angular-docs-cn/aio/content/guide/http.md

Communicating with backend services using HTTP

Most front-end applications need to communicate with a server over the HTTP protocol, in order to download or upload data and access other back-end services. Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API for Angular applications, the HttpClient service class in @angular/common/http.

The HTTP client service offers the following major features.

• The ability to request typed response objects.
• Streamlined error handling.
• Testability features.
• Request and response interception.

Prerequisites

Before working with the HTTPClientModule, you should have a basic understanding of the following:

• TypeScript programming
• Usage of the HTTP protocol
• Angular app-design fundamentals, as described in Angular Concepts
• Observable techniques and operators. See the Observables guide.

Setup for server communication

Before you can use HttpClient, you need to import the Angular HttpClientModule. Most apps do so in the root AppModule.

You can then inject the HttpClient service as a dependency of an application class, as shown in the following ConfigService example.

The HttpClient service makes use of observables for all transactions. You must import the RxJS observable and operator symbols that appear in the example snippets. These ConfigService imports are typical.

You can run the that accompanies this guide.

The sample app does not require a data server. It relies on the Angular in-memory-web-api, which replaces the HttpClient module's HttpBackend. The replacement service simulates the behavior of a REST-like backend.

Look at the AppModule imports to see how it is configured.

Requesting data from a server

Use the HTTPClient.get() method to fetch data from a server. The asynchronous method sends an HTTP request, and returns an Observable that emits the requested data when the response is received. The return type varies based on the observe and responseType values that you pass to the call.

The get() method takes two arguments; the endpoint URL from which to fetch, and an options object that you can use to configure the request.

options: {
    headers?: HttpHeaders | {[header: string]: string | string[]},
    observe?: 'body' | 'events' | 'response',
    params?: HttpParams|{[param: string]: string | string[]},
    reportProgress?: boolean,
    responseType?: 'arraybuffer'|'blob'|'json'|'text',
    withCredentials?: boolean,
  }

Important options include the observe and responseType properties.

• The observe option specifies how much of the response to return.
• The responseType option specifies the format in which to return data.

You can use the options object to configure various other aspects of an outgoing request. In Adding headers, for example, the service set the default headers using the headers option property.

Use the params property to configure a request with HTTP URL parameters, and the reportProgress option to listen for progress events when transferring large amounts of data.

Applications often request JSON data from a server. In the ConfigService example, the app needs a configuration file on the server, config.json, that specifies resource URLs.

To fetch this kind of data, the get() call needs the following options: {observe: 'body', responseType: 'json'}. These are the default values for those options, so the following examples do not pass the options object. Later sections show some of the additional option possibilities.

{@a config-service}

The example conforms to the best practices for creating scalable solutions by defining a re-usable injectable service to perform the data-handling functionality. In addition to fetching data, the service can post-process the data, add error handling, and add retry logic.

The ConfigService fetches this file using the HttpClient.get() method.

The ConfigComponent injects the ConfigService and calls the getConfig service method.

Because the service method returns an Observable of configuration data, the component subscribes to the method's return value. The subscription callback performs minimal post-processing. It copies the data fields into the component's config object, which is data-bound in the component template for display.

{@a typed-response}

Requesting a typed response

You can structure your HttpClient request to declare the type of the response object, to make consuming the output easier and more obvious. Specifying the response type acts as a type assertion at compile time.

Specifying the response type is a declaration to TypeScript that it should treat your response as being of the given type. This is a build-time check and doesn't guarantee that the server will actually respond with an object of this type. It is up to the server to ensure that the type specified by the server API is returned.

To specify the response object type, first define an interface with the required properties. Use an interface rather than a class, because the response is a plain object that cannot be automatically converted to an instance of a class.

Next, specify that interface as the HttpClient.get() call's type parameter in the service.

When you pass an interface as a type parameter to the HttpClient.get() method, you can use the RxJS map operator to transform the response data as needed by the UI. You can then pass the transformed data to the async pipe.

The callback in the updated component method receives a typed data object, which is easier and safer to consume:

To access properties that are defined in an interface, you must explicitly convert the plain object you get from the JSON to the required response type. For example, the following subscribe callback receives data as an Object, and then type-casts it in order to access the properties.

.subscribe(data => this.config = { heroesUrl: (data as any).heroesUrl, textfile: (data as any).textfile, });

{@a string-union-types}

*observe* and *response* types

The types of the observe and response options are string unions, rather than plain strings.

options: {
    ...
    observe?: 'body' | 'events' | 'response',
    ...
    responseType?: 'arraybuffer'|'blob'|'json'|'text',
    ...
  }

This can cause confusion. For example:

// this works
client.get('/foo', {responseType: 'text'})

// but this does NOT work
const options = {
  responseType: 'text',
};
client.get('/foo', options)

In the second case, TypeScript infers the type of options to be {responseType: string}. The type is too wide to pass to HttpClient.get which is expecting the type of responseType to be one of the specific strings. HttpClient is typed explicitly this way so that the compiler can report the correct return type based on the options you provided.

Use as const to let TypeScript know that you really do mean to use a constant string type:

const options = {
  responseType: 'text' as const,
};
client.get('/foo', options);

Reading the full response

In the previous example, the call to HttpClient.get() did not specify any options. By default, it returned the JSON data contained in the response body.

You might need more information about the transaction than is contained in the response body. Sometimes servers return special headers or status codes to indicate certain conditions that are important to the application workflow.

Tell HttpClient that you want the full response with the observe option of the get() method:

Now HttpClient.get() returns an Observable of type HttpResponse rather than just the JSON data contained in the body.

The component's showConfigResponse() method displays the response headers as well as the configuration:

<code-example path="http/src/app/config/config.component.ts" region="showConfigResponse" header="app/config/config.component.ts (showConfigResponse)"

As you can see, the response object has a body property of the correct type.

Making a JSONP request

Apps can use the HttpClient to make JSONP requests across domains when a server doesn't support CORS protocol.

Angular JSONP requests return an Observable. Follow the pattern for subscribing to observables and use the RxJS map operator to transform the response before using the async pipe to manage the results.

In Angular, use JSONP by including HttpClientJsonpModule in the NgModule imports. In the following example, the searchHeroes() method uses a JSONP request to query for heroes whose names contain the search term.

/* GET heroes whose name contains search term */
searchHeroes(term: string): Observable {
  term = term.trim();

  let heroesURL = `${this.heroesURL}?${term}`;
  return this.http.jsonp(heroesUrl, 'callback').pipe(
      catchError(this.handleError('searchHeroes', [])) // then handle the error
    );
};

This request passes the heroesURL as the first parameter and the callback function name as the second parameter. The response is wrapped in the callback function, which takes the observables returned by the JSONP method and pipes them through to the error handler.

Requesting non-JSON data

Not all APIs return JSON data. In this next example, a DownloaderService method reads a text file from the server and logs the file contents, before returning those contents to the caller as an Observable<string>.

HttpClient.get() returns a string rather than the default JSON because of the responseType option.

The RxJS tap operator (as in "wiretap") lets the code inspect both success and error values passing through the observable without disturbing them.

A download() method in the DownloaderComponent initiates the request by subscribing to the service method.

{@a error-handling}

Handling request errors

If the request fails on the server, HttpClient returns an error object instead of a successful response.

The same service that performs your server transactions should also perform error inspection, interpretation, and resolution.

When an error occurs, you can obtain details of what failed in order to inform your user. In some cases, you might also automatically retry the request.

{@a error-details}

Getting error details

An app should give the user useful feedback when data access fails. A raw error object is not particularly useful as feedback. In addition to detecting that an error has occurred, you need to get error details and use those details to compose a user-friendly response.

Two types of errors can occur.

• The server backend might reject the request, returning an HTTP response with a status code such as 404 or 500. These are error responses.

• Something could go wrong on the client-side such as a network error that prevents the request from completing successfully or an exception thrown in an RxJS operator. These errors produce JavaScript ErrorEvent objects.

HttpClient captures both kinds of errors in its HttpErrorResponse. You can inspect that response to identify the error's cause.

The following example defines an error handler in the previously defined ConfigService.

The handler returns an RxJS ErrorObservable with a user-friendly error message. The following code updates the getConfig() method, using a pipe to send all observables returned by the HttpClient.get() call to the error handler.

{@a retry}

Retrying a failed request

Sometimes the error is transient and goes away automatically if you try again. For example, network interruptions are common in mobile scenarios, and trying again can produce a successful result.

The RxJS library offers several retry operators. For example, the retry() operator automatically re-subscribes to a failed Observable a specified number of times. Re-subscribing to the result of an HttpClient method call has the effect of reissuing the HTTP request.

The following example shows how you can pipe a failed request to the retry() operator before passing it to the error handler.

Sending data to a server

In addition to fetching data from a server, HttpClient supports other HTTP methods such as PUT, POST, and DELETE, which you can use to modify the remote data.

The sample app for this guide includes a simplified version of the "Tour of Heroes" example that fetches heroes and enables users to add, delete, and update them. The following sections show examples of the data-update methods from the sample's HeroesService.

Making a POST request

Apps often send data to a server with a POST request when submitting a form. In the following example, the HeroesService makes an HTTP POST request when adding a hero to the database.

The HttpClient.post() method is similar to get() in that it has a type parameter, which you can use to specify that you expect the server to return data of a given type. The method takes a resource URL and two additional parameters:

• body - The data to POST in the body of the request.
• options` - An object containing method options which, in this case, specify required headers.

The example catches errors as described above.

The HeroesComponent initiates the actual POST operation by subscribing to the Observable returned by this service method.

When the server responds successfully with the newly added hero, the component adds that hero to the displayed heroes list.

Making a DELETE request

This application deletes a hero with the HttpClient.delete method by passing the hero's id in the request URL.

The HeroesComponent initiates the actual DELETE operation by subscribing to the Observable returned by this service method.

The component isn't expecting a result from the delete operation, so it subscribes without a callback. Even though you are not using the result, you still have to subscribe. Calling the subscribe() method executes the observable, which is what initiates the DELETE request.

You must call subscribe() or nothing happens. Just calling HeroesService.deleteHero() does not initiate the DELETE request.

{@a always-subscribe} Always subscribe!

An HttpClient method does not begin its HTTP request until you call subscribe() on the observable returned by that method. This is true for all HttpClient methods.

The AsyncPipe subscribes (and unsubscribes) for you automatically.

All observables returned from HttpClient methods are cold by design. Execution of the HTTP request is deferred, allowing you to extend the observable with additional operations such as tap and catchError before anything actually happens.

Calling subscribe(...) triggers execution of the observable and causes HttpClient to compose and send the HTTP request to the server.

You can think of these observables as blueprints for actual HTTP requests.

In fact, each subscribe() initiates a separate, independent execution of the observable. Subscribing twice results in two HTTP requests.

const req = http.get<Heroes>('/api/heroes');
// 0 requests made - .subscribe() not called.
req.subscribe();
// 1 request made.
req.subscribe();
// 2 requests made.

Making a PUT request

An app can send PUT requests using the HTTP client service. The following HeroesService example, like the POST example, replaces a resource with updated data.

As for any of the HTTP methods that return an observable, the caller, HeroesComponent.update() must subscribe() to the observable returned from the HttpClient.put() in order to initiate the request.

Adding and updating headers

Many servers require extra headers for save operations. For example, a server might require an authorization token, or "Content-Type" header to explicitly declare the MIME type of the request body.

Adding headers

The HeroesService defines such headers in an httpOptions object that are passed to every HttpClient save method.

Updating headers

You can't directly modify the existing headers within the previous options object because instances of the HttpHeaders class are immutable. Use the set() method instead, to return a clone of the current instance with the new changes applied.

The following example shows how, when an old token has expired, you can update the authorization header before making the next request.

{@a url-params}

Configuring HTTP URL parameters

Use the HttpParams class with the params request option to add URL query strings in your HttpRequest.

The following example, the searchHeroes() method queries for heroes whose names contain the search term.

Start by importing HttpParams class.

import {HttpParams} from "@angular/common/http";

If there is a search term, the code constructs an options object with an HTML URL-encoded search parameter. If the term is "cat", for example, the GET request URL would be api/heroes?name=cat.

The HttpParams object is immutable. If you need to update the options, save the returned value of the .set() method.

You can also create HTTP parameters directly from a query string by using the fromString variable:

const params = new HttpParams({fromString: 'name=foo'});

{@a intercepting-requests-and-responses}

Intercepting requests and responses

With interception, you declare interceptors that inspect and transform HTTP requests from your application to a server. The same interceptors can also inspect and transform a server's responses on their way back to the application. Multiple interceptors form a forward-and-backward chain of request/response handlers.

Interceptors can perform a variety of implicit tasks, from authentication to logging, in a routine, standard way, for every HTTP request/response.

Without interception, developers would have to implement these tasks explicitly for each HttpClient method call.

Write an interceptor

To implement an interceptor, declare a class that implements the intercept() method of the HttpInterceptor interface.

Here is a do-nothing noop interceptor that simply passes the request through without touching it:

The intercept method transforms a request into an Observable that eventually returns the HTTP response. In this sense, each interceptor is fully capable of handling the request entirely by itself.

Most interceptors inspect the request on the way in and forward the (perhaps altered) request to the handle() method of the next object which implements the HttpHandler interface.

export abstract class HttpHandler {
  abstract handle(req: HttpRequest<any>): Observable<HttpEvent<any>>;
}

Like intercept(), the handle() method transforms an HTTP request into an Observable of HttpEvents which ultimately include the server's response. The intercept() method could inspect that observable and alter it before returning it to the caller.

This no-op interceptor simply calls next.handle() with the original request and returns the observable without doing a thing.

The next object

The next object represents the next interceptor in the chain of interceptors. The final next in the chain is the HttpClient backend handler that sends the request to the server and receives the server's response.

Most interceptors call next.handle() so that the request flows through to the next interceptor and, eventually, the backend handler. An interceptor could skip calling next.handle(), short-circuit the chain, and return its own Observable with an artificial server response.

This is a common middleware pattern found in frameworks such as Express.js.

Provide the interceptor

The NoopInterceptor is a service managed by Angular's dependency injection (DI) system. Like other services, you must provide the interceptor class before the app can use it.

Because interceptors are (optional) dependencies of the HttpClient service, you must provide them in the same injector (or a parent of the injector) that provides HttpClient. Interceptors provided after DI creates the HttpClient are ignored.

This app provides HttpClient in the app's root injector, as a side-effect of importing the HttpClientModule in AppModule. You should provide interceptors in AppModule as well.

After importing the HTTP_INTERCEPTORS injection token from @angular/common/http, write the NoopInterceptor provider like this:

Note the multi: true option. This required setting tells Angular that HTTP_INTERCEPTORS is a token for a multiprovider that injects an array of values, rather than a single value.

You could add this provider directly to the providers array of the AppModule. However, it's rather verbose and there's a good chance that you'll create more interceptors and provide them in the same way. You must also pay close attention to the order in which you provide these interceptors.

Consider creating a "barrel" file that gathers all the interceptor providers into an httpInterceptorProviders array, starting with this first one, the NoopInterceptor.

Then import and add it to the AppModule providers array like this:

As you create new interceptors, add them to the httpInterceptorProviders array and you won't have to revisit the AppModule.

There are many more interceptors in the complete sample code.

Interceptor order

Angular applies interceptors in the order that you provide them. If you provide interceptors A, then B, then C, requests flow in A->B->C and responses flow out C->B->A.

You cannot change the order or remove interceptors later. If you need to enable and disable an interceptor dynamically, you'll have to build that capability into the interceptor itself.

{@a interceptor-events}

Handling interceptor events

Most HttpClient methods return observables of HttpResponse<any>. The HttpResponse class itself is actually an event, whose type is HttpEventType.Response. A single HTTP request can, however, generate multiple events of other types, including upload and download progress events. The methods HttpInterceptor.intercept() and HttpHandler.handle() return observables of HttpEvent<any>.

Many interceptors are only concerned with the outgoing request and return the event stream from next.handle() without modifying it. Some interceptors, however, need to examine and modify the response from next.handle(); these operations can see all of these events in the stream.

{@a immutability}

Although interceptors are capable of modifying requests and responses, the HttpRequest and HttpResponse instance properties are readonly, rendering them largely immutable. They are immutable for a good reason: an app might retry a request several times before it succeeds, which means that the interceptor chain can re-process the same request multiple times. If an interceptor could modify the original request object, the re-tried operation would start from the modified request rather than the original. Immutability ensures that interceptors see the same request for each try.

Your interceptor should return every event without modification unless it has a compelling reason to do otherwise.

TypeScript prevents you from setting HttpRequest read-only properties.

  // Typescript disallows the following assignment because req.url is readonly
  req.url = req.url.replace('http://', 'https://');

If you must alter a request, clone it first and modify the clone before passing it to next.handle(). You can clone and modify the request in a single step, as shown in the following example.

The clone() method's hash argument allows you to mutate specific properties of the request while copying the others.

Modifying a request body

The readonly assignment guard can't prevent deep updates and, in particular, it can't prevent you from modifying a property of a request body object.

  req.body.name = req.body.name.trim(); // bad idea!

If you must modify the request body, follow these steps.

1. Copy the body and make your change in the copy.
2. Clone the request object, using its clone() method.
3. Replace the clone's body with the modified copy.

Clearing the request body in a clone

Sometimes you need to clear the request body rather than replace it. To do this, set the cloned request body to null.

Tip: If you set the cloned request body to undefined, Angular assumes you intend to leave the body as is.

  newReq = req.clone({ ... }); // body not mentioned => preserve original body
  newReq = req.clone({ body: undefined }); // preserve original body
  newReq = req.clone({ body: null }); // clear the body

Setting default headers

Apps often use an interceptor to set default headers on outgoing requests.

The sample app has an AuthService that produces an authorization token. Here is its AuthInterceptor that injects that service to get the token and adds an authorization header with that token to every outgoing request:

The practice of cloning a request to set new headers is so common that there's a setHeaders shortcut for it:

An interceptor that alters headers can be used for a number of different operations, including:

• Authentication/authorization
• Caching behavior; for example, If-Modified-Since
• XSRF protection

Using interceptors for logging

Because interceptors can process the request and response together, they can perform tasks such as timing and logging an entire HTTP operation.

Consider the following LoggingInterceptor, which captures the time of the request, the time of the response, and logs the outcome with the elapsed time with the injected MessageService.

The RxJS tap operator captures whether the request succeeded or failed. The RxJS finalize operator is called when the response observable either errors or completes (which it must), and reports the outcome to the MessageService.

Neither tap nor finalize touch the values of the observable stream returned to the caller.

{@a caching}

Using interceptors for caching

Interceptors can handle requests by themselves, without forwarding to next.handle().

For example, you might decide to cache certain requests and responses to improve performance. You can delegate caching to an interceptor without disturbing your existing data services.

The CachingInterceptor in the following example demonstrates this approach.

• The isCacheable() function determines if the request is cacheable. In this sample, only GET requests to the npm package search api are cacheable.

• If the request is not cacheable, the interceptor simply forwards the request to the next handler in the chain.

• If a cacheable request is found in the cache, the interceptor returns an of() observable with the cached response, by-passing the next handler (and all other interceptors downstream).

• If a cacheable request is not in cache, the code calls sendRequest(). This function creates a request clone without headers, because the npm API forbids them. The function then forwards the clone of the request to next.handle() which ultimately calls the server and returns the server's response.

{@a send-request}

Note how sendRequest() intercepts the response on its way back to the application. This method pipes the response through the tap() operator, whose callback adds the response to the cache.

The original response continues untouched back up through the chain of interceptors to the application caller.

Data services, such as PackageSearchService, are unaware that some of their HttpClient requests actually return cached responses.

{@a cache-refresh}

Using interceptors to request multiple values

The HttpClient.get() method normally returns an observable that emits a single value, either the data or an error. An interceptor can change this to an observable that emits multiple values.

The following revised version of the CachingInterceptor optionally returns an observable that immediately emits the cached response, sends the request on to the npm web API, and emits again later with the updated search results.

The cache-then-refresh option is triggered by the presence of a custom x-refresh header.

A checkbox on the PackageSearchComponent toggles a withRefresh flag, which is one of the arguments to PackageSearchService.search(). That search() method creates the custom x-refresh header and adds it to the request before calling HttpClient.get().

The revised CachingInterceptor sets up a server request whether there's a cached value or not, using the same sendRequest() method described above. The results$ observable makes the request when subscribed.

• If there's no cached value, the interceptor returns results$.

• If there is a cached value, the code pipes the cached response onto results$, producing a recomposed observable that emits twice, the cached response first (and immediately), followed later by the response from the server. Subscribers see a sequence of two responses.

{@a report-progress}

Tracking and showing request progress

Sometimes applications transfer large amounts of data and those transfers can take a long time. File uploads are a typical example. You can give the users a better experience by providing feedback on the progress of such transfers.

To make a request with progress events enabled, you can create an instance of HttpRequest with the reportProgress option set true to enable tracking of progress events.

Tip: Every progress event triggers change detection, so only turn them on if you need to report progress in the UI.

When using HttpClient.request() with an HTTP method, configure the method with observe: 'events' to see all events, including the progress of transfers.

Next, pass this request object to the HttpClient.request() method, which returns an Observable of HttpEvents (the same events processed by interceptors).

The getEventMessage method interprets each type of HttpEvent in the event stream.

The sample app for this guide doesn't have a server that accepts uploaded files. The UploadInterceptor in app/http-interceptors/upload-interceptor.ts intercepts and short-circuits upload requests by returning an observable of simulated events.

Optimizing server interaction with debouncing

If you need to make an HTTP request in response to user input, it's not efficient to send a request for every keystroke. It's better to wait until the user stops typing and then send a request. This technique is known as debouncing.

Consider the following template, which lets a user enter a search term to find an npm package by name. When the user enters a name in a search-box, the PackageSearchComponent sends a search request for a package with that name to the npm web API.

Here, the keyup event binding sends every keystroke to the component's search() method. The following snippet implements debouncing for this input using RxJS operators.

The searchText$ is the sequence of search-box values coming from the user. It's defined as an RxJS Subject, which means it is a multicasting Observable that can also emit values for itself by calling next(value), as happens in the search() method.

Rather than forward every searchText value directly to the injected PackageSearchService, the code in ngOnInit() pipes search values through three operators, so that a search value reaches the service only if it's a new value and the user has stopped typing.

• debounceTime(500)&emdash;Wait for the user to stop typing (1/2 second in this case).

• distinctUntilChanged()&emdash;Wait until the search text changes.

• switchMap()&emdash;Send the search request to the service.

The code sets packages$ to this re-composed Observable of search results. The template subscribes to packages$ with the AsyncPipe and displays search results as they arrive.

See Using interceptors to request multiple values for more about the withRefresh option.

Using the switchMap() operator

The switchMap() operator takes a function argument that returns an Observable. In the example, PackageSearchService.search returns an Observable, as other data service methods do. If a previous search request is still in-flight (as when the network connection is poor), the operator cancels that request and sends a new one.

Note that switchMap() returns service responses in their original request order, even if the server returns them out of order.

If you think you'll reuse this debouncing logic, consider moving it to a utility function or into the PackageSearchService itself.

Security: XSRF protection

Cross-Site Request Forgery (XSRF or CSRF) is an attack technique by which the attacker can trick an authenticated user into unknowingly executing actions on your website. HttpClient supports a common mechanism used to prevent XSRF attacks. When performing HTTP requests, an interceptor reads a token from a cookie, by default XSRF-TOKEN, and sets it as an HTTP header, X-XSRF-TOKEN. Since only code that runs on your domain could read the cookie, the backend can be certain that the HTTP request came from your client application and not an attacker.

By default, an interceptor sends this header on all mutating requests (such as POST) to relative URLs, but not on GET/HEAD requests or on requests with an absolute URL.

To take advantage of this, your server needs to set a token in a JavaScript readable session cookie called XSRF-TOKEN on either the page load or the first GET request. On subsequent requests the server can verify that the cookie matches the X-XSRF-TOKEN HTTP header, and therefore be sure that only code running on your domain could have sent the request. The token must be unique for each user and must be verifiable by the server; this prevents the client from making up its own tokens. Set the token to a digest of your site's authentication cookie with a salt for added security.

In order to prevent collisions in environments where multiple Angular apps share the same domain or subdomain, give each application a unique cookie name.

HttpClient supports only the client half of the XSRF protection scheme. Your backend service must be configured to set the cookie for your page, and to verify that the header is present on all eligible requests. Failing to do so renders Angular's default protection ineffective.

Configuring custom cookie/header names

If your backend service uses different names for the XSRF token cookie or header, use HttpClientXsrfModule.withOptions() to override the defaults.

{@a testing-requests}

Testing HTTP requests

As for any external dependency, you must mock the HTTP backend so your tests can simulate interaction with a remote server. The @angular/common/http/testing library makes it straightforward to set up such mocking.

Angular's HTTP testing library is designed for a pattern of testing in which the app executes code and makes requests first. The test then expects that certain requests have or have not been made, performs assertions against those requests, and finally provides responses by "flushing" each expected request.

At the end, tests can verify that the app has made no unexpected requests.

You can run these sample tests in a live coding environment.

The tests described in this guide are in src/testing/http-client.spec.ts. There are also tests of an application data service that call HttpClient in src/app/heroes/heroes.service.spec.ts.

Setup for testing

To begin testing calls to HttpClient, import the HttpClientTestingModule and the mocking controller, HttpTestingController, along with the other symbols your tests require.

Then add the HttpClientTestingModule to the TestBed and continue with the setup of the service-under-test.

Now requests made in the course of your tests hit the testing backend instead of the normal backend.

This setup also calls TestBed.inject() to inject the HttpClient service and the mocking controller so they can be referenced during the tests.

Expecting and answering requests

Now you can write a test that expects a GET Request to occur and provides a mock response.

The last step, verifying that no requests remain outstanding, is common enough for you to move it into an afterEach() step:

Custom request expectations

If matching by URL isn't sufficient, it's possible to implement your own matching function. For example, you could look for an outgoing request that has an authorization header:

As with the previous expectOne(), the test fails if 0 or 2+ requests satisfy this predicate.

Handling more than one request

If you need to respond to duplicate requests in your test, use the match() API instead of expectOne(). It takes the same arguments but returns an array of matching requests. Once returned, these requests are removed from future matching and you are responsible for flushing and verifying them.

Testing for errors

You should test the app's defenses against HTTP requests that fail.

Call request.flush() with an error message, as seen in the following example.

Alternatively, you can call request.error() with an ErrorEvent.