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Roll-up

Apache Druid 可以在数据摄取阶段对原始数据进行汇总，这个过程我们称为 "roll-up"。 Roll-up 是第一级对选定列集的一级聚合操作，通过这个操作我们能够减少存储数据的大小。

本教程中将讨论在一个示例数据集上进行 roll-up 的示例。

假设你已经完成了 快速开始 页面中的内容或者下面页面中有关的内容，并且你的 Druid 实例已经在你的本地的计算机上运行了。

同时，如果你已经完成了下面内容的阅读的话将会更好的帮助你理解 Roll-up 的相关内容

Example data

For this tutorial, we'll use a small sample of network flow event data, representing packet and byte counts for traffic from a source to a destination IP address that occurred within a particular second.

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:35Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":20,"bytes":9024}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:51Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":255,"bytes":21133}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:59Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":11,"bytes":5780}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:14Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":377,"bytes":359971}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:03:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":49,"bytes":10204}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:33:14Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:33:45Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":123,"bytes":93999}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:35:45Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":12,"bytes":2818}

A file containing this sample input data is located at quickstart/tutorial/rollup-data.json.

We'll ingest this data using the following ingestion task spec, located at quickstart/tutorial/rollup-index.json.

{
  "type" : "index_parallel",
  "spec" : {
    "dataSchema" : {
      "dataSource" : "rollup-tutorial",
      "dimensionsSpec" : {
        "dimensions" : [
          "srcIP",
          "dstIP"
        ]
      },
      "timestampSpec": {
        "column": "timestamp",
        "format": "iso"
      },
      "metricsSpec" : [
        { "type" : "count", "name" : "count" },
        { "type" : "longSum", "name" : "packets", "fieldName" : "packets" },
        { "type" : "longSum", "name" : "bytes", "fieldName" : "bytes" }
      ],
      "granularitySpec" : {
        "type" : "uniform",
        "segmentGranularity" : "week",
        "queryGranularity" : "minute",
        "intervals" : ["2018-01-01/2018-01-03"],
        "rollup" : true
      }
    },
    "ioConfig" : {
      "type" : "index_parallel",
      "inputSource" : {
        "type" : "local",
        "baseDir" : "quickstart/tutorial",
        "filter" : "rollup-data.json"
      },
      "inputFormat" : {
        "type" : "json"
      },
      "appendToExisting" : false
    },
    "tuningConfig" : {
      "type" : "index_parallel",
      "maxRowsPerSegment" : 5000000,
      "maxRowsInMemory" : 25000
    }
  }
}

Roll-up has been enabled by setting "rollup" : true in the granularitySpec.

Note that we have srcIP and dstIP defined as dimensions, a longSum metric is defined for the packets and bytes columns, and the queryGranularity has been defined as minute.

We will see how these definitions are used after we load this data.

Load the example data

From the apache-druid-apache-druid-0.21.1 package root, run the following command:

bin/post-index-task --file quickstart/tutorial/rollup-index.json --url http://localhost:8081

After the script completes, we will query the data.

Query the example data

Let's run bin/dsql and issue a select * from "rollup-tutorial"; query to see what data was ingested.

$ bin/dsql
Welcome to dsql, the command-line client for Druid SQL.
Type "\h" for help.
dsql> select * from "rollup-tutorial";
┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:01:00.000Z │  35937 │     3 │ 2.2.2.2 │     286 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-01T01:02:00.000Z │ 366260 │     2 │ 2.2.2.2 │     415 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-01T01:03:00.000Z │  10204 │     1 │ 2.2.2.2 │      49 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-02T21:33:00.000Z │ 100288 │     2 │ 8.8.8.8 │     161 │ 7.7.7.7 │
│ 2018-01-02T21:35:00.000Z │   2818 │     1 │ 8.8.8.8 │      12 │ 7.7.7.7 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
Retrieved 5 rows in 1.18s.

dsql>

Let's look at the three events in the original input data that occurred during 2018-01-01T01:01:

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:35Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":20,"bytes":9024}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:51Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":255,"bytes":21133}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:59Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":11,"bytes":5780}

These three rows have been "rolled up" into the following row:

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:01:00.000Z │  35937 │     3 │ 2.2.2.2 │     286 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

The input rows have been grouped by the timestamp and dimension columns {timestamp, srcIP, dstIP} with sum aggregations on the metric columns packets and bytes.

Before the grouping occurs, the timestamps of the original input data are bucketed/floored by minute, due to the "queryGranularity":"minute" setting in the ingestion spec.

Likewise, these two events that occurred during 2018-01-01T01:02 have been rolled up:

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:14Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":377,"bytes":359971}

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:02:00.000Z │ 366260 │     2 │ 2.2.2.2 │     415 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

For the last event recording traffic between 1.1.1.1 and 2.2.2.2, no roll-up took place, because this was the only event that occurred during 2018-01-01T01:03:

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:03:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":49,"bytes":10204}

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:03:00.000Z │  10204 │     1 │ 2.2.2.2 │      49 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

Note that the count metric shows how many rows in the original input data contributed to the final "rolled up" row.

Roll-up

Apache Druid可以通过roll-up在数据摄取阶段对原始数据进行汇总。 Roll-up是对选定列集的一级聚合操作，它可以减小存储数据的大小。

本教程中将讨论在一个示例数据集上进行roll-up的结果。

本教程我们假设您已经按照单服务器部署中描述下载了Druid，并运行在本地机器上。

完成加载本地文件和数据查询两部分内容也是非常有帮助的。

示例数据

对于本教程，我们将使用一个网络流事件数据的小样本，表示在特定时间内从源到目标IP地址的流量的数据包和字节计数。

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:35Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":20,"bytes":9024}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:51Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":255,"bytes":21133}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:59Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":11,"bytes":5780}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:14Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":377,"bytes":359971}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:03:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":49,"bytes":10204}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:33:14Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:33:45Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":123,"bytes":93999}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-02T21:35:45Z","srcIP":"7.7.7.7", "dstIP":"8.8.8.8","packets":12,"bytes":2818}

位于 quickstart/tutorial/rollup-data.json 的文件包含了样例输入数据

我们将使用 quickstart/tutorial/rollup-index.json 的摄入数据规范来摄取数据

{
  "type" : "index_parallel",
  "spec" : {
    "dataSchema" : {
      "dataSource" : "rollup-tutorial",
      "dimensionsSpec" : {
        "dimensions" : [
          "srcIP",
          "dstIP"
        ]
      },
      "timestampSpec": {
        "column": "timestamp",
        "format": "iso"
      },
      "metricsSpec" : [
        { "type" : "count", "name" : "count" },
        { "type" : "longSum", "name" : "packets", "fieldName" : "packets" },
        { "type" : "longSum", "name" : "bytes", "fieldName" : "bytes" }
      ],
      "granularitySpec" : {
        "type" : "uniform",
        "segmentGranularity" : "week",
        "queryGranularity" : "minute",
        "intervals" : ["2018-01-01/2018-01-03"],
        "rollup" : true
      }
    },
    "ioConfig" : {
      "type" : "index_parallel",
      "inputSource" : {
        "type" : "local",
        "baseDir" : "quickstart/tutorial",
        "filter" : "rollup-data.json"
      },
      "inputFormat" : {
        "type" : "json"
      },
      "appendToExisting" : false
    },
    "tuningConfig" : {
      "type" : "index_parallel",
      "maxRowsPerSegment" : 5000000,
      "maxRowsInMemory" : 25000
    }
  }
}

通过在 granularitySpec 选项中设置 rollup : true 来启用Roll-up

注意，我们将srcIP和dstIP定义为维度，将packets和bytes列定义为了longSum类型的指标，并将 queryGranularity 配置定义为 minute。

加载这些数据后，我们将看到如何使用这些定义。

加载示例数据

在Druid的根目录下运行以下命令：

bin/post-index-task --file quickstart/tutorial/rollup-index.json --url http://localhost:8081

脚本运行完成以后，我们将查询数据。

查询示例数据

现在运行 bin/dsql 然后执行查询 select * from "rollup-tutorial"; 来查看已经被摄入的数据。

$ bin/dsql
Welcome to dsql, the command-line client for Druid SQL.
Type "\h" for help.
dsql> select * from "rollup-tutorial";
┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:01:00.000Z │  35937 │     3 │ 2.2.2.2 │     286 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-01T01:02:00.000Z │ 366260 │     2 │ 2.2.2.2 │     415 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-01T01:03:00.000Z │  10204 │     1 │ 2.2.2.2 │      49 │ 1.1.1.1 │
│ 2018-01-02T21:33:00.000Z │ 100288 │     2 │ 8.8.8.8 │     161 │ 7.7.7.7 │
│ 2018-01-02T21:35:00.000Z │   2818 │     1 │ 8.8.8.8 │      12 │ 7.7.7.7 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
Retrieved 5 rows in 1.18s.

dsql>

我们来看发生在 2018-01-01T01:01 的三条原始数据：

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:35Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":20,"bytes":9024}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:51Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":255,"bytes":21133}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:01:59Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":11,"bytes":5780}

这三条数据已经被roll up为以下一行数据：

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:01:00.000Z │  35937 │     3 │ 2.2.2.2 │     286 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

这输入的数据行已经被按照时间列和维度列 {timestamp, srcIP, dstIP} 在指标列 {packages, bytes} 上做求和聚合

在进行分组之前，原始输入数据的时间戳按分钟进行标记/布局，这是由于摄取规范中的 "queryGranularity"："minute" 设置造成的。 同样，2018-01-01T01:02 期间发生的这两起事件也已经汇总。

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:14Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":38,"bytes":6289}
{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:02:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":377,"bytes":359971}

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:02:00.000Z │ 366260 │     2 │ 2.2.2.2 │     415 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

对于记录1.1.1.1和2.2.2.2之间流量的最后一个事件没有发生汇总，因为这是 2018-01-01T01:03 期间发生的唯一事件

{"timestamp":"2018-01-01T01:03:29Z","srcIP":"1.1.1.1", "dstIP":"2.2.2.2","packets":49,"bytes":10204}

┌──────────────────────────┬────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ __time                   │ bytes  │ count │ dstIP   │ packets │ srcIP   │
├──────────────────────────┼────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ 2018-01-01T01:03:00.000Z │  10204 │     1 │ 2.2.2.2 │      49 │ 1.1.1.1 │
└──────────────────────────┴────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

请注意，计数指标 count 显示原始输入数据中有多少行贡献给最终的"roll up"行。