opensearch-docs-cn/_search-plugins/knn/knn-index.md

layout	title	nav_order	parent	has_children
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k-NN Index

knn_vector data type

The k-NN plugin introduces a custom data type, the knn_vector, that allows users to ingest their k-NN vectors into an OpenSearch index and perform different kinds of k-NN search. The knn_vector field is highly configurable and can serve many different k-NN workloads. In general, a knn_vector field can be built either by providing a method definition or specifying a model id.

Method definitions are used when the underlying Approximate k-NN algorithm does not require training. For example, the following knn_vector field specifies that nmslib's implementation of hnsw should be used for Approximate k-NN search. During indexing, nmslib will build the corresponding hnsw segment files.

"my_vector": {
  "type": "knn_vector",
  "dimension": 4,
  "method": {
    "name": "hnsw",
    "space_type": "l2",
    "engine": "nmslib",
    "parameters": {
      "ef_construction": 128,
      "m": 24
    }
  }
}

Model id's are used when the underlying Approximate k-NN algorithm requires a training step. As a prerequisite, the model has to be created with the Train API. The model contains the information needed to initialize the native library segment files.

  "type": "knn_vector",
  "model_id": "my-model"
}

However, if you intend to just use painless scripting or a k-NN score script, you only need to pass the dimension.

  "type": "knn_vector",
  "dimension": 128
}

Method Definitions

A method definition refers to the underlying configuration of the Approximate k-NN algorithm you want to use. Method definitions are used to either create a knn_vector field (when the method does not require training) or create a model during training that can then be used to create a knn_vector field.

A method definition will always contain the name of the method, the space_type the method is built for, the engine (the native library) to use, and a map of parameters.

Mapping Parameter	Required	Default	Updatable	Description
name	true	n/a	false	The identifier for the nearest neighbor method.
space_type	false	"l2"	false	The vector space used to calculate the distance between vectors.
engine	false	"nmslib"	false	The approximate k-NN library to use for indexing and search. Either "faiss" or "nmslib".
parameters	false	null	false	The parameters used for the nearest neighbor method.

Supported nmslib methods

Method Name	Requires Training?	Supported Spaces	Description
hnsw	false	"l2", "innerproduct", "cosinesimil", "l1", "linf"	Hierarchical proximity graph approach to Approximate k-NN search. For more details on the algorithm, checkout this paper!

HNSW Parameters

Paramater Name	Required	Default	Updatable	Description
ef_construction	false	512	false	The size of the dynamic list used during k-NN graph creation. Higher values lead to a more accurate graph, but slower indexing speed.
m	false	16	false	The number of bidirectional links that the plugin creates for each new element. Increasing and decreasing this value can have a large impact on memory consumption. Keep this value between 2-100.

Note --- For nmslib, ef_search is set in the index settings.

Supported faiss methods

Method Name	Requires Training?	Supported Spaces	Description
hnsw	false	"l2", "innerproduct"*	Hierarchical proximity graph approach to Approximate k-NN search.
ivf	true	"l2", "innerproduct"	Bucketing approach where vectors are assigned different buckets based on clustering and, during search, only a subset of the buckets are searched.

Note --- For hnsw, "innerproduct" is not available when PQ is used.

HNSW Parameters

Paramater Name	Required	Default	Updatable	Description
ef_search	false	512	false	The size of the dynamic list used during k-NN searches. Higher values lead to more accurate but slower searches.
ef_construction	false	512	false	The size of the dynamic list used during k-NN graph creation. Higher values lead to a more accurate graph, but slower indexing speed.
m	false	16	false	The number of bidirectional links that the plugin creates for each new element. Increasing and decreasing this value can have a large impact on memory consumption. Keep this value between 2-100.
encoder	false	flat	false	Encoder definition for encoding vectors. Encoders can reduce the memory footprint of your index, at the expense of search accuracy.

IVF Parameters

Paramater Name	Required	Default	Updatable	Description
nlists	false	4	false	Number of buckets to partition vectors into. Higher values may lead to more accurate searches, at the expense of memory and training latency. For more information about choosing the right value, refer to faiss's documentation.
nprobes	false	1	false	Number of buckets to search over during query. Higher values lead to more accurate but slower searches.
encoder	false	flat	false	Encoder definition for encoding vectors. Encoders can reduce the memory footprint of your index, at the expense of search accuracy.

For more information about setting these parameters, please refer to faiss's documentation.

IVF training requirements

The IVF algorithm requires a training step. To create an index that uses IVF, you need to train a model with the Train API, passing the IVF method definition. IVF requires that, at a minimum, there should be nlist training data points, but it is recommended to use more. Training data can either the same data that is going to be ingested or a separate set of data.

Supported faiss encoders

Encoders can be used to reduce the memory footprint of a k-NN index at the expense of search accuracy. faiss has several different encoder types, but currently, the plugin only supports flat and pq encoding.

An example method definition that specifies an encoder may look something like this:

"method": {
    "name":"hnsw",
    "engine":"faiss",
    "parameters":{
        "encoder":{
            "name":"pq",
            "parameters":{
              "code_size": 8,
              "m": 8
            }
        }
    }
}

Encoder Name	Requires Training?	Description
flat	false	Encode vectors as floating point arrays. This encoding does not reduce memory footprint.
pq	true	Short for product quantization, it is a lossy compression technique that encodes a vector into a fixed size of bytes using clustering, with the goal of minimizing the drop in k-NN search accuracy. From a high level, vectors are broken up into m subvectors, and then each subvector is represented by a code_size code obtained from a code book produced during training. For more details on product quantization, here is a great blog post!

PQ Parameters

Paramater Name	Required	Default	Updatable	Description
m	false	1	false	Determine how many many sub-vectors to break the vector into. sub-vectors are encoded independently of each other. This dimension of the vector must be divisible by m. Max value is 1024.
code_size	false	8	false	Determines the number of bits to encode a sub-vector into. Max value is 8. Note --- for IVF, this value must be less than or equal to 8. For HNSW, this value can only be 8.

Choosing the right method

There are a lot of options to choose from when building your knn_vector field. To determine the correct methods and parameters to choose, you should first understand what requirements you have for your workload and what trade-offs you are willing to make. Factors to consider are (1) query latency, (2) query quality, (3) memory limits, (4) indexing latency.

If memory is not a concern, HNSW offers a very strong query latency/query quality tradeoff.

If you want to use less memory and index faster than HNSW, while maintaining similar query quality, you should evaluate IVF.

If memory is a concern, consider adding a PQ encoder to your HNSW or IVF index. Because PQ is a lossy encoding, query quality will drop.

Memory Estimation

In a typical OpenSearch cluster, a certain portion of RAM is set aside for the JVM heap. The k-NN plugin allocates native library indices to a portion of the remaining RAM. This portion's size is determined by the circuit_breaker_limit cluster setting. By default, the limit is set at 50%.

Having a replica doubles the total number of vectors. {: .note }

HNSW memory estimation

The memory required for HNSW is estimated to be 1.1 * (4 * dimension + 8 * M) bytes/vector.

As an example, assume you have a million vectors with a dimension of 256 and M of 16. The memory requirement can be estimated as follows:

1.1 * (4 *256 + 8 * 16) * 1,000,000 ~= 1.26 GB

IVF memory estimation

The memory required for IVF is estimated to be 1.1 * (((4 * dimension) * num_vectors) + (4 * nlist * d)) bytes.

As an example, assume you have a million vectors with a dimension of 256 and nlist of 128. The memory requirement can be estimated as follows:

1.1 * (((4 * 128) * 1000000) + (4 * 128 * 256))  ~= 563 MB

Index settings

Additionally, the k-NN plugin introduces several index settings that can be used to configure the k-NN structure as well.

At the moment, several parameters defined in the settings are in the deprecation process. Those parameters should be set in the mapping instead of the index settings. Parameters set in the mapping will override the parameters set in the index settings. Setting the parameters in the mapping allows an index to have multiple knn_vector fields with different parameters.

Setting	Default	Updateable	Description
index.knn	false	false	Whether the index should build native library indices for the knn_vector fields. If set to false, the knn_vector fields will be stored in doc values, but Approximate k-NN search functionality will be disabled.
index.knn.algo_param.ef_search	512	true	The size of the dynamic list used during k-NN searches. Higher values lead to more accurate but slower searches. Only available for nmslib.
index.knn.algo_param.ef_construction	512	false	(Deprecated in 1.0.0. Use the mapping parameters to set this value instead.) Only available for nmslib. Refer to mapping definition.
index.knn.algo_param.m	16	false	(Deprecated in 1.0.0. Use the mapping parameters to set this value instead.) Only available for nmslib. Refer to mapping definition.
index.knn.space_type	"l2"	false	(Deprecated in 1.0.0. Use the mapping parameters to set this value instead.) Only available for nmslib. Refer to mapping definition.