angular-docs-cn/aio/content/guide/security.md

@title Security

@intro Developing for content security in Angular applications

@description This section describes Angular's built-in protections against common web application vulnerabilities and attacks such as cross-site scripting attacks. It does not cover application-level security, such as authentication (Who is this user?) or authorization (What can this user do?).

For more information about the attacks and mitigations described below, see OWASP Guide Project. Try the of the code shown in this page.

Reporting vulnerabilities

Email us at security@angular.io to report vulnerabilities in Angular itself.

For more information about how Google handles security issues, see Google's security philosophy.

Best practices

• Keep current with the latest Angular library releases. We regularly update our Angular libraries, and these updates may fix security defects discovered in previous versions. Check the Angular change log for security-related updates.

• Don't modify your copy of Angular. Private, customized versions of Angular tend to fall behind the current version and may not include important security fixes and enhancements. Instead, share your Angular improvements with the community and make a pull request.

• Avoid Angular APIs marked in the documentation as “Security Risk.”

Preventing cross-site scripting (XSS)

Cross-site scripting (XSS) enables attackers to inject malicious code into web pages. Such code can then, for example, steal user data (in particular, their login data) or perform actions impersonating the user. This is one of the most common attacks on the web.

To block XSS attacks, you must prevent malicious code from entering the DOM (Document Object Model). For example, if an attacker can trick you into inserting a <script> tag in the DOM, they can run arbitrary code on your website. The attack is not limited to <script> tags—many elements and properties in the DOM allow code execution, for example, <img onerror="..."> and <a href="javascript:...">. If attacker-controlled data enters the DOM, expect security vulnerabilities.

Angular’s cross-site scripting security model

To systematically block XSS bugs, Angular treats all values as untrusted by default. When a value is inserted into the DOM from a template, via property, attribute, style, class binding, or interpolation, Angular sanitizes and escapes untrusted values.

Angular templates are the same as executable code: HTML, attributes, and binding expressions (but not the values bound!) in templates are trusted to be safe. This means that applications must prevent values that an attacker can control from ever making it into the source code of a template. Never generate template source code by concatenating user input and templates! Using the offline template compiler is an effective way to prevent these vulnerabilities, also known as template injection.

Sanitization and security contexts

Sanitization is the inspection of an untrusted value, turning it into a value that is safe to insert into the DOM. In many cases, sanitization does not change a value at all. Sanitization depends on context: a value that is harmless in CSS is potentially dangerous in a URL.

Angular defines four security contexts—HTML, style, URL, and resource URL:

• HTML is used when interpreting a value as HTML, for example, when binding to innerHtml
• Style is used when binding CSS into the style property
• URL is used for URL properties such as <a href>
• Resource URL is a URL that will be loaded and executed as code, for example, in <script src>

Angular sanitizes untrusted values for the first three items; sanitizing resource URLs is not possible because they contain arbitrary code. In development mode, Angular prints a console warning when it has to change a value during sanitization.

Sanitization example

The template below binds the value of htmlSnippet, once by interpolating it into an element's content, and once by binding it to the innerHTML property of an element:

{@example 'security/ts/src/app/inner-html-binding.component.html'}

Interpolated content is always escaped—the HTML is not interpreted, and the browser displays angle brackets in the element's text content.

For the HTML to be interpreted, you must bind it to an HTML property such as innerHTML. But binding a value that an attacker might control into innerHTML normally causes an XSS vulnerability. For example, code contained in a <script> tag is executed:

Avoid direct use of the DOM APIs

The built-in browser DOM APIs do not automatically protect you from security vulnerabilities. For example, document, the node available through ElementRef, and many third-party APIs contain unsafe methods. Avoid directly interacting with the DOM and instead use Angular templates where possible.

Content security policy

Content Security Policy (CSP) is a defense-in-depth technique to prevent XSS. To enable CSP, configure your web server to return an appropriate Content-Security-Policy HTTP header.

Use the offline template compiler

The offline template compiler prevents a whole class of vulnerabilities called template injection, and also greatly improves application performance. Use the offline template compiler in production deployments; do not dynamically generate templates. Angular trusts template code, so generating templates, in particular templates containing user data, circumvents Angular's built-in protections. For information about how to dynamically construct forms in a safe way, see Dynamic Forms Cookbook.

Server-side XSS protection

HTML constructed on the server is vulnerable to injection attacks. Injecting template code into an Angular application is the same as injecting executable code into the application: it gives the attacker full control over the application. To prevent this, use a templating language that automatically escapes values to prevent XSS vulnerabilities on the server. Do not generate Angular templates on the server side using a templating language; doing this carries a high risk of introducing template-injection vulnerabilities.

Auditing angular applications

Angular applications must follow the same security principles as regular web applications, and must be audited as such. Angular-specific APIs that should be audited in a security review, such as the bypassSecurityTrust methods, are marked in the documentation as security sensitive.