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angular-docs-cn/aio/content/guide/build.md

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Building and serving Angular apps

intro - here are some topics of interest in the app development cycle

{@a app-environments}

Configuring application environments

You can define different named build configurations for your project, such as stage and production, with different defaults.

Each named build configuration can have defaults for any of the options that apply to the various build targets, such as build, serve, and test. The CLI build, serve, and test commands can then replace files with appropriate versions for your intended target environment.

The following figure shows how a project has multiple build targets, which can be executed using the named configurations that you define.

build configurations and targets

Configure environment-specific defaults

A project's src/environments/ folder contains the base configuration file, environment.ts, which provides a default environment. You can add override defaults for additional environments, such as production and staging, in target-specific configuration files.

For example:

└──myProject/src/environments/
                   └──environment.ts
                   └──environment.prod.ts
                   └──environment.stage.ts

The base file environment.ts, contains the default environment settings. For example:

export const environment = { production: false };

The build command uses this as the build target when no environment is specified. You can add further variables, either as additional properties on the environment object, or as separate objects. For example, the following adds a default for a variable to the default environment:

export const environment = {
  production: false,
  apiUrl: 'http://my-api-url'
};

You can add target-specific configuration files, such as environment.prod.ts. The following sets content sets default values for the production build target:

export const environment = {
  production: true
  apiUrl: 'http://my-prod-url'
};

Using environment-specific variables in your app

The following application structure configures build targets for production and staging environments:

└── src
    └── app
        ├── app.component.html
        └── app.component.ts
    └── environments
        ├── environment.prod.ts
        ├── environment.staging.ts
        └── environment.ts

To use the environment configurations you have defined, your components must import the original environments file:

import { environment } from './../environments/environment';

This ensures that the build and serve commands can find the configurations for specific build targets.

The following code in the component file (app.component.ts) uses an environment variable defined in the configuration files.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { environment } from './../environments/environment';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
  constructor() {
    console.log(environment.production); // Logs false for default environment
  }
  title = 'app works!';
}

{@a file-replacement}

Configure target-specific file replacements

The main CLI configuration file, angular.json, contains a fileReplacements section in the configuration for each build target, which allows you to replace any file with a target-specific version of that file. This is useful for including target-specific code or variables in a build that targets a specific environment, such as production or staging.

By default no files are replaced. You can add file replacements for specific build targets. For example:

"configurations": {
  "production": {
    "fileReplacements": [
      {
        "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
        "with": "src/environments/environment.prod.ts"
      }
    ],
    ...

This means that when you build your production configuration (using ng build --prod or ng build --configuration=production), the src/environments/environment.ts file is replaced with the target-specific version of the file, src/environments/environment.prod.ts.

You can add additional configurations as required. To add a staging environment, create a copy of src/environments/environment.ts called src/environments/environment.staging.ts, then add a staging configuration to angular.json:

"configurations": {
  "production": { ... },
  "staging": {
    "fileReplacements": [
      {
        "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
        "with": "src/environments/environment.staging.ts"
      }
    ]
  }
}

You can add more configuration options to this target environment as well. Any option that your build supports can be overridden in a build target configuration.

To build using the staging configuration, run ng build --configuration=staging.

You can also configure the serve command to use the targeted build configuration if you add it to the "serve:configurations" section of angular.json:

"serve": {
  "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:dev-server",
  "options": {
    "browserTarget": "your-project-name:build"
  },
  "configurations": {
    "production": {
      "browserTarget": "your-project-name:build:production"
    },
    "staging": {
      "browserTarget": "your-project-name:build:staging"
    }
  }
},

{@a size-budgets}

Configure size budgets

As applications grow in functionality, they also grow in size. The CLI allows you to set size thresholds in your configuration to ensure that parts of your application stay within size boundaries that you define.

Define your size boundaries in the CLI configuration file, angular.json, in a budgets section for each configured environment.

{
  ...
  "configurations": {
    "production": {
      ...
      budgets: []
    }
  }
}

You can specify size budgets for the entire app, and for particular parts. Each budget entry configures a budget of a given type. Specify size values in the following formats:

  • 123 or 123b: Size in bytes

  • 123kb: Size in kilobytes

  • 123mb: Size in megabytes

  • 12%: Percentage of size relative to baseline. (Not valid for baseline values.)

When you configure a budget, the build system warns or reports and error when a given part of the app reaches or exceeds a boundary size that you set.

Each budget entry is a JSON object with the following properties:

Property Value
type The type of budget. One of: 
    * bundle - The size of a specific bundle.
    * initial - The initial size of the app.
    * allScript - The size of all scripts.
    * all - The size of the entire app.
    * anyScript - The size of any one script.
    * any - The size of any file.
    
</td>
name 
The name of the bundle (for `type=bundle`).

</td>
baseline An absolute baseline size for percentage values.
maximumWarning Warns when a size exceeds this threshold percentage of the baseline.
maximumError Reports an error when the size exceeds this threshold percentage of the baseline.
minimumWarning Warns when the size reaches this threshold percentage of the baseline.
minimumError Reports an error when the size reaches this threshold percentage of the baseline.
warning Warns when the size ??reaches or exceeds?? this threshold percentage of the baseline.
error Reports an error when the size ??reaches or exceeds?? this threshold percentage of the baseline.

{@a assets}

Adding project assets

You can configure your project with a set of assets, such as images, to copy directly into the build for a particular build target.

Each build target section of the CLI configuration file, angular.json, has an assets section that lists files or folders you want to copy into the build for that target. By default, the src/assets/ folder and src/favicon.ico are copied into a build.

"assets": [
  "src/assets",
  "src/favicon.ico"
]

You can edit the assets configuration to extend it for assets outside your project. For example, the following invokes the node-glob pattern matcher using input from a given base folder. It sends output to a folder that is relative to outDir, a configuration value that defaults to dist/project-name). The result in this cased is the same as for the default assets configuration.

"assets": [
  { "glob": "**/*", "input": "src/assets/", "output": "/assets/" },
  { "glob": "favicon.ico", "input": "/src", "output": "/" },
]

You can use this extended configuration to copy assets from outside your project. For instance, you can copy assets from a node package with the following value:

"assets": [
 { "glob": "**/*", "input": "./node_modules/some-package/images", "output": "/some-package/" },
]

This makes the contents of node_modules/some-package/images/ available in the output folder dist/some-package/.

For reasons of security, the CLI never writes files outside of the project output path.

{@a browser-compat}

Configuring browser compatibility

The CLI uses Autoprefixer to ensure compatibility with different browser and browser versions. You may find it necessary to target specific browsers or exclude certain browser versions from your build.

Internally, Autoprefixer relies on a library called [Browserslist(https://github.com/ai/browserslist)] to figure out which browsers to support with prefixing. Browserlist looks for configuration options in a browserlist property of the package configuration file, or in a configuration file named .browserslistrc. Autoprefixer looks for the Browserlist configuration when it prefixes your CSS.

  • You can tell Autoprefixer what browsers to target by adding a browserslist property to the package configuration file, package.json:
 "browserslist": [
   "> 1%",
   "last 2 versions"
 ]
  • Alternatively, you can add a new file, .browserslistrc, to the project directory, that specifies browsers you want to support:
 ### Supported Browsers
 > 1%
 last 2 versions

See the browserslist repo for more examples of how to target specific browsers and versions.

> Backward compatibility

If you want to produce a progressive web app and are using Lighthouse to grade the project, add the following browserslist entry to your package.json file, in order to eliminate the old flexbox prefixes:

"browserslist": [
  "last 2 versions",
  "not ie <= 10",
  "not ie_mob <= 10"
]

{@a proxy}

Proxying to a backend server

You can use the proxying support in the webpack dev server to divert certain URLs to a backend server, by passing a file to the --proxy-config build option. For example, to divert all calls for http://localhost:4200/api to a server running on http://localhost:3000/api, take the following steps.

  1. Create a file proxy.conf.json in the projects src/ folder, next to package.json.

  2. Add the following content to the new proxy file:

    {
  "/api": {
    "target": "http://localhost:3000",
    "secure": false
  }
}

  3. In the CLI configuration file, angular.json, add the proxyConfig option to the serve target:

    ...
"architect": {
  "serve": {
    "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:dev-server",
    "options": {
      "browserTarget": "your-application-name:build",
      "proxyConfig": "src/proxy.conf.json"
    },
...

  4. To run the dev server with this proxy configuration, call ng serve.

You can edit the proxy configuration file to add configuration options; some examples are given below. For a description of all options, see webpack DevServer documentation.

Note that if you edit the proxy configuration file, you must relaunch the ng serve process to make your changes effective.

Rewrite the URL path

The pathRewrite proxy configuration option lets you rewrite the URL path at run time. For example, you can specify the following pathRewrite value to the proxy configuration to remove "api" from the end of a path.

{
  "/api": {
    "target": "http://localhost:3000",
    "secure": false,
    "pathRewrite": {
      "^/api": ""
    }
  }
}

If you need to access a backend that is not on localhost, set the changeOrigin option as well. For example:

{
  "/api": {
    "target": "http://npmjs.org",
    "secure": false,
    "pathRewrite": {
      "^/api": ""
    },
    "changeOrigin": true
  }
}

To help determine whether your proxy is working as intended, set the logLevel option. For example:

{
  "/api": {
    "target": "http://localhost:3000",
    "secure": false,
    "pathRewrite": {
      "^/api": ""
    },
    "logLevel": "debug"
  }
}

Proxy log levels are info (the default), debug, warn, error, and silent.

Proxy multiple entries

You can proxy multiple entries to the same target by defining the configuration in JavaScript.

Set the proxy configuration file to proxy.conf.js (instead of proxy.conf.json), and specify configuration files as in the following example.

const PROXY_CONFIG = [
    {
        context: [
            "/my",
            "/many",
            "/endpoints",
            "/i",
            "/need",
            "/to",
            "/proxy"
        ],
        target: "http://localhost:3000",
        secure: false
    }
]

module.exports = PROXY_CONFIG;

In the CLI configuration file, angular.json, point to the JavaScript proxy configuration file:

...
"architect": {
  "serve": {
    "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:dev-server",
    "options": {
      "browserTarget": "your-application-name:build",
      "proxyConfig": "src/proxy.conf.js"
    },
...

Bypass the proxy

If you need to optionally bypass the proxy, or dynamically change the request before it's sent, add the bypass option, as shown in this JavaScript example.

const PROXY_CONFIG = {
    "/api/proxy": {
        "target": "http://localhost:3000",
        "secure": false,
        "bypass": function (req, res, proxyOptions) {
            if (req.headers.accept.indexOf("html") !== -1) {
                console.log("Skipping proxy for browser request.");
                return "/index.html";
            }
            req.headers["X-Custom-Header"] = "yes";
        }
    }
}

module.exports = PROXY_CONFIG;

Using corporate proxy

If you work behind a corporate proxy, the cannot directly proxy calls to any URL outside your local network. In this case, you can configure the backend proxy to redirect calls through your corporate proxy using an agent:

npm install --save-dev https-proxy-agent

When you define an environment variable http_proxy or HTTP_PROXY, an agent is automatically added to pass calls through your corporate proxy when running npm start.

Use the following content in the JavaScript configuration file.

var HttpsProxyAgent = require('https-proxy-agent');
var proxyConfig = [{
  context: '/api',
  target: 'http://your-remote-server.com:3000',
  secure: false
}];

function setupForCorporateProxy(proxyConfig) {
  var proxyServer = process.env.http_proxy || process.env.HTTP_PROXY;
  if (proxyServer) {
    var agent = new HttpsProxyAgent(proxyServer);
    console.log('Using corporate proxy server: ' + proxyServer);
    proxyConfig.forEach(function(entry) {
      entry.agent = agent;
    });
  }
  return proxyConfig;
}

module.exports = setupForCorporateProxy(proxyConfig);