.NET 4.x project in the usual way as follows:

按照下列步骤创建 ASP.NET 4.x 项目：

  • In Visual Studio, select File | New | Project from the menu.

    在 Visual Studio 中，选择 File | New | Project 菜单。

  • In the template tree, select Templates | Visual C# (or Visual Basic) | Web.

    在模板树中，选择 Templates | Visual C#(或 Visual Basic) | Web 菜单。

  • Select the ASP.NET Web Application template, give the project a name, and click OK.

    选择 ASP.NET Web Application 模板，输入项目名，点击“OK”按钮。

  • Select the desired ASP.NET 4.5.2 template and click OK.

    选择自己喜欢的 ASP.NET 4.5.2 模板，点击 OK。

This cookbook uses the Empty template with no added folders, no authentication, and no hosting. Pick the template and options appropriate for your project.

本文选择了 Empty 模板，它没有添加过任何目录，没有身份验证，没有服务器托管。为你的项目选择合适的模板和选项。

Step 3: Copy the Angular Getting Started project files into the ASP.NET project folder

第三步: 把“快速上手”的文件复制到 ASP.NET 项目所在的目录

Copy the files you downloaded from Getting Started into the folder containing the .csproj file. Include the files in the Visual Studio project as follows:

拷贝从 GitHub 下载的“快速上手”文件到包含 .csproj 文件的目录中。按照下面的步骤把它们加到 Visual Studio 中：

  • Click the Show All Files button in Solution Explorer to reveal all of the hidden files in the project.

    在 Solution Explorer 中点击 Show All Files 按钮，显示项目中所有隐藏文件。

  • Right-click on each folder/file to be included in the project and select Include in Project. Minimally, include the following folder/files:

    右键点击每个目录和文件，选择 Include in Project。 最少要添加下列文件：

    • src/app folder (answer No if asked to search for TypeScript Typings)

      src/app 目录（如果询问是否要搜索 TypeScript 类型，回答 No）

    • src/styles.css

    • src/index.html

    • package.json

    • src/tsconfig.json

Step 4: Restore the required packages

第四步: 恢复需要的包

Restore the packages required for an Angular application as follows:

按下面的步骤恢复 Angular 应用程序需要的包：

  • Right-click on the package.json file in Solution Explorer and select Restore Packages.
    This uses npm to install all of the packages defined in the package.json file. It may take some time.

    在 Solution Explorer 中右键点击 package.json，选择 Restore Packages。
    这样，Visual Studio 会使用 npm 来安装在 package.json 中定义的所有包. 这可能需要花一点时间。

  • If desired, open the Output window (View | Output) to watch the npm commands execute.

    如果愿意，打开 Output 窗口(View | Output)来监控 npm 命令的执行情况。

  • Ignore the warnings.

    忽略所有警告。

  • When the restore is finished, a message in the bottom message bar of Visual Studio should say: Installing packages complete. Be patient. This could take a while.

    当恢复完成后，将会出现一条消息：Installing packages complete。耐心点，这相当耗时间。

  • Click the Refresh icon in Solution Explorer.

    在 Solution Explorer 里，点击 Refresh 图标。

  • Do not include the node_modules folder in the project. Let it be a hidden project folder.

    不要将 node_modules 目录添加到项目中，让它隐藏。

Step 5: Build and run the app

第五步：构建和运行应用

First, ensure that src/index.html is set as the start page. Right-click index.html in Solution Explorer and select option Set As Start Page.

首先，确认 src/index.html 已被设置为开始页面。 在 Solution Explorer 中，右键点击 index.html，选择选项 Set As Start Page。

To run in VS with F5

按 F5 以在 VS 中运行

Most Visual Studio developers like to press the F5 key and see the IIS server come up. To use the IIS server with the Getting Started app, you must make the following three changes.

大多数 Visual Studio 开发者喜欢按 F5 键来启动 IIS 服务器。 要在这个《快速上手》应用中使用 IIS 服务器，你要做下列修改：

  1. In index.html, change base href from <base href="/"> to <base href="/src/">.

    在 index.html 中，把基地址从 <base href="/"> 改为 <base href="/src/"> 。

  2. Also in index.html, change the scripts to use /node_modules with a slash instead of node_modules without the slash.

    同样在 index.html 中，修改脚本来用带有斜杠的 /node_modules 代替不带斜杠的 node_modules。

  3. In src/systemjs.config.js, near the top of the file, change the npm path to /node_modules/ with a slash.

    在 src/systemjs.config.js 的顶部，把 npm 的 path 设置为带斜杠的 /node_modules/。

After these changes, npm start no longer works. You must choose to configure either for F5 with IIS or for npm start with the lite-server.

做完这些修改之后，npm start 不再工作了。你必须选择配置为 IIS + F5，还是 npm start + lite-server。

For apps that use routing

为了使用路由的应用

If your app uses routing, you need to teach the server to always return index.html when the user asks for an HTML page for reasons explained in the Deployment guide.

如果应用要使用路由，就要让服务器在用户要求 HTML 页面时始终返回 index.html。 此中原因，在发布一章中有解释。

Everything seems fine while you move about within the app. But you'll see the problem right away if you refresh the browser or paste a link to an app page (called a "deep link") into the browser address bar.

当你在应用内部移动时，看起来一切正常。但是如果刷新浏览器，或者在地址栏中输入一个到具体页面的地址（也就是"深链接"）时，问题就来了。

You'll most likely get a 404 - Page Not Found response from the server for any address other than / or /index.html.

你很可能从服务器得到得到404 - 页面不存在 —— 只有 / 或 /index.html 例外。

You have to configure the server to return index.html for requests to these "unknown" pages. The lite-server development server does out-of-the-box. If you've switched over to F5 and IIS, you have to configure IIS to do it. This section walks through the steps to adapt the Getting Started application.

你就要配置服务器，为那些"未知"的页面返回 index.html。 lite-server 开发服务器内置了这项功能。如果要切换到 F5 + IIS，你就要自己来配置 IIS 实现它了。 接下来看看对快速起步应用做配置的步骤。

Configure IIS rewrite rules

配置 IIS 重写规则

Visual Studio ships with IIS Express, which has the rewrite module baked in. However, if you're using regular IIS you'll have to install the rewrite module.

Visual Studio 自带了一个 IIS Express，其中有一个重写（rewrite）模块。 不过，如果使用标准版的 IIS ，就要自己去安装这个重写模块了。

Tell Visual Studio how to handle requests for route app pages by adding these rewrite rules near the bottom of the web.config:

通过把下列重写规则添加到 web.config 的底部，就可以告诉 Visual Studio 如何处理到应用页面的请求。

<system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Angular Routes" stopProcessing="true"> <match url=".*" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll"> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" /> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Rewrite" url="/src/" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer>

The match url, <match url=".*" />, will rewrite every request. You'll have to adjust this if you want some requests to get through, such as web API requests.

匹配 url <match url=".*" /> 语句将会重写每一个请求。如果需要直接放行某些请求，比如一些 Web API 请求，你就必须调整它才行。

The URL in <action type="Rewrite" url="/src/"/> should match the base href in index.html.

<action type="Rewrite" url="/src/"/> 中的 url 将会匹配 index.html 中的基地址（base href）。

Build and launch the app with debugger by clicking the Run button or by pressing F5.

点击 Run 按钮或者按 F5 键，用调试器构建和启动应用。

It's faster to run without the debugger by pressing Ctrl-F5.

按 Ctrl-F5 不带调试器的运行应用，速度会更快。

The default browser opens and displays the Getting Started sample application.

默认浏览器打开并显示《快速上手》例子应用。

Try editing any of the project files. Save and refresh the browser to see the changes.

尝试编辑任何项目文件，保存并刷新浏览器来查看效果。