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---
description: |
This VirtualBox Packer builder is able to create VirtualBox virtual machines and
export them in the OVF format, starting from an existing OVF/OVA (exported
virtual machine image).
layout: docs
page_title: 'VirtualBox Builder (from an OVF/OVA)'
...
# VirtualBox Builder (from an OVF/OVA)
Type: `virtualbox-ovf`
This VirtualBox Packer builder is able to create
[VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/) virtual machines and export them in
the OVF format, starting from an existing OVF/OVA (exported virtual machine
image).
When exporting from VirtualBox make sure to choose OVF Version 2, since Version
1 is not compatible and will generate errors like this:
==> virtualbox-ovf: Progress state: VBOX_E_FILE_ERROR
==> virtualbox-ovf: VBoxManage: error: Appliance read failed
==> virtualbox-ovf: VBoxManage: error: Error reading "source.ova": element "Section" has no "type" attribute, line 21
==> virtualbox-ovf: VBoxManage: error: Details: code VBOX_E_FILE_ERROR (0x80bb0004), component Appliance, interface IAppliance
==> virtualbox-ovf: VBoxManage: error: Context: "int handleImportAppliance(HandlerArg*)" at line 304 of file VBoxManageAppliance.cpp
The builder builds a virtual machine by importing an existing OVF or OVA file.
It then boots this image, runs provisioners on this new VM, and exports that VM
to create the image. The imported machine is deleted prior to finishing the
build.
## Basic Example
Here is a basic example. This example is functional if you have an OVF matching
the settings here.
``` {.javascript}
{
"type": "virtualbox-ovf",
"source_path": "source.ovf",
"ssh_username": "packer",
"ssh_password": "packer",
"shutdown_command": "echo 'packer' | sudo -S shutdown -P now"
}
```
It is important to add a `shutdown_command`. By default Packer halts the virtual
machine and the file system may not be sync'd. Thus, changes made in a
provisioner might not be saved.
## Configuration Reference
There are many configuration options available for the VirtualBox builder. They
are organized below into two categories: required and optional. Within each
category, the available options are alphabetized and described.
In addition to the options listed here, a
[communicator](/docs/templates/communicator.html) can be configured for this
builder.
### Required:
- `source_path` (string) - The path to an OVF or OVA file that acts as the
source of this build.
- `ssh_username` (string) - The username to use to SSH into the machine once
the OS is installed.
### Optional:
- `boot_command` (array of strings) - This is an array of commands to type
when the virtual machine is first booted. The goal of these commands should
be to type just enough to initialize the operating system installer. Special
keys can be typed as well, and are covered in the section below on the
boot command. If this is not specified, it is assumed the installer will
start itself.
- `boot_wait` (string) - The time to wait after booting the initial virtual
machine before typing the `boot_command`. The value of this should be
a duration. Examples are "5s" and "1m30s" which will cause Packer to wait
five seconds and one minute 30 seconds, respectively. If this isn't
specified, the default is 10 seconds.
- `export_opts` (array of strings) - Additional options to pass to the
[VBoxManage export](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html#vboxmanage-export).
This can be useful for passing product information to include in the
resulting appliance file. Packer JSON configuration file example:
``` {.json}
{
"type": "virtualbox-ovf",
"export_opts":
[
"--manifest",
"--vsys", "0",
"--description", "{{user `vm_description`}}",
"--version", "{{user `vm_version`}}"
],
"format": "ova",
}
```
A VirtualBox [VM description](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html#idm3756)
may contain arbitrary strings; the GUI interprets HTML formatting.
However, the JSON format does not allow arbitrary newlines within a
value. Add a multi-line description by preparing the string in the
shell before the packer call like this (shell `>` continuation
character snipped for easier copy & paste):
``` {.shell}
vm_description='some
multiline
description'
vm_version='0.2.0'
packer build \
-var "vm_description=${vm_description}" \
-var "vm_version=${vm_version}" \
"packer_conf.json"
```
- `floppy_files` (array of strings) - A list of files to place onto a floppy
disk that is attached when the VM is booted. This is most useful for
unattended Windows installs, which look for an `Autounattend.xml` file on
removable media. By default, no floppy will be attached. All files listed in
this setting get placed into the root directory of the floppy and the floppy
is attached as the first floppy device. Currently, no support exists for
creating sub-directories on the floppy. Wildcard characters (\*, ?,
and \[\]) are allowed. Directory names are also allowed, which will add all
the files found in the directory to the floppy.
- `floppy_dirs` (array of strings) - A list of directories to place onto
the floppy disk recursively. This is similar to the `floppy_files` option
except that the directory structure is preserved. This is useful for when
your floppy disk includes drivers or if you just want to organize it's
contents as a hierarchy. Wildcard characters (\*, ?, and \[\]) are allowed.
- `format` (string) - Either "ovf" or "ova", this specifies the output format
of the exported virtual machine. This defaults to "ovf".
- `guest_additions_mode` (string) - The method by which guest additions are
made available to the guest for installation. Valid options are "upload",
"attach", or "disable". If the mode is "attach" the guest additions ISO will
be attached as a CD device to the virtual machine. If the mode is "upload"
the guest additions ISO will be uploaded to the path specified by
`guest_additions_path`. The default value is "upload". If "disable" is used,
guest additions won't be downloaded, either.
- `guest_additions_path` (string) - The path on the guest virtual machine
where the VirtualBox guest additions ISO will be uploaded. By default this
is "VBoxGuestAdditions.iso" which should upload into the login directory of
the user. This is a [configuration
template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html) where the `Version`
variable is replaced with the VirtualBox version.
- `guest_additions_sha256` (string) - The SHA256 checksum of the guest
additions ISO that will be uploaded to the guest VM. By default the
checksums will be downloaded from the VirtualBox website, so this only needs
to be set if you want to be explicit about the checksum.
- `guest_additions_url` (string) - The URL to the guest additions ISO
to upload. This can also be a file URL if the ISO is at a local path. By
default the VirtualBox builder will go and download the proper guest
additions ISO from the internet.
- `headless` (boolean) - Packer defaults to building VirtualBox virtual
machines by launching a GUI that shows the console of the machine
being built. When this value is set to true, the machine will start without
a console.
- `http_directory` (string) - Path to a directory to serve using an
HTTP server. The files in this directory will be available over HTTP that
will be requestable from the virtual machine. This is useful for hosting
kickstart files and so on. By default this is "", which means no HTTP server
will be started. The address and port of the HTTP server will be available
as variables in `boot_command`. This is covered in more detail below.
- `http_port_min` and `http_port_max` (integer) - These are the minimum and
maximum port to use for the HTTP server started to serve the
`http_directory`. Because Packer often runs in parallel, Packer will choose
a randomly available port in this range to run the HTTP server. If you want
to force the HTTP server to be on one port, make this minimum and maximum
port the same. By default the values are 8000 and 9000, respectively.
- `import_flags` (array of strings) - Additional flags to pass to
`VBoxManage import`. This can be used to add additional command-line flags
such as `--eula-accept` to accept a EULA in the OVF.
- `import_opts` (string) - Additional options to pass to the
`VBoxManage import`. This can be useful for passing "keepallmacs" or
"keepnatmacs" options for existing ovf images.
- `output_directory` (string) - This is the path to the directory where the
resulting virtual machine will be created. This may be relative or absolute.
If relative, the path is relative to the working directory when `packer`
is executed. This directory must not exist or be empty prior to running
the builder. By default this is "output-BUILDNAME" where "BUILDNAME" is the
name of the build.
- `post_shutdown_delay` (string) - The amount of time to wait after shutting
down the virtual machine. If you get the error `Error removing floppy
controller`, you might need to set this to `5m` or so. By default, the
delay is `0s`, or disabled.
- `shutdown_command` (string) - The command to use to gracefully shut down the
machine once all the provisioning is done. By default this is an empty
string, which tells Packer to just forcefully shut down the machine unless a
shutdown command takes place inside script so this may safely be omitted. If
one or more scripts require a reboot it is suggested to leave this blank
since reboots may fail and specify the final shutdown command in your
last script.
- `shutdown_timeout` (string) - The amount of time to wait after executing the
`shutdown_command` for the virtual machine to actually shut down. If it
doesn't shut down in this time, it is an error. By default, the timeout is
"5m", or five minutes.
- `ssh_host_port_min` and `ssh_host_port_max` (integer) - The minimum and
maximum port to use for the SSH port on the host machine which is forwarded
to the SSH port on the guest machine. Because Packer often runs in parallel,
Packer will choose a randomly available port in this range to use as the
host port.
- `ssh_skip_nat_mapping` (boolean) - Defaults to false. When enabled, Packer
does not setup forwarded port mapping for SSH requests and uses `ssh_port`
on the host to communicate to the virtual machine
- `vboxmanage` (array of array of strings) - Custom `VBoxManage` commands to
execute in order to further customize the virtual machine being created. The
value of this is an array of commands to execute. The commands are executed
in the order defined in the template. For each command, the command is
defined itself as an array of strings, where each string represents a single
argument on the command-line to `VBoxManage` (but excluding
`VBoxManage` itself). Each arg is treated as a [configuration
template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html), where the `Name`
variable is replaced with the VM name. More details on how to use
`VBoxManage` are below.
- `vboxmanage_post` (array of array of strings) - Identical to `vboxmanage`,
except that it is run after the virtual machine is shutdown, and before the
virtual machine is exported.
- `virtualbox_version_file` (string) - The path within the virtual machine to
upload a file that contains the VirtualBox version that was used to create
the machine. This information can be useful for provisioning. By default
this is ".vbox\_version", which will generally be upload it into the
home directory.
- `vm_name` (string) - This is the name of the virtual machine when it is
imported as well as the name of the OVF file when the virtual machine
is exported. By default this is "packer-BUILDNAME", where "BUILDNAME" is the
name of the build.
- `vrdp_bind_address` (string / IP address) - The IP address that should be binded
to for VRDP. By default packer will use 127.0.0.1 for this.
- `vrdp_port_min` and `vrdp_port_max` (integer) - The minimum and maximum port
to use for VRDP access to the virtual machine. Packer uses a randomly chosen
port in this range that appears available. By default this is 5900 to 6000.
The minimum and maximum ports are inclusive.
## Boot Command
The `boot_command` configuration is very important: it specifies the keys to
type when the virtual machine is first booted in order to start the OS
installer. This command is typed after `boot_wait`.
As documented above, the `boot_command` is an array of strings. The strings are
all typed in sequence. It is an array only to improve readability within the
template.
The boot command is "typed" character for character over a VNC connection to the
machine, simulating a human actually typing the keyboard. There are a set of
special keys available. If these are in your boot command, they will be replaced
by the proper key:
- `<bs>` - Backspace
- `<del>` - Delete
- `<enter>` and `<return>` - Simulates an actual "enter" or "return" keypress.
- `<esc>` - Simulates pressing the escape key.
- `<tab>` - Simulates pressing the tab key.
- `<f1>` - `<f12>` - Simulates pressing a function key.
- `<up>` `<down>` `<left>` `<right>` - Simulates pressing an arrow key.
- `<spacebar>` - Simulates pressing the spacebar.
- `<insert>` - Simulates pressing the insert key.
- `<home>` `<end>` - Simulates pressing the home and end keys.
- `<pageUp>` `<pageDown>` - Simulates pressing the page up and page down keys.
- `<leftAlt>` `<rightAlt>` - Simulates pressing the alt key.
- `<leftCtrl>` `<rightCtrl>` - Simulates pressing the ctrl key.
- `<leftShift>` `<rightShift>` - Simulates pressing the shift key.
- `<leftAltOn>` `<rightAltOn>` - Simulates pressing and holding the alt key.
- `<leftCtrlOn>` `<rightCtrlOn>` - Simulates pressing and holding the ctrl key.
- `<leftShiftOn>` `<rightShiftOn>` - Simulates pressing and holding the shift key.
- `<leftAltOff>` `<rightAltOff>` - Simulates releasing a held alt key.
- `<leftCtrlOff>` `<rightCtrlOff>` - Simulates releasing a held ctrl key.
- `<leftShiftOff>` `<rightShiftOff>` - Simulates releasing a held shift key.
- `<wait>` `<wait5>` `<wait10>` - Adds a 1, 5 or 10 second pause before
sending any additional keys. This is useful if you have to generally wait
for the UI to update before typing more.
In addition to the special keys, each command to type is treated as a
[configuration template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html). The
available variables are:
- `HTTPIP` and `HTTPPort` - The IP and port, respectively of an HTTP server
that is started serving the directory specified by the `http_directory`
configuration parameter. If `http_directory` isn't specified, these will be
blank!
Example boot command. This is actually a working boot command used to start an
Ubuntu 12.04 installer:
``` {.text}
[
"<esc><esc><enter><wait>",
"/install/vmlinuz noapic ",
"preseed/url=http://{{ .HTTPIP }}:{{ .HTTPPort }}/preseed.cfg ",
"debian-installer=en_US auto locale=en_US kbd-chooser/method=us ",
"hostname={{ .Name }} ",
"fb=false debconf/frontend=noninteractive ",
"keyboard-configuration/modelcode=SKIP keyboard-configuration/layout=USA ",
"keyboard-configuration/variant=USA console-setup/ask_detect=false ",
"initrd=/install/initrd.gz -- <enter>"
]
```
## Guest Additions
Packer will automatically download the proper guest additions for the version of
VirtualBox that is running and upload those guest additions into the virtual
machine so that provisioners can easily install them.
Packer downloads the guest additions from the official VirtualBox website, and
verifies the file with the official checksums released by VirtualBox.
After the virtual machine is up and the operating system is installed, Packer
uploads the guest additions into the virtual machine. The path where they are
uploaded is controllable by `guest_additions_path`, and defaults to
"VBoxGuestAdditions.iso". Without an absolute path, it is uploaded to the home
directory of the SSH user.
## VBoxManage Commands
In order to perform extra customization of the virtual machine, a template can
define extra calls to `VBoxManage` to perform.
[VBoxManage](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html) is the command-line
interface to VirtualBox where you can completely control VirtualBox. It can be
used to do things such as set RAM, CPUs, etc.
Extra VBoxManage commands are defined in the template in the `vboxmanage`
section. An example is shown below that sets the memory and number of CPUs
within the virtual machine:
``` {.javascript}
{
"vboxmanage": [
["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--memory", "1024"],
["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--cpus", "2"]
]
}
```
The value of `vboxmanage` is an array of commands to execute. These commands are
executed in the order defined. So in the above example, the memory will be set
followed by the CPUs.
Each command itself is an array of strings, where each string is an argument to
`VBoxManage`. Each argument is treated as a [configuration
template](/docs/templates/configuration-templates.html). The only available
variable is `Name` which is replaced with the unique name of the VM, which is
required for many VBoxManage calls.
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